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Moscow art developed from the traditions of the pre-Mongol painting of North-Eastern Russia of the 13th century. and fresh artistic influences that came from Byzantium with the Greek Metropolitan Theognost, who was also an artist.
Theophanes the Greek played a great role in the development of Moscow painting at the beginning of the 15th century.

Theophanes the Greek. Mother of God Donskaya. OK. 1392 Tretyakov Gallery.
From the local row of the Annunciation Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
The traditional type is Tenderness. A scene of tender caressing of mother and child.
The songiness of the lines and the deep sonority of color:
the dark cherry maforium of Our Lady,
the intense blue of her cap,
ginger-brown baby shirt covered with gold lines,
All this gives charm to a slightly gloomy image.
There is a legend that this icon was with Dmitry Donskoy on the Kulikovo field.
The iconographic tradition is present, but it is greatly curtailed and simplified.

In the summer of 1405, Theophanes the Greek, together with two Russian masters, Prokhor s Gorodets and Andrei Rublev, painted the Moscow Cathedral of the Annunciation.

The icons of the ancient iconostasis made by these craftsmen were found in the cathedral, although experts believe that they were moved here from another church after a big fire in the Kremlin in the 16th century.

It is believed that Theophanes the Greek wrote the central part of the deesis - the image of Christ, the Mother of God and John the Baptist.

The icons of the festive rite, located above the deesis, are attributed to Prokhor from Gorodets and Andrei Rublev.

Dormition of the Mother of God. Icon of the festive rank of the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral in Moscow.
The iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral is the oldest surviving Russian iconostasis.

Andrey Rublev. 60s 14th century? - 1427/30.
Monk of the Moscow Andronikov Monastery.
The years of Rublev's creative formation were filled with the joy of the first major victory and a premonition of the coming final liberation of Russia. This determined the character of his painting.
His work was influenced by joint work with Theophanes the Greek. But Rublev is rather the opposite of Theophan's creative personality.

Rublev. Apostle Paul. Icon from the Deesis tier of the Assumption Cathedral on Gorodok in Zvenigorod. Beginning 15th century

Anticipates the angels of the "Trinity", but there is a density of volumes, an energetic pattern of folds and the brightness of colored fabrics, which will subsequently arrive at lightness and ethereality.

In 1408, Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny (?), With assistants, were painting the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir.

Andrei Rublev and his assistants create an iconostasis for this church.
Andrey Rublev, Daniil Cherny and the workshop. The middle part of the Deesis order: Archangel Michael, Mother of God, Savior in Strength, John the Baptist, Archangel Gabriel.
The artists faced a difficult task - to create a grandiose iconostasis in big temple... This explains the size of the icons, striking in their monumentality.
The figures are executed with great laconism, the faces are serious and thoughtful. The color scheme is based on a combination of bright and clean colors.

Rublev. Saved. Icon from the Assumption Cathedral on Gorodok in Zvenigorod. Beginning 15th century Tretyakov Gallery.
Canon of Russian spiritual beauty.
Serene peace and boundless mercy.
From him emanate not severity, not unearthly greatness, but kindness and sincerity, close to people.

The name of Rublev has become a symbol of Russian medieval painting and culture as a whole. A. Rublev became the peak of this culture. Trinity icon. OK. 1411. Written by Rublev "in memory and praise" to the founder of the Trinity Monastery, St. Sergius of Radonezh (1314/1322 - 1392). Written by order of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
The external plot side is the visit of three angels to Abraham and Sarah.
The shapes form a circle. The feeling of harmony comes from the plasticity of lines and color: the golden dark-colored wings, easily accentuated by blue, softly stand out against the golden background (almost lost). The greenish mountains and the olive crown of the tree were surprisingly combined with the gold background. The colors of the clothes sound more intense.
The unity of the Divine is the unity of people.

