Airbus A380. Photo

The creation and start of production of the Airbus A380 double-deck wide-body airliner put an end to the undivided monopoly of the aircraft, which lasted for several decades. The machine is the largest by passenger liner in the world.

Reliability and lower operating costs ensure good demand for the machine, despite the high cost. The most expensive option was delivered to the king's family Saudi Arabia, and cost the customer $ 488 million.

History of creation

The start of work on a new large-sized airliner "Airbus" started in the late 1980s. The aircraft was created as a competitor to the Boeing 747 airliner, which monopolistically occupied the niche of such aircraft since the 70s. In parallel, a similar aircraft was developed by the McDonnell Douglas Corporation, but its project was a failure.

Both Boeing and Airbus were aware of the limitations of the high-capacity aircraft market, so in 1993 attempts were made to negotiate a partnership that would divide the market. At the same time, the development of projects called Airbus 3XX and Boeing 747X proceeded.

Several variants of the fuselage were worked out for the Airbus, including a double-length fuselage from the model 340. The Boeing was supposed to be equipped with a fuselage with an increased nose section.

The development of the Boeing project was stopped at the beginning of 1997 due to the outbreak of the economic crisis in East Asia, which has shrunk the market for large liners.

Airbus decided to continue developing the project, focusing on reducing operating costs while increasing capacity. It was then that the decision was made to use a double-deck fuselage, which ensured the maximum capacity of the aircraft.

The A380 designation appeared at the end of 2000, when the project was approved by the then Airbus management. Assembly of the first aircraft began in 2002. The peculiarity of the manufacture of the A380 aircraft was the use of the production facilities of several dozen enterprises scattered throughout Europe.

The first flight of the Airbus A380 took place in the spring of 2005, and in early 2006 the first test flight across the Atlantic Ocean was performed.

Finishing the design and solving problems with suppliers pushed the start of aircraft production to 2007, in which only one copy was delivered. Actual deliveries did not begin until the following year, in which 12 A380s were assembled.

At the beginning of 2017, 207 Airbus A380 airliners owned by twelve airlines were in active operation. During the operation of the aircraft, several minor flight accidents were recorded.

In particular, in the fall of 2017 on one of the airliners of the Air France company, the elements of a turbojet engine were separated in flight. A manufacturing defect in the fan bushing of the GP7200 engine was recognized as the cause of the accident.

Fuselage and cockpit

The fuselage of the Airbus A380-800 is equipped with two decks to accommodate passenger seats... Ladders are installed between the decks, located in the bow and aft sections of the passenger compartment. When arranging the stairs, it was possible to provide a width sufficient for the free movement of passengers towards each other.

Carbon fiber composites are widely used in the fuselage structure.

The end section of the fuselage is entirely made of composite. A tail horizontal and vertical stabilizer is attached to it. A service compartment and an auxiliary gas turbine unit with a generator are located inside.

In the forward part of the fuselage there is a cockpit equipped with two seats. To display data, liquid crystal monitors (“glass cockpit” concept) of a unified design are installed in the cockpit, which makes it possible to replace devices.

Pilots do not have a traditional steering wheel. The steering wheel is replaced by joysticks located on the outside of the seats. Joysticks are associated with electric drive controls. The cockpit has over 100,000 wires connecting various electronic and electrical components.

In front of the pilots there is a folding table with a keyboard. Controls are located between the seats, including four throttle levers for controlling the engine operating modes.

The Airbus A380 wing was created based on a take-off weight of at least 650 thousand kg, which is considered achievable in future versions.

In addition, this weight was planned for the cargo version of the A380-800F aircraft, which never went into production.

Engines

Depending on the modification, the Airbus A380 can be equipped with Rolls-Royce Trent 900 or Engine Alliance GP7200 turbojet engines.

The GP7200 powerplant is a collection of components developed by several of the largest engine manufacturers. Both types of engines meet modern noise requirements for takeoff and landing.

The table shows some of the characteristics of the motors.

Parameter	Trent 900	GP7200
A type	Turbofan three-shaft	Turbofan twin-shaft
Combustion chamber type	Single	Single room with a reduced level of emission of harmful substances
Turbine design	One high and one medium pressure stage, 5 low pressure stages	Two-stage high pressure and 6-stage low
Compressor	One fan wheel, 8-stage medium pressure and 6-stage high	Fan, 5-stage low pressure and 9-stage high pressure
Length, mm	5478	4920
Diameter, mm	2950	3160
Weight, kg	6246	6712
Takeoff thrust, kN	310-340	311

To reduce the mileage, the two engines have thrust reverse (one under each wing). The engines use aviation kerosene as fuel.

Prospecting work is underway to operate power plants using a mixture of kerosene and natural gas converted into liquid fuel. The fuel supply is located in 13 caisson tanks located in the wings and horizontal tail.

The fuel system has 41 pumps that constantly pump fuel between tanks to maintain alignment and reduce drag.

Passenger compartment design

The sealed passenger compartment of the Airbus A380 has improved sound insulation. The width of the fuselage can accommodate 11 rows of passenger seats.

All locations are connected to fiber-optic communication lines.

Passengers embark and disembark through two doors located in the forward fuselage on the lower deck.

First grade

Seats are located in the bow of the lower deck. There are 14 seats in total, of which 4 are located singly along the sides, the remaining 6 are located in the central row in pairs. A special feature of the first class seats is the possibility of folding into a full-fledged berth.

At the beginning and at the end of the compartment there is a bathroom and a mini-kitchen. In addition, a shower unit is installed in the first class (not available on all Airbus A380s).

Business Class

Business class seats are located just behind first class. The seats are arranged in eight rows at a fairly large distance from each other. The design of the chairs allows the backrests to be folded out, forming a sleeping place.

There are 20 rows of seats in total, the total capacity of the business class cabin is 76 seats.

At the beginning and at the end of the salon there are mini-kitchens and a bathroom. There is a bar in the area of the first emergency exit. Second emergency exit located closer to the tail of the Airbus A380.

Economy class

Economy class seats on the Airbus A380 are located on the upper deck in three rows. The side rows have three seats, the center row four. There are two aisles between the rows. There are bathrooms in the bow, stern and middle parts.

The salon is designed for 399 passengers. The passenger seats are equipped with an individual screen mounted in the backrest. The economy class cabin has two mini-kitchens and three bathrooms.

