12 Kremlin of modern Russia.

The Moscow Kremlin- a large fortress located on Borovitsky Hill in the Russian capital - Moscow. Since ancient times it has been a city-forming, historical, political and cult center of the city. Today it houses the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation. In 1991, on the basis of the State Museums of the Moscow Kremlin, a historical and cultural museum-reserve was formed. Now the Kremlin is the main center of attraction for tourists visiting the Moscow capital.

It was built in the 15th century. In 1156, the first fortifications with a total length of about 850 meters and an area of ​​about 3 hectares were built on the territory of the modern Kremlin.

The Moscow Kremlin is younger than the Tula, Pskov, Novgorod and Kazan Kremlin.

Along the length of the walls, the Kremlin is 2500 meters long. The Moscow fortress is the longest in Russia. The next contender is the Nizhegorosky Kremlin, which is as much as 500 meters shorter.

There are 20 towers along the walls of the Moscow Kremlin. 3 towers, standing in the corners of the triangle, have a circular cross-section, the rest are square. The tallest tower is Troitskaya, it has a height of 79.3 m. The next competitor of the Moscow Kremlin has three towers less and is located in the town of Kolomna.

By its meaning ...

The Assumption Cathedral, located on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, was the main temple of the country.

The Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is the oldest treasury museum, one of the richest collections in the country.

The history of the Kremlin in brief

The history of the first wooden buildings of the Moscow Kremlin goes back to 1156. Around a small fortress, which served as a shelter from enemies, there were many villages from villages. In 1238, Moscow was subjected to a terrible attack by the horde of Batu Khan and was burned to the ground. In the XIV century, Moscow, more than once revived from the ashes, began to actively build up with stone. In 1368, at the direction of the young prince Dmitry Donskoy, the white-stone walls and towers of the Kremlin were erected. Simultaneously with the stone fortification, the territory of the Kremlin was expanded. In this form, the Moscow Kremlin stood for over 100 years, subject to numerous attacks of enemies. In 1495, the Moscow Kremlin received new brick towers and walls, new fortifications and even more territory. As a result, from the point of view of military engineering, the Moscow Kremlin was an outstanding structure that met all the requirements of the world defensive technology of that time.

You can be sure that the majority of modern Nizhny Novgorod residents who were born and raised in Nizhny Novgorod will not answer your question about what the fifth building of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin is. A good half of them will assume that this is the building of the Nizhny Novgorod Philharmonic, or the building of the Legislative Assembly, and some, perhaps, will guess or even say with confidence that this is the former building of the House of Soviets and the current building of the Nizhny Novgorod administration. But even they probably do not know the whole long and sad history of the appearance of this building.

The thing is that the so-called fifth building of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was built on the site of the very first and once the most majestic temple of ancient Nizhny Novgorod. The history of its construction dates back to 1225, when, by the order of the founder of Nizhny Novgorod, Yuri Vsevolodovich, the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord or the Transfiguration Cathedral was laid. In the middle of the XIV century, an icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands was delivered to the temple from Suzdal, and the temple itself was rebuilt. Due to the frequent raids of the Tatar troops, the temple was badly ravaged at the end of the 14th century, but its main shrine, the Savior Not Made by Hands, was safely hidden and preserved without damage. The looted and destroyed temple was restored by Dmitry Konstantinovich, who began the erection of stone walls and buildings of the Kremlin.

By the 17th century, the Transfiguration Cathedral was noticeably dilapidated, and next to it, with funds allocated from the Moscow treasury, the construction of a new church was begun in the image and likeness of the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. In 1652, the new temple was consecrated, and the old building of the temple was located next to the new one for about half a century. The old temple was dismantled at the very end of the 17th century, and the tombs of the Nizhny Novgorod rulers were moved to the new building of the temple. There was also the ashes of Kozma Minin, the Nizhny Novgorod militia hero.

Two centuries later, the Transfiguration Cathedral again fell into disrepair, and in the 20s of the 19th century it was dismantled. In 1830, at the same place, the first stone was laid for a new cathedral, five-domed and majestic, which was supposed to repeat the appearance of the old building. In 1834, the new temple was consecrated, later, by the end of the 19th century, a chapel was erected in honor of Kozma Minin near the northern part of the cathedral. A stone bell tower rose from the western part of the cathedral, to which the main city clock, located on the Clock Tower, was transferred back in 1716. Twelve bells announced the time and events of the city from the bell tower of the main church of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

The history of the Transfiguration Cathedral continued until the revolutionary events of Russia in 1917. Already in the summer of 1918, services in the church were stopped. Some time later, in the 20s of the XX century, the bell tower was dismantled, depriving the temple of its voice. And in 1929, it was decided to build the House of Soviets - the house of the new government and the new era. The temple was blown up. The tombs and remains of the Nizhny Novgorod princes and church ministers were transferred to the Provincial Museum. The remains of Kozma Minin were also transferred there, which were later reburied for the 350th anniversary of the people's militia in 1612 in the Archangel Michael Cathedral.
So the most important temple of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin did not become, along with many others, of which there were many on the Kremlin territory. To this day, only the Archangel Michael Cathedral has survived, as a reminder of the former greatness of the churches and cathedrals of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin.