The centralization of the state under Ivan III, the normalization of life created conditions for the development of culture. The art of this time is saturated with ideas about the harmony of the world and its ideal structure.
The largest representative of the Moscow school of painting at the end of the 15th century. - Dionysius.
Dionysius. OK. 1440 - after 1503.
Unlike Rublev, he was not a monk, he was highly educated. His two sons were painters and helped their father.
Dionysius, together with other masters, makes the iconostasis and the altar barrier of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.

Dionysius. Alexey is a man of God. The altar wall of the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. 80s 15th century

Dionysius. Happy about you.
Bright colorful combinations of the dark cherry silhouette of Mary, with pale pink, zloty ocher and blue spots create a festive, solemn impression.

The Cathedral of the Nativity of the Virgin has exterior facade paintings.

The pinnacle of the great master's creativity is Dionysius. Icon of the Crucifixion from the Pavlo-Obnensky monastery. Tretyakov Gallery.
Christ is placed on a high hill, around a large empty space - the Calvary cross seems to hover over the world. This meaning is expressed:
in the light color of the icon, where an abundance of sparkling white is combined with lemon yellow and pink;
in the melodiousness of the lines outlining long, slender figures.

conclusions

Differences between icon painting schools of Moscow painting 2nd half. 14th - 15th centuries:

Theophanes the Greek - 2nd half. 14th century Imperious, harsh, emotionally rich pictorial language. Monumentality, expression of forms and lines. Saturated, contrasting color. Bold imagery that violates iconographic schemes.

Andrey Rublev - con. 14 - early. 15th century Perfection of plasticity and softness of lines. Elaboration of forms. An amazingly complex and harmonious color scheme, a combination of subtle color gradations and soft contrast.

Dionysius - con. 15th century He developed the direction taken by Rublev. Plasticity of the line, elongated proportions. Delicate, soft color that creates a festive and solemn impression. Light shades of the most beautiful pinks, golden ocher blues and greens.

Revival, after a long stagnation in cultural development, it is considered XIV- XV century, when the lands were freed from the constant raids of the Mongol-Tatar army. In cities such as Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Pskov, Rostov, Novgorod, Tver, work began to be carried out to restore the monastery schools. In monasteries, old books were copied and new ones were created, painting developed, and temples were built. Their significant contribution to the development of the culture of the Russian people of the XIV-XV centuries was made by: the writer and the monk Logofet Pachomius, traveler Afanasy Nikitin, among painters it is - Andrey Rublev, Cherny Daniel and Theophanes the Greek, Fioravanti Aristotle, Aleviz and Marko are architects.

Chronicle and legend of the XIV-XV centuries

The chronicle, which told the history of the Russian people since the reign of Rurik, was revived at a rapid pace. The main goal of the chronicles was to convey to the people the idea of the unity of the Russian lands. V XIV centuries of chronicles are written in the Trinity-Sergievsky monastery and the temples of the city of Moscow. During this period, the chronicle was written "Russian chronograph", which described the unification of the Russian principalities against the Mongol-Tatar army. The most voluminous work is considered "Tales of Mama's Massacre."

The new written genre of the era was a story or a life, which told about the life of secular or clergymen. The popular reading of the people of this era was "Life of Sergius of Radonezh" which was written Epiphanius the Wise in 1417-1418 of the year. A cultural monument of the Russian people XIV century is considered a legend "Architect" which reveals events of the Kulikovo battle 1380 of the year. Famous travel story "Walking the Three Seas" written by the merchant A. Nikitin, who described the events with 1466 on 1472 of the year.

In Troitsko-Sergeevsky, Kirilo-Belozersky and Solovetsky monasteries libraries were opened, as well as book-writing workshops. Books in this era were rare and were created mostly to order. In this era, expensive parchment and brest replaced paper that was brought from France and Italy.