In an emergency, economy class passengers can leave the Airbus A380 through 10 emergency exits.

It is possible to expand the economy class salon to the second deck. In this case, the capacity of the Airbus A380 reaches a record 853 passengers.

Chassis

In the scheme of landing and retraction of the landing gear on the Airbus A380, a combined drive is used - from hydraulic systems (duplicated) and from electric actuators (also duplicated). Electric actuators control the chassis via hydraulic systems.

Thus, it was possible to install four independent control systems, which increased the safety of aircraft operation and reduced the risk of dangerous situations... Chassis niches are closed by chassis doors made of composite materials. The design of the shutters is monolithic.

Flight performance versus competitors

Parameter	A380	A380 Plus	Boeing 747-8F
Wingspan, mm	79 800		68 450
Length, mm	73 000		76 250
Height, mm	24 100		19 350
Empty weight, kg	276 800		191 100
Maximum takeoff weight, kg	560 000	578 000	442 000
Fuel capacity, l	325 000		-
Total take-off thrust, kN	1244-1360	Not less than 1244	1188
Maximum speed, km / h	1020		988
Cruising speed, km / h	Up to 945		908
Flight range, km	15 200	15 756	14 100
Ceiling, m	13 115		13 000
Crew, people	2
Number of seats, people	853	933	581

Perspectives

In mid-2017, Airbus announced the creation of an improved A380 Plus. The main focus of the improvements was to reduce the cost of the car, which in theory should increase the demand for the aircraft.

At the same time, the redesigned cabins are designed to accommodate a record 933 passengers. The capacity has been improved due to the tighter cabin layout and the reduction in the area of the service compartments.

Externally, the A380 Plus does not differ much from its predecessor - the main changes concerned the wing design, which should have a reduced drag.

The modified power plants of Rolls-Royce and Engine Alliance have reduced fuel consumption and increased thrust by 7%, but there is no official data on them in the public domain.

Video

We invite you to familiarize yourself with the model of the Airbus A380 (Airbus 380) aircraft. The plane is a fairy tale! In the article you will find out how the seats for passengers in the cabin are located, how to choose the best place, is it safe to fly an Airbus A380 (Airbus 380), what models exist and how they differ, and much more ...

Description, history and benefits
Airbus 380 models
Scheme and photo of Airbus 380
History of disasters and accidents
Airlines that own the giant
Technical specifications

Airbus A380 (Airbus 380) - a double-decked wide-body jet four-engine passenger aircraft, which was created by Airbus S.A.S. (Airbus Industrie). Airbus 380 is one of the largest production airliners in the world

(length 72.75 meters, height 24.08 meters, wingspan 79.75 meters). The cabin of the Airbus 380, consisting of 3 classes, accommodates about 525 passengers, in a single-class configuration - 853 passengers. It can carry out long flights over distances up to 15,400 km.

For the development of the Airbus A380, Airbus S.A.S. spent 10 years, the cost of development costs amounted to more than 12 billion euros. To cover the development costs of the Airbus A380 model, the company needs to sell more than 420 aircraft, given that 1 unit costs $ 389.9 million. As of October 2013, Airbus S.A.S. released 115 aircraft.

Airbus A380 has 4 engines, the ability to transport cargo up to 150 tons over a distance of more than 10,000 km.

Currently Airbus 380 It is considered the largest airliner in the world, even surpasses the Boeing 747 in capacity. The Airbus A380 also surpassed all large passenger airliners in fuel economy - 3 liters of fuel are spent per passenger per 100 km. Thus, it is environmentally cleaner than other airliners, i.e. per passenger, carbon dioxide emissions are 75 grams per kilometer.

The first flight Airbus 380 took place on April 27, 2005. Five Airbus 380s were produced for testing and demonstration. The beginning of sales and operation of the aircraft took place in 2007. The first flight was made from Toulouse airport at 10:29 local time on October 25, 2007 with a crew of 6 people under the control of test pilot Jacques Rosy. The flight duration was 3 hours and Airbus 380 landed safely.

The glass cockpit and electrically powered remote control of the Airbus A380 outperforms previous Airbus models. The cockpit has 9 interchangeable LCD monitors 20 x 15 cm. Airbus 380 equipped with two types of engines: Airbus A380-843F, A380-841 and A380-842 - equipped with Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine, and A380-864F, A380-861, A380-863F and A380-862 - equipped with Engine Alliance GP7000 engine. Compared to the Boeing 747, the cabin noise level of the Airbus 380 is 50% less and the air pressure is higher inside the aircraft. As a result, passengers are less tired during the flight.

Aboard Airbus 380 additionally available:

Restroom
Shower (Airline only used)
duty free shop
bar counter
WI-FI
Telephone communications

Initially, critics argued that the weight of the Airbus 380 could damage airport taxiways. However, later, after careful analysis, it turned out that the pressure of the Airbus A380 wheels on the surface of the runway is less than that of the Boeing 777 and Boeing 747 airliners, since the Airbus 380 has 22 wheels, which is 8 wheels more than the Boeing 777 and 4 wheels than the Boeing 747.

In Russia, the first airport that began to accept Airbus A380 on its runways is the airport (Moscow).

Airbus airplane modelsA380 (Airbus A380)

Currently, the following Airbus A380 models conquer our heavenly space:

Airbus A380-800 (Airbus A380-800) - the basic model, the length of which is 73 meters

Airbus A380-900 (Airbus A380-900) - the model is under development. When implementing this project Airbus A380-900 will be the longest aircraft in the world (80 meters). An aircraft that can withstand a distance of up to 14,200 km with a take-off weight of more than 590 tons.The maximum passenger capacity in the cabin is 963 people in one class and 656 people in three classes. Due to the interest in the purchase of this model by such airlines as, Airline, , concern Airbus S.A.S. will start production in 2015in one embodiment, A380-941.

Airbus A380-1000 (Airbus A380-1000) - the model is planned to begin production by 2020-2025, the length of which will be 87 meters. The salon will accommodate about 1,073 passengers. The wing size will be 84 meters. It is planned to be produced in only one version of the A380-1041.

Airbus A380-800F (Airbus A380-800F) - initially, this model was planned to be produced as a cargo version, which in terms of carrying capacity will be second only to the An-225. However, production was postponed until sales of passenger airliners stabilized. Commissioning date has not been determined.