Today, under the non-sounding name "the fifth building" of the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, we mean the building of the administration of Nizhny Novgorod. The City Council of Nizhny Novgorod is located in the same building. The facade of the building is made in a modern style, curved windows and solemn columns at the entrance. The building itself is located next to the Governor's Garden, surrounded by beautiful landscape beauty and walking alleys.

Only a veneration cross installed next to the House of Soviets in honor of the Savior Transfiguration Church that was previously located there and a chapel built in memory of the icon of the Savior Not Made by Hands reminds of past events here.

While walking around the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, be sure to visit the Governor's Garden and walk along the building of the Nizhny Novgorod administration. This place, like no other place in the Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, deserves your attention and will definitely tell you its story.

Kremlin Palace, Turkey, Antalya, November 2019

• Overall rating - 7.3 / 10
• Service - 7
• Meals - 8
• Accommodation - 7

The child really liked the children's animation, the girls in the children's club are great, the classes are interesting and varied.

Kremlin Palace, Antalya, Turkey, July 2019

• Overall rating - 5.7 / 10
• Service - 7
• Meals - 4
• Accommodation - 6

We rested in the Kremlin from July 27 to August 9. Not a bad hotel with a clean and well-groomed area. The animation works well, the evening performances for both kids and adults are great. The staff (bartenders, animators, waiters) work perfectly, at the limit of their capabilities, the hotel obviously saves on staff. The ban on drinking water in front of tourists sounds wild. The level of food does not correspond to 5 stars, this is a fact, there seems to be a lot of it, but not everything can be eaten. For the first time I came across a hotel in which you can take uncooked fish, and three times in a row, moldy bread and spoiled fruits. Affected by a large number of tourists and a small number of staff. If you think that they will apologize to you for these facts, then you are naive, they will not even think. The hotel has a large number of Iranians who feel calm and allow whatever their heart desires, up to playing volleyball, in the pools with slides during their work. It is forbidden to leave the air conditioner turned on during your absence from the room, they can safely enter the room in your absence and pick up the card without warning. I killed the fact of cleaning the room on the day of departure, we were to be picked up from the hotel at 15 o'clock, I, leaving only carry-on luggage on the dresser and intimate hygiene items (tweezers for lenses, a child's dental plate, soap and a hairbrush), I went for a swim, having entered the room at 11.30 I found that it was completely clean and ready for a new arrival! All belongings have been removed from the bathroom! I confess I twisted and did not check the record! They came to their senses only on the plane! I called Anex, they did not help us, they are responsible for forgetting things, but this was forgotten, it was brazenly thrown out of the room, which at that time was officially ours! I called Dilyara, they promised to find out everything and figure it out: they figured it out, they did not touch anything, we ourselves lost all our things and left them somewhere. Yeah. A record worth 10 pieces. Unpleasant aftertaste, understanding that you have left and let everything grow overgrown at least with grass. I understand that it is my own fault, and, apparently, it was necessary, fatalism calms) but I do not understand what the maid was doing until 12 o'clock, on the day of check-out in the room. The hotel has one answer to all questions, the rooms must be cleaned. The impression remained ambiguous, it seemed, and they rested, but arrived with losses, but with a tan and thinned) I forgot to add, in a private conversation, with a gesture, I was told that the hotel management allows the reception to be rude to guests, however, after a minute, I heard that the employee was fired for rudeness, double standards rule)))

Together With A Friend

hotel PGS Kremlin, Antalya, Turkey, October 2018, With friends

• Overall rating - 9/10
• Service - 10
• Meals - 8
• Accommodation - 9

We went together with a friend on 10/09/18 for a week. Everything is great and the food and the sea, and the pool. The only negative is that this is a family-run hotel for old people. There are almost no young people. And so everything is super. WIfi even caught on the "pier" on the beach.

Khristolyubova R

Hotel PGS Kremlin, Antalya, Turkey, September 2017

• Overall rating - 8/10
• Service - 9
• Meals - 7
• Accommodation - 8

Hello, I really liked the rest in your hotel, beautiful view, excellent service, friendly staff, wonderful maid Zhazira, a special thanks to her, the vegetation is mesmerizing, the cleanest pool, the cuisine is varied, the sea is friendly, I recommend your hotel to everyone. Prosperity to you !! Confectioner class! !!