Development of painting

The heyday of Russian icon painting and holiness falls on the XIV-XV centuries. The most significant for Russian culture of this era was Rublev Andrey. The main works of the icon painter:
- the iconostasis of the Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity-Sergius Monastery;
- icons "Myrrh-bearer at the tomb of Christ" and "Trinity".
Painting in Russian culture of the XIV-XV centuries belongs to the Golden Age, frescoes are also becoming popular. In the end XIV century, an art school of painting was created, its descendant Theophanes the Greek... He made a great contribution to the development of art schools in cities such as Moscow and Novgorod. Theophanes the Greek painted with frescoes: the Moscow Annunciation Cathedral, the Transfiguration Cathedral, the icon of the "Donskoy Mother of God", the Church of Theodore Stratilat Wall and the Assumption of the Mother of God, the iconostasis of the Annunciation Cathedral.

Development of architecture in Russia

For two centuries, it stands out two directions in architecture- this is Moscow and Novgorod-Pskov. Moscow architectural schools did not change their usual directions and relied on the Vladimir-Suzdal architecture, and since Moscow secured it, this had a national significance for itself as the capital.

Flamboyant architectures buildings of Russian culture of the XIV-XV centuries:
- Cathedral of the Assumption of the Storozhevsky Monastery;
- Trinity Church in the Trinity-Sergievsky Monastery;
- the Church of the Savior and Theodore Stratilat;
- Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery.

The first stone architecture began to be made under Ivan Kalitin, who built the cathedral ensemble of the Kremlin. Dmitry Donskoy continued to work in this direction. Red Square was built in Moscow, the Kremlin stood nearby, and part of the Kitay-Gorod posad, all buildings are surrounded by two stone walls. Fortified monasteries, made of bricks, served as defensive buildings around the city. In Novgorod in Built in 1433, the Palace of Facets and the boyars began to build stone chambers for themselves. The stone Kremlin in Novgorod was built in 1302 year. Another famous architect was the son of Dmitry Donskoy - Yuri Zvenigorodsky, who went on to build buildings out of bricks. Its famous architectural monuments, which were painted with frescoes, are considered:
- Cathedral of Savvino-Starozhevsky in the Zvenigorod monastery;
- Trinity Cathedral at the Alexander Sloboda;
- Assumption Cathedral;
- Trinity Cathedral of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra.

In the Russian culture of the XIV-XV centuries, a historical and poetic folk genre of songs appeared, in which the Russian people and their devotion to the motherland were glorified. Selected musical works were rewritten in the annals: "The Legend of the city of Kitezh" and "The Word about the death of the Russian land."

Part

Domostroy

Due to the fact that it was necessary to raise the prestige of the new state, literature of an official nature is being created, which regulates the spiritual, legal and everyday life of people. The largest work of that century was written by Metropolitan Macarius - Velikie Cheti - Pshnya (readings for every day) - a 12-volume collection of books. Was intended for personal reading. It actually absorbed all the literature existing in Russia, including heretical literature, and subjected it to a religiously edifying interpretation.

Domostroy is the norm of religious and ethical behavior in everyday life. Which included the rules for raising children, advice on housekeeping. The compiler of the Domostroy is the priest Sylvester. Although Domostroy was a collection of tips on housekeeping, it was written in artistic language and became a literary monument of the era.

Painting of Russia

Despite some decline in the development of the country, Russian painting reached its peak by the 14th - 15th centuries. In modern literature, this period is regarded as a Russian revival. At this time, a series of remarkable painters were working in Russia.

At the end of the 14th and beginning of the 15th century, the painter Theophanes the Greek, who came from Byzantium, worked in Novgorod, Moscow, Serpukhov and Nizhny Novgorod. He perfectly combined the Byzantine tradition and the already formed Russian one. Sometimes he worked in violation of the canons. His images are psychological, spiritual tension is conveyed in his icons. He created the painting of the Church of the Savior on Ilyen Street in Novgorod, together with Semyon Cherny - the painting of the Moscow Church of the Nativity of the Virgin (1395) and the Cathedral of the Archangel (1399).

The great Russian artist who worked during this period is Andrei Rublev. He is a master of laconic but very expressive composition. An amazing picturesque color can be seen in his works. And in his icons and frescoes, one can feel the ideal of moral perfection. At the same time, he was able to convey the subtle emotional experiences of the characters. He participated in the painting of the old Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Kremlin (1405), together with Theophanes the Greek and the Prokhor from Gorodets, painted the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir (1408). Trinity Cathedral in the Trinity - Sergius Monastery and the Savior Cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery (1420). His brush belongs to the masterpiece of world painting - the Trinity icon.