Scheme and photo of the cabin of the Airbus aircraft A380 (Airbus A380)

Airbus accidents and disasters A380 (Airbus A380)

№

The scene of the incident

date

Airline

The death toll

Description (cause) of the incident

Singapore

Qantas airways

0(433)

One of the engines failed on takeoff from Singapore to Sydney. The plane was forced to return urgently. Rolls-Royce engine error (presumed)

0(475)

During takeoff, the wing hooked the tail of a Delta Air Lines aircraft. No harm done.

Colombo airport, Sri Lanka

0(500)

The plane en route Dubai-Sydney urgently landed at Colombo airport. The reason is a technical failure. Nobody was hurt on board.

Airlines using Airbus aircraft in their fleets A380 (Airbus A380)

№

Airline name

The country

Ordered (pcs)

Operated (pcs)

flight year of the first Airbus 380

engine

Air Austral

France

2014

GP72XX

Air France

France

2009

GP72XX

2013

Trent 900

China Southern Airlines

PRC

2011

Trent 900

Emirates airline

UAE

2008

GP72XX

Germany

2010

Trent 900

Malaysia airlines

2012

Trent 900

Qantas airways

2008

Trent 900

Russia

2015

GP72XX

Skymark airlines

Japan

2014

total

259

115

Airplane model specificationsAirbus A380 (Airbus A380)

airplane model Airbus A380	A380-800	A380-800F
Wing sweep angle	33.5 °	33.5 °
Model length (meter)	67,9	72,75
Wing area (sq. Meter)
Model height (meter)	24,09	24,09
Wheelbase (meter)	30,4	30,4
Maximum speed (km / h)	1020	1020
Fuselage width (meter)	7,14	7,14
Cruising speed (km / h)
Flight range (km)	15200	10400
Crew (number of pilots)
Power point	4 x 340 kN GP7277 (A380-863F) GP7281 (A380-864F) 4 x 311 kN	4 x 340 kN GP7277 (A380-863F) GP7281 (A380-864F) Trent 977, Trent 977B (A380-843F) 4 x 311 kN Engine Alliance GP7270 (A380-871) Engine Alliance GP7272 (A380-862) Trent 970, Trent 970B (A380-841,842,) Trent 972, Trent 972B (A380-842)
Path length (meter)	2900	2900
Takeoff run (meter)	2050	2050
Class capacity (person / container)	from 480 to 853 depending on configuration
Practical ceiling (meter)	13115	13115

"Airbus A380", the photo of which is located below, is the largest passenger airliner on the planet. Its height is 24 meters, while its wingspan and length are about 80 meters. The aircraft is designed for flights up to 15.4 thousand kilometers. At the same time, it is capable of carrying up to 853 passengers at a time.

Project development

The purpose of creating airbus a380 was the desire of the eponymous manufacturing company to develop an aircraft that could properly compete with Boeing airplanes (at that time, its 747th model held the leadership in the wide-body passenger airliner market for 30 years). Engineers from the European consortium began development in June 1994, christening the project "3XX". Initially, the designers considered several options for creating an airliner. In the end, they agreed on a concept with two decks, which provided the ability to carry more passengers than the Boeing 747.

The Airbus Board of Directors approved the launch of the program on December 19, 2000. At the same time, the model received its final name - A380. The characteristics of the aircraft were so impressive that already then orders for 55 of its copies were received from six different customers. In early 2001, the final configuration of the aircraft was approved, and a year later, production of the first wing components began. The total cost of the project, which took more than ten years to develop, is estimated at 12 billion euros.

Testing

Five copies of the Airbus A380 were originally built for testing and demonstration. The first of them was assigned the number MSN001, and on January 18, 2005, it was officially presented to the general public. It was this ship that made its first flight on April 27, 2005. The liner took to the sky with international airport Toulouse. Its crew, headed by Jacques Rosy, consisted of six people. After staying in the sky for 3 hours and 54 minutes, the aircraft landed successfully.

Your debut transatlantic flight the aircraft "Airbus A380" was carried out on January 10, 2006. Then the airliner arrived at the airport of the Colombian city of Medellin, where the operation of its systems in high altitude conditions was successfully tested. Then the vessel headed to Canada, where it was tested in severe frost.

The first flight with a cabin filled with people was carried out on September 4, 2006. At that time, 474 Airbus employees acted as passengers, who had to assess the level of comfort and quality of the services provided. In the same year, the aircraft was tested more than once, which made it possible to very carefully check its performance.

Start of operation

The first of the copies of the Airbus A380 was delivered to the customer (Singapore Airlines) on October 15, 2007. Just ten days after that, the plane made its first commercial flight, departing from Singapore to Sydney. After two months of operation of the vessel, the president of Singapore Airlines said that the new product significantly outperforms the Boeing 747 in basic characteristics, including fuel consumption per passenger. On January 25, 2008, the ship of the second customer, Qantas, made its debut flight from Melbourne to Los Angeles.

Salon

The developers have provided two options for the internal configuration of the Airbus A380 model. Photos of the airliner's cabin are a clear confirmation that the surface area of its floor is significantly higher than that of the main competitor. Be that as it may, the standard version of the aircraft provides for business and economy class seats, located on two decks. In this case, 555 passengers can be carried on board at the same time. In addition, there is a budget option aircraft. In this case, 853 seats are installed inside, belonging to the economy class. At the request of the customer company, bars, a library, a conference room and even showers can be provided on the ground floor of the aircraft. It should be noted that at least an hour before using the shower, you must leave a request, and the water will flow no longer than five minutes. The lower and upper decks are interconnected by two ladders located in the aft and bow sections. They are wide enough so that two adults can pass each other.

Main characteristics

The model provides two options for power plants. The first is the Rolls-Royce Trent-900 engine and the second is the Engine Alliance GP7000 engine. In both cases, thrust reversers are installed on two of the four power units. The maximum flight range of the liner is 15.4 thousand kilometers, while its cargo modification with 150 tons of cargo on board is capable of covering a distance of 10.3 thousand kilometers without refueling. The largest take-off weight exceeds 650 tons. Moreover, experts argue that the parameters of the wing are sufficient for possible future, larger modifications of the Airbus A380. At the same time, its characteristics and configuration will be changed slightly.