August 2017, Family with children

• Overall rating - 6.3 / 10
• Service - 6
• Meals - 8
• Accommodation - 5

the hotel is gorgeous! We had a rest in a big company and three of them were kids)) from the airport we got there quickly! We met beautifully! We arrived at 11 o'clock in the morning. We were offered to wait or check into the top capital right away, we decided right away .... the rooms are spacious, the beds are large, but the room cleaning is poor! They did not clean the balcony at all ((There was not enough clothesline. There is soap, hair conditioner and body milk in the bathroom (quite decent). Conde worked properly! We found three Russian channels) Food! Great choice! We didn’t stay hungry! the whole day you could have a snack somewhere! We went to the Kremlin and to the top! Children can be fed to many! The restaurant is very tasty Italian! Great !!! The Japanese restaurant is terrible! They can't cook sushi! As for booze, there are many different bars and everywhere decent booze and delicious cocktails! Beach! Everything is good, sea, everything is clean! Animation! In the mini club, the children were always happy, only the time was not very convenient from 10.00 to 12.30 and from 14.30 to 17.00. And in the evening, of course, a mini disco !!! After great performances for every taste! We alternated torus and Kremlin .. Slides and pool! There are always caretakers and control over the congresses, which is important! In general, everything is super! I recommend! Would you come back there again? Yes !!!

September 2015, Couple

• Overall rating - 9/10
• Service - 8
• Meals - 10
• Accommodation - 9

We rested at the Kremlin Palace Hotel together with my husband. Turkey greeted us with pouring rain. Conveniently, it took twenty minutes to get from the airport to the hotel. We were kindly greeted, we asked to give us a room early, as we were soaked through. The receptionists suggested that we first go for breakfast, and then they promised to provide us with a room. They fulfilled their promise, right after breakfast we received the keys to 3253 rooms in the third building overlooking the outdoor pool. The room is excellent, with modern appliances, new furniture. I would like to note the snow-white linens and towels, which the maids regularly changed for fresh ones. The minibar was also replenished as the supply of drinks was consumed. The territory of the hotel is carefully monitored, paths are washed daily, sun loungers, swimming pools are cleaned. The beach is huge, sandy and pebble. The entrance to the sea is first small pebbles, then sand. In the bars one could not only drink soda, coffee, alcohol, cocktails, but even have a very hearty snack. The restaurant served an incredible amount of dishes. The pallets were constantly updated, so there was no need to rush to the opening of the restaurant. The animation is very active. I remember the October fest party and live music concerts on Red Square.

September 2015, With family

• Overall rating - 9/10
• Service - 8
• Meals - 10
• Accommodation - 9

The Kremlin Palace Hotel is located just outside Antalya, in resort village Kundu. The location is controversial. On the one hand, there is nowhere to walk, there is no infrastructure nearby, and on the other hand, there are so many interesting things on the territory of the hotel that there are enough impressions for the whole rest and you don't really want to go on excursions. The architecture of the hotel is such that you seem to find yourself in the center of Moscow. In this case, you can use the entire infrastructure of the neighboring hotel, which was built in the style of Topkapi Palace. It's funny how you get from Moscow to Istanbul. The hotel territory is incredibly green, with many lawns where you can see hedgehogs and conifers. Our room was on the first floor in the second building. From the window there was a view of historical Museum, he is the reception. The advantage of our room was the silence, no noises and sounds of music could be heard, and in the morning we enjoyed the singing of birds. The room had a flat-screen TV with Russian channels, safe, refrigerator, hairdryer. The air conditioner worked quietly, cooled perfectly. They cleaned every day, although for a week they never saw the maid. The beach is huge, large turtles often swam in the sea. There were enough sun loungers for all guests, you could sit on soft pillows right on the pier. For an additional fee, you can use the huts. The son was delighted with the animation, played basketball and water polo. In the evenings, show programs were held on the stage, spotlights were shining, during the performances of the artists there were always various special effects. The show "Turkish Night" shocked me, bravo. The food is excellent. Of course, the choice of dishes for breakfast is not as varied as for lunch and dinner, but there was always something to eat. Dinners were always on top, cooked meat or grilled fish, served seafood, delicacies. After such delights, plus three kilograms, but it is impossible to resist not trying all these delicacies.

August 2015, Couple

• Overall rating - 9/10
• Service - 10
• Meals - 9
• Accommodation - 8

A very large, beautiful territory with many interesting buildings, in a week they did not go around it all. The staff is very polite, if you want - they will talk to you heart to heart, if you don't want to - just smile and carefully do their job. The waiters serve as in the best restaurants, pour wine, serve the table, remove the empty dishes. Conveniently, beach towels are provided on the way to the beach. The beach is wide, sandy-pebble, full of sun loungers. I would like to highlight the convenient working hours of bars, attractions. During the day, many different events are held, you do not want to take part in them, no one will force you. Visiting artists always performed in the evenings. Of the minuses - old furniture in the room, but according to the stories of other guests, they have already begun to update it, so I think this little unpleasant nuance will soon disappear.