At the end of the 15th century, the outstanding icon painter Dionysius made a huge contribution to the development of Russian painting. He was an excellent calorie and a very difficult craftsman. Together with his sons Theodosius and Vladimir as well as other students, he created the frescoes of the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. Among his creations was the famous icon of the Savior in Powers.

The Novgorod icon-painting school also functions at the same time. It is notable for its bright colors and dynamic composition.

Architecture of Russia

In the 14-16th century, in connection with the centralization of the state, Moscow was decorated (under Ivan Kalita, stone construction developed). Under Dmitry Donskoy, a white-stone Kremlin was erected for the first time. During the yoke, a series of old Russian churches are being restored. Thanks to completions and restructuring, there is a tendency for the crystallization of the Russian national architectural style based on the synthesis of the traditions of the Kiev and Vladimir-Suzdal lands, which in the future became a model for subsequent construction in the late 15th and early 16th centuries.

On the advice of Sophia Palaeologus, masters from Italy were invited. The purpose of this is to display the power and glory of the Russian state. The Italian Aristotle Floravanti traveled to Vladimir, examined the Assumption and Dmitrievsky Cathedrals. He successfully managed to combine the traditions of Russian and Italian architecture. In 1479 he successfully completed the construction of the main church of the Russian state - the Kremlin's Assumption Cathedral. Following this, a granite chamber was built to receive foreign embassies.

The appeal to national origins was especially clearly expressed in the stone architecture of the traditionally Russian hipped-roof style, which is so characteristic of the wooden architecture of Russia. The masterpieces of the hipped roof style were the Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye (1532) and the Intercession Cathedral on the Kremlin Square in Moscow. That is, its own architectural style appears.

In the XIV-XV centuries, the Russian people fought for the unity of Russia, for liberation from the Tatar yoke. During this difficult time, the further formation of the Russian national culture... Oral folk art developed widely. Epics appeared that spoke of the struggle of the people with the Tatars. Many soulful, sad songs arose, reflecting the longing of the Russian people for freedom, sadness about the fate of their native land.

During this period, chronicles were widely disseminated. Chronicles were written not only in monasteries, but also at the courts of Moscow, Tver and other princes. Chronicle vaults appear, in which Moscow is viewed as the successor of Kiev and Vladimir. The glorious victory of the Russians on the Kulikovo field is glorified in both "The Legend of the Mamaev Battle" and in the poem "Zadonshchina". This poem echoes the immortal creation of the 12th century "The Word of Igor's Host." The author of "Zadonshchina" calls on the Russian people to unite.

Preserved notes of some Russian travelers, including the impressions of the Novgorodian Stephen about his trip to Constantinople. Of particular interest is the book of the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin "Walking the Three Seas". In it, the author talks about his adventures and observations during a three-year journey across the Caspian, Indian and Black Seas. Nikitin was the first of the Europeans (30 years earlier than the Portuguese Vasco da Gama) traveled across India and described its cities, nature, life and customs of the people. He likes India, but, as a true patriot, he exclaims: “May the Russian land be protected by God! There is no country in this world like her! "

Lives were one of the literary genres in the XIV-XV centuries. These are stories about princes, metropolitans, founders of monasteries. The "Word and Lives of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich" and "The Life of St. Sergius of Radonezh" - the founder of the Trinity Monastery near Moscow, gained particular fame. Preserved historical and literary stories about the struggle of appanage princes, about the campaign of Ivan III in Novgorod and others. At that time, books were copied by hand. Many works of Greek and Roman writers were translated into Russian. Princes and monasteries established large libraries. However, many books, chronicles and other literary monuments have not survived: they burned down during countless fires.