Compared to its main competitors, the model is more economical. In particular, for every hundred kilometers of travel, an average of three liters of fuel is required here per passenger. The weight of the aircraft itself is 280 tons. Its reduction, according to the developers, was one of the priority tasks even at the production stage. It was achieved through the use of composite materials for the creation of most of the aggregates and assemblies, as well as improved aluminum alloys. As for the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere, they (per passenger) amount to about 75 grams per kilometer.

Cockpit and crew

The cockpit of the Airbus A380 model (the photo can be seen below) is practically no different from other aircraft of this manufacturer. This was done in order to reduce the cost of training crew members. To display all the necessary information, nine liquid crystal displays are installed inside. They are all interchangeable and measure 20x15 centimeters. In this case, two screens are used as indicators of navigation data, two - show basic flight data, two - display the characteristics of the functioning of power plants. In addition to them, one monitor serves to display the status of the entire system, and two more are multifunctional. The crew consists of 27 people, including two pilots and flight attendants in all classes. If the flight duration exceeds fourteen hours, two more pilots are added.

Operation on the ground

Even at the development stage of the Airbus A380 airliner project, skeptics argued that the car, due to its enormous weight, would harm airport taxiways. The designers managed to solve a potential problem by installing 22 wheels on the chassis. Thus, they exert pressure on the earth's surface, which is even less than that of the main competitors. Due to the wingspan, the model was first assigned to the sixth aircraft group, which requires a runway at least 60 meters wide. However, at the request of the manufacturer, this position was revised. As a result, since July 2007, the airliner has been assigned to the fifth group, so it is allowed to take off and land on 45-meter strips.

Conclusion

The Airbus A380 became the first civilian airliner in the history of world aviation to have two full-size decks along the entire length of the fuselage. The aircraft can carry on board 30% more passengers compared to its main competitor, which is the American Boeing-747. The flight range of the aircraft allows airlines to use it to carry out non-stop flights on all routes laid between the airports of Asia and Europe. It should also be noted that the engineers of the developer company have done a large-scale and successful work aimed at ensuring that the liner can be operated without making any changes to the infrastructure of the air harbors.

Images at Wikimedia Commons

Specifications

Has four engines. There is also a cargo modification A380F with the ability to transport cargo up to 150 tons at a distance of up to 10,370 km. The maximum take-off weight is 560 tons (the weight of the aircraft itself is 280 tons). Today, the A380 is also the largest passenger airliner in the world, surpassing the Boeing 747, which can only carry up to 525 passengers (the Boeing 747 was the largest passenger airliner for 36 years).

According to the developers, the most difficult part in creating the aircraft was the problem of reducing its mass. It was possible to solve it due to the widespread use of composite materials both in structural elements and in auxiliary units, interiors, etc. To reduce the weight of the aircraft, progressive technologies and improved aluminum alloys were also used. So, the 11-ton center section is 40% of its mass made of carbon fiber reinforced plastics. Top and side panels of the fuselage are manufactured from Glare hybrid material. On the lower panels of the fuselage, laser-welded stringers and skins were used, which significantly reduced the amount of fasteners.

Among large liners the most economical - three liters of fuel per passenger per hundred kilometers (54 nautical miles) of the way. According to Airbus, the A380 burns 17% less fuel per passenger than "today's largest aircraft" (most likely a Boeing 747). The less fuel is burned, the lower the carbon dioxide emissions. For an airplane, CO 2 emissions per passenger are 75 grams per kilometer.

It took about ten years to develop the A380. The cost of the entire program is about twelve billion €. Airbus says 420 planes need to be sold to recover the costs of the corporation, although some analysts estimate that the number should be much higher.

Development of

Airbus began development of a very large passenger airliner (in the early stages of development called the Airbus megaliner) in the early 90s to expand its product range and take away the dominance Boeing had in this market segment since the 1970s with its Boeing model. 747. McDonnell Douglas pursued the same goals with his - as a result, unsuccessful - the MD-12 project. Since both firms were going to build a successor to the Boeing 747, they knew that in this segment of the consumer market - aircraft with 600-800 passenger seats - there would be room for only one such aircraft. Everyone knew the risk of a split in such a specialized market, which was clearly demonstrated with the simultaneous debut of the Lockheed L-1011 TriStar and the McDonnell Douglas DC-10: both aircraft met the needs of the market, but the market could usefully withstand only one of the models, which as a result forced Lockheed leave the market civil aviation... In January 1993, Boeing and several other companies in the Airbus consortium began a feasibility study for a Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT) airliner, seeking to form a partnership to carve up a limited-capacity market.

In June 1994, Airbus began development of its own VLCT, giving it the temporary designation Airbus 3XX. Airbus was considering several projects, including a two-fuselage combination from the Airbus A340, then Airbus's largest aircraft. At the same time, Boeing was considering a concept with a "hump" closer to the nose of the aircraft, which would accommodate more passengers. The VLCT partnership ended in 1996. And in January 1997 Boeing scrapped its Boeing 747X program due to the East Asian economic crisis of 1997-2000. that overshadowed the market outlook. Airbus changed the project to reduce operating costs by 15-20% compared to the Boeing 747-400 that existed at that time. The A3XX's design converged on a fully double-deck design concept that would provide more passenger volume than a standard single-deck or humpback variant like the Boeing 747.

On December 19, 2000, the board of directors of the recently reorganized Airbus voted to launch the A3XX program and estimated the cost of the program at € 8.8 billion. The A3XX has finally received its full designation as the A380. Even then, 55 orders were received from six customers. The A380 designation is a break between the previous "Airbuses" in the sequence from A300 to A340. The designation A380 was chosen because the number 8 resembles the cross-section of this double-deck aircraft. In addition, the number 8 is considered "lucky" in some Asian customer countries. The final configuration of the aircraft was approved in early 2001 and production of the first A380 wing components began on 23 January 2002. The cost of the program rose to € 11 billion when the first aircraft was completed.

Employees of the Airbus ECAR Engineering Center in Moscow, the first design bureau created by the concern in Europe outside the territories of its member countries in June 2003, took part in the design of the A380F. Russian designers carry out a significant amount of work on the design of fuselage parts, strength calculations, placement of onboard equipment and support for the serial production of aircraft. The center has already completed a number of important assignments under the A380F program.

Production

Aircraft components manufacturing

The main sections of the airliner are being built at factories in France, Great Britain, Germany and Spain. Due to their size, they were transported to Toulouse not by the A300-600 Beluga aircraft (used to transport parts for other Airbus aircraft), but by ground and by water transport although some parts [ which?] are transported by the An-124 aircraft. Components for the A380 are made by companies such as Rolls-Royce, SAFRAN, United Technologies, General Electric, and Goodrich.