A kind of Russian architecture developed. Stone and wooden palaces, fortresses, churches were erected. In 1367, under Dmitry Donskoy, a white stone Kremlin was built in Moscow. Since then, Moscow has been called white-stone. At the end of the 15th century, by order of Ivan III, a new Kremlin was erected, with high walls and majestic towers. The five-domed Assumption Cathedral, the Annunciation and Archangel Cathedrals, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower have grown in the Kremlin. At the princely palace, a beautiful Faceted Chamber was created for solemn receptions. Its outer walls were faced with faceted white slabs.

Russian painting reached an extraordinary flowering in the XIV-XV centuries. Novgorod painters created wonderful fresco works: "Annunciation", "Healing of the Blind" and others. The outstanding artist Theophanes the Greek worked in Novgorod. He arrived from Byzantium in the 70s of the XIV century; deeply studied the features of Russian painting and raised a whole school of Russian artists. Later Feofan the Greek worked in Moscow, in Nizhny Novgorod. He decorated the Kremlin palace with magnificent masterpieces of his art.

In the second half of the 14th century and the first quarter of the 15th century, the greatest representative of Russian national painting, Andrei Rublev, lived. At first, he worked in the icon-painting workshop of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, and then moved to the Moscow Andronikov Monastery, where he painted the Church of the Savior. He also painted a number of icons for the Cathedral of the Annunciation in the Moscow Kremlin.

Contemporaries wrote about him like this: "The icon painter is excellent and superior to everyone in wisdom." The well-known icon of Rublev "Trinity" represents the image of the Christian triune God in the form of three beautiful young angels sitting at a meal. Bright, rich colors, humanized faces of talking angels give the icon the appearance of a living, realistic picture. In the images of the saints of the great artist, you can always discern the typical national traits of the Russian people.

Wonderful works created by Andrei Rublev have been preserved in the Assumption Cathedral in the city of Vladimir, in the Trinity Cathedral in Zagorsk and in a number of other places. The original "Trinity" is kept in Moscow in the Tretyakov Gallery. The Andrei Rublev Museum was created in the premises of the Andronikov Monastery.

The future artist Andrei Rublev was born around 1360. His whole life was connected with Moscow. He took monastic tonsure early and became a staunch follower of the Monk Sergius of Ra-Donezh. The abbot's behests - self-denial, active love for people, constant spiritual communion with God - became the guiding lines for the artist.

Dionysius's brush is distinguished by some special refinement and refinement. His saints float in the air, caught by an invisible power. This sensation is enhanced by the color scheme, which is dominated by light, delicate tones.

The famous master Dionysius usually worked with several assistants who perfectly mastered the master of their teacher's writing. Therefore, it is often very difficult to distinguish the icons of Dionysius himself from the works of his students.

Painting of the Ferapontov Monastery

The history of the Ferapontov Monastery is amazing. This quiet abode seemed to have slept for five centuries away from the main roads. It was almost never rebuilt, and most importantly, the ancient ro-list was not touched or "renovated". Thanks to this unique combination of circumstances, the frescoes of Dionysius have survived to this day in their pristine beauty. Entering the temple, a person seemed to be living in paradise, where he was surrounded by beautiful ethereal visions.

Icons of Dionysius

In addition to the Ferapont paintings, Dionysius also owns several magnificent icons - "The Mother of God Odigitria", "Mi-tololite Alexei".

Pictures (photos, drawings)

Boris and Gleb. Icon of the beginning of the XIV century.
Saved. Icon of Andrei Rublev (presumably)
Trinity. Icon of Andrei Rublev. Fragment
Fresco by Andrei Rublev in the Assumption Cathedral in Vladimir
Fresco of Theophanes the Greek in the Church of the Savior on Ilyin Street in Novgorod
Our Lady of Hodegetria. Icon of the XIV century, according to legend, which belonged to Sergius of Radonezh
Hanging shroud. Moscow. End of the 15th century The transfer of the icon of the Mother of God in the presence of Ivan III, Vasily Ivanovich, Dmitry Ivanovich Grandson, Sophia Paleologue is depicted