The forward and aft sections of the fuselage were loaded horizontally in Hamburg on the Ville de Bordeaux ru en ", owned by Airbus, and from there were sent to the UK. Wing consoles manufactured in Filton ru en (suburb of Bristol) and in Broughton ru en in North Wales, from where the barge was delivered to Mostyn ru en, where they were loaded on the "Ville de Bordeaux", together with the sections already on board. Then, for some more sections, the ship called at Saint-Nazaire in Western France and, further, the ship was unloaded in Bordeaux. The vessel then took on board the lower fuselage and tail sections at Cadiz and delivered them to Bordeaux. From there, parts of the A380 were transported by barge to Langon (in the Gironde) and further by land to the assembly plant in Toulouse. For the delivery of parts of the A380, some roads were extended, new canals were built [ which?] and barges. After all this, the planes were sent to Hamburg, where they were equipped and painted. Each A380 requires 3600 liters of paint to cover 3100 m² of skin.

Testing

Five A380s were built for demonstration and testing purposes. The first A380, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on January 18, 2005.

The first flight began at 8:29 UTC (10:29 local time) on April 27, 2005. This Trent 900 powered aircraft took off from Toulouse International Airport with a six-man flight crew led by test pilot Jacques Rosy. The aircraft landed successfully in three hours and 54 minutes. On December 1, 2005, the A380 reached its maximum speed of Mach 0.96 (versus a cruise speed of Mach 0.85) in a shallow dive, thus initiating a series of test flights aimed at exploring the range of operational modes of flight.

On January 10, 2006, the A380 made its first transatlantic flight, arriving in Medellin, Colombia to test the aircraft for work at an alpine airport, before flying to Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, Canada, for a cold weather test.
In early 2006, during static tests at an aircraft factory in Toulouse, the wing of one of the A380s (MSN5000) unexpectedly cracked when it reached a load of 145% of the nominal, while, according to aviation safety standards, it should withstand a load of 150% from the nominal. The Airbus consortium decided to make changes to the A380 wing in order to increase its strength. The reinforcing elements combined increased the weight of the airframe by 30 kg, of which 14 kg were attaching bolts.
On March 26, 2006, the A380 passed evacuation certification in Hamburg, Germany. With a total of 16 exits blocked, 853 passengers and 20 crew members evacuated in 78 seconds, while evacuation certification standards required 90 seconds. Three days later, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the US Federal Aviation Administration gave their approval to carry the Airbus A380 up to 853 passengers.

On August 25, 2006, the first flight of an A380 with GP 7200 engines took place (this was MSN 009).

On September 4, 2006, the first flight test of the A380 with passengers on board took place in a series of flights made to test the comfort and quality of passenger services. The plane took off from Toulouse with 474 Airbus employees on board. In November 2006, a lot of test flights took place in order to test the aircraft's performance under standard operating conditions on the airline. On December 12, the A380-841 and A380-842 were certified by EASA and the FAA at a joint ceremony at the company's French headquarters. The A380-861 was certified on December 14, 2007.
As of February 2008, five A380s had flown a total of 4,565 hours and completed 1,364 flights, including airline checks and demo flights.

Problems with production and supply

Initially, production of the A380 was complicated by the fact that each aircraft required 530 kilometers of electrical wiring. Airbus, in particular, referred to the complexity of cabling in the cockpit (100,000 wires and 40,300 interconnecting wires), to the fact that this separate, parallel project must satisfy the requirements of each airline, to control design changes and control changes in technical documentation ... German and Spanish Airbus plants continued to use CATIA version 4 CAD systems, while British and French plants switched to CATIA version 5. This, at least in part, caused some problems in the field of control of changes in design, since the laying of aluminum electrical wires required special rules , including the use of non-standard units of measure and bending radii: problems were associated with the fact that software versions (CATIA) worked on different platforms.
The first delay was announced by Airbus in June 2005 and notified the airline that deliveries would be delayed by 6 months. This reduced the number of planned deliveries by the end of 2009 from 120 to 100-90. On June 13, 2006, Airbus announced a second delay in its delivery schedule for another six to seven months. Although the first delivery was planned for the end of 2006, deliveries in 2007 were reduced by only 7 aircraft, and by the end of 2009 to 80-70. The announcement caused a 26% drop in shares in EADS, Airbus' parent, and led to the resignation of EADS CEO Noel Forgrid, Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert and A380 program manager Charles Champion. October 3 new general manager Airbus, following the completion of the program review, announced a third delay, pushing back the first delivery to October 2007. In 2008, 12 aircraft were delivered, in 2009, 14 aircraft were delivered to customers, in 2010 - 27, and from 2011 it is planned to set an annual production rate of 45 aircraft. The delay also increased the revenue gap anticipated by Airbus until 2010 to € 4.8 billion.
Since Airbus prioritized work on the A380-800 over the A380-800F (cargo version), orders for the A380-800F were either canceled (FedEx, UPS Airlines) or changed to A380-800 orders (Emirates Airline, ILFC) ... Airbus has suspended work on the freighter, but said the A380 freighter is still speculative, at least as of March 2008, Airbus has not yet had a specific release date for the freighter version.

Exploitation

Commissioning

First aircraft sold (MSN003, registration number: 9V-SKA) was delivered to the customer on October 15, 2007 after a lengthy acceptance test phase and entered service on October 25, 2007 on a commercial flight between Singapore and Sydney (flight number: SQ380). Two months later, Singapore Airlines President Chu Chong Seng said the A380 was performing better than expected and consuming 20% less fuel per passenger than the Boeing 747-400's. A second A380 for Singapore Airlines (MSN005) was delivered to Airbus on 11 January 2008 and was registered as 9V-SKB. Until March 18, 2008, Singapore Airlines operated its two aircraft in a 471-seat configuration between Singapore and Sydney. After the arrival of the third aircraft, it was decided to expand the number of air routes on the Singapore-London route. On March 18, 2008, a Singapore Airlines A380 successfully landed at London Heathrow Airport, making its first commercial flight to Europe. The fourth A380 Singapore Airlines, available from April 26 (9V-SKD), operates the Singapore-Tokyo route from May 20. Singapore Airlines named the following as promising routes: Singapore - San Francisco, direct flights to Paris and Frankfurt am Main, Hong Kong route, Melbourne - Singapore.

The aircraft has significant customization capabilities (which is partly the reason for the slow growth in production rates). A shower can be provided on board (this option is only used by Emirates Airline), bar counter, lounge, duty free shop. The presence of a satellite channel for the exchange of information in the aircraft allows organizing telephone communication for passengers, connecting to the Internet via a Wi-Fi network, etc.

Integration into infrastructure

Ground Operation

Critics have previously argued that the A380's weight could damage airport taxiways. However, the pressure exerted by the wheels of the liner on the surface is less than that of the Boeing 747 or Boeing 777, since the A380 has 22 wheels, which is 4 more than that of the 1st and eight more than that of the 1st. Airbus measured the load on the road surface using a special 580-tonne cargo wagon built to mimic the chassis of the A380. The cart was rolled over the section of the road surface where the pressure sensors were placed.

Takeoff and landing

Airbus A380- wide-body double-deck four-engine turbojet passenger aircraft, created by Airbus S.A.S. - the largest serial airliner in the world (height 24 meters, length 80 meters, wingspan 80 meters). Capacity - 525 passengers in three classes, 853 passengers in a single-class configuration. It can make non-stop flights to a distance of 15 400 km.

Story

Development of the liner began in 1994 under the code A3XX and continued for 10 years. The purpose of the Airbus A380 was the desire of the developer to expand the range of its products, as well as to deprive the dominant position in the wide-body passenger aircraft segment (747 dominated this segment for more than 30 years). McDonnell Douglas pursued the same goals with their - as a result, unsuccessful - the MD-12 project. Since both firms were going to build a successor, they knew that in the consumer market segment - aircraft with 600-800 passenger seats - there would only be room for one such aircraft.

Everyone was aware of the risk of a split in such a specialized market, as demonstrated by the Lockheed L-1011 Tristar and MD DC-10: both aircraft met the needs of the market, but the market could usefully withstand only one of the models, which as a result forced Lockheed to leave the civil aviation market. ...

In January 1993, Boeing and several other Airbus companies began a feasibility study for a Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT) airliner, seeking to form a partnership to carve up a limited capacity market.

In June 1994, Airbus began development of its own VLCT, giving it the temporary designation Airbus 3XX. Airbus was considering several projects, including a two-fuselage combination from the Airbus A340, then Airbus's largest aircraft. At the same time, Boeing was considering a concept with a "hump" closer to the nose of the aircraft, which would accommodate more passengers. The VLCT partnership ended in 1996. And in January 1997, Boeing scrapped its Boeing 747X program in the wake of the 1997-2000 East Asian economic crisis, which overshadowed market prospects. Airbus changed the project to reduce operating costs by 15-20% compared to the Boeing 747-400 that existed at that time.

The design of the A3XX converged on a fully double-deck design concept that would provide more passenger volume than the standard single-deck or humpback variant of the Boeing 747.

On December 19, 2000, the board of directors of the recently reorganized Airbus voted to launch the A3XX program and estimated the cost of the program at € 8.8 billion. The A3XX has finally received its full designation as the A380. Even then, 55 orders were received from 6 customers. The A380 designation is a break between the previous "Airbuses" in the sequence from A300 to A340. The designation A380 was chosen because the number 8 resembles the cross-section of this double-deck aircraft. In addition, the number 8 is considered "lucky" in some Asian customer countries. The final configuration of the aircraft was approved in early 2001 and production of the first A380 wing components began on 23 January 2002. The cost of the program rose to € 11 billion when the first aircraft was completed.

Aircraft components manufacturing

The main structural sections of the airliner were built at factories in France, Great Britain, Germany and Spain. Due to their size, they were transported to Toulouse not by the A300-600 Beluga aircraft (used to transport parts for other Airbus aircraft), but by land and water transport, although some parts were transported using our domestic An-124 aircraft.

The forward and rear sections of the fuselage were loaded horizontally onto the Airbus 'Ville de Bordeaux' ship in Hamburg and sent from there to the UK. Wing consoles were produced in Filton (a suburb of Bristol) and in Bravtin in North Wales, from where they were delivered by barge to Mastin, where Ville de Bordeaux loaded them along with the existing sections on board the vessel. Then, for some more sections, the ship called at Saint-Nazaire in Western France and, further, the ship was unloaded in Bordeaux. The vessel then took on board the lower fuselage and tail sections at Cadiz and delivered them to Bordeaux. From there, parts of the A380 were transported by barge to Langon (in the Gironde) and further by land to the assembly plant in Toulouse. Several roads were extended, new canals and barges were built to deliver parts of the A380. After all this, the planes were sent to Hamburg, where they were equipped and painted.

Each A380 requires 3600 liters of paint to cover 3100 m² of skin.

Testing

Five A380s were built for demonstration and testing purposes. The first A380, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW, was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on January 18, 2005.

The first flight began at 8:29 UTC (10:29 local time) on April 27, 2005. This aircraft, powered by Trent-900 engines, took off from Toulouse International Airport with a flight crew of 6, led by test pilot Jacques Rosy. The aircraft landed successfully in 3 hours and 54 minutes. On December 1, 2005, the A380 reached its maximum speed of Mach 0.96 (versus a cruise speed of Mach 0.85) in a shallow dive, thereby initiating a series of test flights aimed at exploring the range of operational modes of flight.

On January 10, 2006, the A380 made its first transatlantic flight, arriving in Medellin, Colombia to check the plane for work at the high altitude airport, and then flew to Iqaluit, the capital of Nunavut, Canada, for testing in cold weather conditions.

In early 2006, during static tests at an aircraft factory in Toulouse, the wing of one of the A380s (MSN5000) unexpectedly cracked when it reached 145% of the nominal load, while according to aviation safety standards, it should withstand 150% of the nominal load.
The Airbus consortium decided to make changes to the A380 wing in order to increase its strength. The reinforcing elements combined increased the weight of the aircraft's airframe by 30 kg, of which 14 kg came from the mounting bolts.

On March 26, 2006, the A380 passed evacuation certification in Hamburg, Germany. With a total of 16 exits blocked, 853 passengers and 20 crew members evacuated in 78 seconds, while evacuation certification standards required 90 seconds. Three days later, the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) gave their approval to carry the Airbus A380 up to 853 passengers. On August 25, 2006, the first flight of an A380 with GP 7200 engines took place (aircraft with serial number MSN 009).

As of February 2008, five A380s had flown a total of 4,565 flight hours and 1,364 flights including airline checks and demo flights.

Production and delivery

Initially, the production of the Airbus A380 was complicated by the fact that each aircraft required 530 kilometers of electrical wiring. Airbus, in particular, referred to the complexity of cabling in the cockpit (100,000 wires and 40,300 interconnecting wires), to the fact that this separate, parallel project must satisfy the requirements of each airline, to control design changes and control changes in technical documentation ... German and Spanish Airbus plants continued to use software CATIA version 4, while the British and French switched to CATIA version 5. This, at least in part, caused some problems in the area of control of changes in design, as the laying of aluminum electrical wires required adherence to special rules, including the use of non-standard units of measure and radii bending: Problems were due to the fact that the software versions (CATIA) worked on different platforms.

The first delay was announced by Airbus in June 2005 and notified the airline that deliveries would be delayed by 6 months. This reduced the number of planned deliveries by the end of 2009 from 120 to 100-90. On June 13, 2006, Airbus announced a second delay in its delivery schedule for another six to seven months. Although the first delivery was planned for the end of 2006, deliveries in 2007 were reduced by only 7 aircraft, and by the end of 2009 to 80-70. The announcement caused a 26% drop in shares in EADS, Airbus' parent, and led to the resignation of EADS CEO Noel Forgrid, Airbus CEO Gustav Humbert and A380 program manager Charles Champion. On October 3, Airbus' new CEO, following the completion of the program review, announced a third delay, pushing back the first delivery to October 2007.

In 2008, 12 aircraft were delivered, in 2009, 14 aircraft were delivered to customers, in 2010 - 27, and from 2011 it is planned to set an annual production rate of 45 aircraft.

The delay also increased the revenue gap anticipated by Airbus until 2010 to € 4.8 billion.

As Airbus prioritized work on the A380-800 over the A380-800F (cargo version), orders for the A380-800F were either canceled or changed to A380-800 orders. Airbus has suspended work on the freighter, but said the A380 freighter is still suspected.

Commissioning

The first aircraft sold (MSN003, registration number: 9V-SKA) was handed over to the customer on October 15, 2007 after a lengthy acceptance test phase, and entered service on October 25, 2007, on a commercial flight between Singapore and Sydney (flight number: SQ380).

Two months later, Singapore Airlines President Chiu Chong Seng said the A380 was performing better than expected and consuming 20% less fuel per passenger than the Boeing 747-400's. The second A380 for Singapore Airlines (MSN005) was delivered to Airbus on 11 January 2008 and was registered as 9V-SKB. Until March 18, 2008, Singapore Airlines operated two aircraft in a 471-seat configuration between Singapore and Sydney.

After the arrival of the third aircraft, it was decided to expand the number of air routes on the Singapore-London route. On 18 March 2008, a Singapore Airlines A380 successfully landed at London Heathrow Airport, making its first commercial flight to Europe.

The fourth A380 "Singapore Airlines", which entered the company's disposal from April 26 (9V-SKD), operates the Singapore-Tokyo route from May 20.

Singapore Airlines named the following as promising routes: Singapore - San Francisco, direct flights to Paris and Frankfurt, Hong Kong route, Melbourne - Singapore.

On January 25, 2008, the A380 (MSN014) Qantas (the second airline to order the A380) made its maiden flight. Qantas said it will initially use the A380 in a 450-seat configuration on its Melbourne-Los Angeles route. Subsequent routes may include Sydney-Los Angeles, and Melbourne-London, Sydney-London.

Project

The new Airbus was planned to be sold in two versions. The A380-800 was originally designed to carry 555 passengers in a three-class configuration, or 853 passengers (538 on the main deck and 315 on the upper deck) in a single economy-class configuration. In May 2007, Airbus began offering customers an aircraft with fewer passenger seats(currently 525 seats in three classes) in exchange for an increased range of 370 km to better match trends in premium passenger accommodations. The flight range for the A380-800 model is 15,400 km. The second, cargo, modification of the A380-800F will be capable of transporting up to 150 tons of cargo over a distance of up to 10,370 km. Future options could include the A380-900 with an increased number of seats - up to 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in a single economy class), and extended-range modifications with the same passenger capacity as the A380-800.

The A380 has a wing size designed for a maximum takeoff weight of over 650 tonnes, with an eye on future versions, although the wing will need to be strengthened somewhat. The reinforced wing will be used in the A380-800F cargo version. As a result of this general design approach, the fuel efficiency of the A380-800 passenger modification is somewhat reduced, but according to Airbus estimates, the size of the aircraft, coupled with the new technologies described below, will lead to the fact that the operating cost per passenger will be lower than that of any of the existing modifications.

The A380 also features winglets similar to those seen on the A310 and A320 to reduce wake turbulence, improve fuel economy and improve flight performance.

Cockpit

Airbus uses similar cockpit layout, procedures and flight characteristics in its other aircraft to reduce the cost of crew training.

The A380 has an improved glass cockpit and electric remote control of the rudders linked to the side stick.

Devices for displaying information in the cockpit: 9 interchangeable liquid crystal monitors 20x15 cm.Of 9 monitors, 2 are navigation data indicators, 2 are main flight data indicators, 2 engine operation indicators, 1 current state the whole system as a whole and 2 multifunctional.

Engines

A380 can be equipped with two types of engines: A380-841, A380-842 and A380-843F with Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine, and A380-861, A380-862, A380-863F, A380-864F with Engine Alliance GP7000 engine. The Trent 900 is the successor to the Trent 800, the GP7000 is derived from the GE90 and PW4000. The Trent 900 is basically a scaled-down version of the Trent 500, but it also uses technology from the stillborn Trent 8104. Only two of the four engines have thrust reversals.
Reducing noise levels was an important design requirement for the A380, which was also partly reflected in the engine design. Both types of engines allow the aircraft to meet the QC / 2 on departure and QC / 0.5 on arrival limits set by London Heathrow Airport, which is expected to be a key destination for the A380.

Fuel

The A380 can fly on a mixture of aviation kerosene with GTL from natural gas. A three-hour test flight on 1 February 2008 between Airbus 'Filton Bristol in the UK and Airbus' main plant in Toulouse, France was successful.

One of the four A380 engines used a mixture of 60 percent aviation kerosene and 40 percent GTL fuel supplied by Shell.

The aircraft does not require modification to use GTL fuel, which is designed to be mixed with conventional jet fuel. GTL does not contain sulfur compounds, which compares favorably with conventional kerosene.

Improved materials

Composite materials are widely used in the construction of the Airbus A380 - metals and plastics reinforced with fiberglass, carbon and quartz fibers. New weldable aluminum alloys are also widely used, which, in combination with laser beam welding, eliminated rivets. In January 2012, microcracks were found on the wing body.

Conditions for passengers

The noise level in the A380 cabin is 50% less than that of the Boeing 747, and a higher air pressure is maintained inside the aircraft (equal to the pressure at an altitude of 1,500 meters versus 2,500 for the 747). Both of these factors are expected to contribute to reducing passenger travel fatigue. The upper and lower decks are connected by two ladders, in the bow and aft of the aircraft, wide enough to accommodate two passengers shoulder to shoulder. In the 555-passenger configuration, the A380 has 33% more passenger seats than the standard three-class configuration, but the cabin has 50% more space and volume, resulting in more space... The aircraft has a maximum certified capacity of 853 passengers in a single economy class configuration. The announced configurations range from 450 passenger seats (for Qantas Airways) to 644 (for Emirates Airline, with two comfort classes).

Ground Operation

Critics have previously argued that due to its weight, the A380 could damage airport taxiways. However, the pressure exerted by the liner's wheels on the surface is less than that of the Boeing 747 or, since the A380 has 22 wheels, which is 4 more than the 747 and eight more than the 777. Airbus measured the load on the road surface using a special 580-tonne cargo wagon built to mimic the chassis of the A380. The cart was rolled over the section of the road surface where the pressure sensors were placed.

Based on the wingspan of the A380, the FAO initially classified it as a Group VI aircraft, which requires a 60-meter runway and 30-meter taxiways, versus 45 and 23 for Group V, which includes the Boeing 747. Airbus originally stated that the A380 would be able to operate safely on Group V runways and taxiways without requiring any expansion. In July 2007, the FAA and the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) agreed to allow the A380 to use 45 meter runways without restrictions.

Moscow Domodedovo Airport became the first airport in Russia that was able to host an Airbus A380 aircraft on its runways. This order was issued by the Federal Air Transport Agency.

Distances

In 2005, ICAO developed preliminary criteria for meeting take-off and landing intervals, which turned out to be significantly longer than for the Boeing 747, as flight tests showed that the A380 leaves a much stronger turbulent wake. These criteria were in place until ICAO, JAA, Eurocontrol, FAA and Airbus examined the issue in additional flight tests. In September 2006, the working group presented its findings to ICAO.
In November of the same year, ICAO issued new recommendations. Instead of 10 nautical miles (19 km) for all aircraft types, the new intervals should be:

For aircraft according to ICAO classification "Heavy" - 6 nautical miles (11 km).
For aircraft according to ICAO classification "Medium" - 8 nautical miles (15 km).
For aircraft according to ICAO classification "Light" - 10 nautical miles (19 km).

Modifications

A380-700

The A380-700, formerly known as the A3XX-50R, is a 4m shorter version of the A380-800 with a capacity of up to 481 passengers and a maximum range of about 16,000 km. The prospects for the implementation of this project are very dubious - the A380-700 will become a direct competitor and is unlikely to collect many orders due to the higher cost. Its length is 69 m.

A380-800

Basic model. A380-841 and 842 versions with Trent 900 engine. A380-861 and A380-862 versions with GP72XX engine. Length 73 meters.

A380-900

The A380-900, formerly known as the Airbus A3XX-200, is in the design phase. It exceeds the length of the base model by a little more than 7 m (which, if the project is implemented, will make the A380 the longest aircraft in the world) - 80 m. The maximum take-off weight will be 590 tons, more powerful engines will increase the flight distance to 14,200 km. Maximum passenger capacity is 963 in one class and 656 in three classes. Emirates, Air France, Lufthansa and other airlines are interested in the modification. Airbus said it will begin building the aircraft once the A380-800 is launched and plans to start operating in 2015. It will be released in one version A380-941.

A380-1000

The A380-1000, offered in 2010, will have a length of 87 meters and can accommodate 1,073 passengers in one economy class and 757 in three classes. The start of operation is planned for 2020-2025. It will be the longest aircraft and the second largest in the world (the first is the An-225 Mriya). Its wingspan will be 84 meters. It will be released in one version, the A380-1041.

A380-800F

Initially, Airbus took orders for the cargo variant. The proposed aircraft was second only to the An-225 in terms of carrying capacity. However, production was postponed until sales of the passenger version stabilized, and the timing of the start of production of the cargo version has not been announced at this time.

Advantages

In addition to providing a host of benefits from a completely new airframe design, the A380 is expanding the Airbus family of unified aircraft concepts into the super-large aircraft category.

Due to the same cockpit layout, control procedures and flight characteristics of Airbus aircraft equipped with fly-by-wire control system, pilots already certified to fly one of these aircraft types will need to undergo a short refresher course in order to gain permission to fly the A380.

Airbus designed the A380 in close collaboration with representatives from 60 of the world's largest airports to ensure that the aircraft is brought into commercial service with confidence.

Using the A380 is a socially and economical way to deal with volume growth passenger transportation and airport congestion.
An alternative to this could be an increase in the departure frequencies of aircraft in operation, which will require not only multi-billion dollar investments in the construction of new runways, terminals and even airports, but will also cause even greater congestion and have a more negative impact on the environment.

Airbus's point of view on this issue is fully confirmed by both the wide participation of representatives of the global industry air transportation in the work on the A380 program from the very beginning, and, more clearly, the presence of high demand for the new aircraft.

The A380 has been designed with the participation of the world's major airlines to optimally meet the increasing passenger traffic on the world's major long-distance routes such as Dubai-London, Sydney-Los Angeles, Tokyo-West Coast of the United States. But in the next 20 years, new segments of the transportation market will emerge and grow stronger, for which large-capacity aircraft will be required. Among them, first of all, China and India, where the economy will develop especially dynamically and more and more people will be able to fly abroad.

Taking into account the fact that an increasing part of the world's population chooses long-haul flights for business and leisure travel, the use of the A380 will provide airlines with the opportunity to carry more passengers without having to pay for additional "slots" in their flight schedules.

A380

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