August 2014, Family with children

• Overall rating - 9.3 / 10
• Service - 8
• Meals - 10
• Accommodation - 10

Pros: The hotel's interior is presented in an interesting historical style.Small but very cozy room.Great food for every taste.Big and clean beach pleases with a pebble and sand entry into the sea, which is extremely convenient for families with children.A huge and very beautiful area with a beautiful garden.Professional animation.An interesting excursion to the Antalya aquarium.

Minuses: There is no tumble dryer in the room.There is nowhere to walk outside the hotel.Cheerful animators dispose to participate in various entertainments.

Minuses: Lines for drying clothes are usually not available in the rooms.

Anastasia

July 2014, Family with young children

• Overall rating - 4.3 / 10
• Service - 3
• Meals - 7
• Accommodation - 3

accommodation as it turns out starts from 2 o'clock and it does not matter that he arrived at night with small children. nor wait half a day for the number (I had to bribe). the room was cleaned only in the evening and the towel was wrinkled and the linen was dirty. the only plus is the children's channel "carousel" and a couple more domestic ones. the room is cozy and pretty nothing at first glance. but when you start looking closely ... ..the dust on the back of the bed in layers, the floor lamps all fall apart and stay on the snot, you can't sit on the chairs on the balcony (rust immediately forms on the clothes), the bathroom is superficially good. but if you pour it and lie around you can see a terrible mold. the same in the sink when viewed from below. the curtains are yellow. it is better not to touch the dusty dust .... superficially you can live in the room, but breathing this mold and dust is unhealthy. especially with small children. and so it turned out not only in our room, in all the others it was not better. the hotel has already outlived its ... I do not advise anyone.

In ancient Russia, any Big City had a fortified territory - the Kremlin. Consequently, the Kremlin is the name of the city fortifications in Ancient Rus. Currently, there are 12 kremlin left in Russia, well preserved over the centuries, as well as not changing the city status.

The modern walls and towers of the Moscow Kremlin were built in 1482-1495 by Italian architects from red brick, on the site of white stone, they were completed in the 17th century. The number of surviving towers: 20, the number of gates - 4, the height of the walls: from 5 to 19 meters, the thickness of the walls - from 3.5 to 6.5 meters. The Kremlin of Moscow houses the Assumption, Archangel, Annunciation Cathedrals, several churches, the Patriarch's Chambers, the Terem Palace, the Pomegranate Chamber, the Ivan the Great Bell Tower and other structures. The Moscow Kremlin is an object World heritage UNESCO since 1990.

2.Rostov Kremlin

The Kremlin complex was built by the Rostov Metropolitan Iona Sysoevich as a bishop's house on the shores of Lake Nero in 1670-1683. The fortress walls have 11 surviving towers, including four entrance ones. The Kremlin houses the 5-head Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 16th century, the cathedral belfry with the famous 13 Rostov bells, as well as several beautiful churches and chambers. The Kremlin is unique architectural complex late 17th century It has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1998.

3.Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

The walls of the Kremlin with 12 surviving towers (originally 13) were built in 1508-1515, probably by the Italian architect Pyotr Fryazin. The number of gates is 5, the height of the walls is from 12 to 22 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.5 to 4.5 meters. The Kremlin houses the Archangel Michael Cathedral, built in 1631 in honor of the victory of the militia in 1612, where Kuzma Minin is now buried, several civil buildings, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky.

4.Tula Kremlin

Brick walls and towers were built in 1514-1520 as a defensive fortress on the southern borders of the country. The number of surviving towers: 9, the number of gates - 4, the height of the walls: from 12.7 meters, the thickness of the walls - from 2.8 to 3.2 meters. The Kremlin withstood the siege of the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey in 1552, and in 1608 the rebels of I. Bolotnikov withstood the siege of the tsarist troops in the Kremlin for four months. The Kremlin houses the five-domed Assumption Cathedral, built in 1762 - 1764, the Epiphany Cathedral (1855 - 1863), a monument to Peter 1.

5. Novgorod Kremlin

The modern fortress walls and towers were built in 1484-1490 on the foundations of the old walls of the early XIV century. (Detinets himself existed on the territory of the modern Kremlin since the 10th century). Nine of the towers have survived to this day, including the 30-meter Kokuy tower, built on at the end of the 17th century. The number of gates is 3, the height of the walls is from 8 to 15 meters, the thickness of the walls is from 3.6 to 6.55 meters. The Kremlin houses the Novgorod Sophia Cathedral of the mid-11th century, the oldest stone structure in Russia, the Faceted Chamber and other buildings. In 1862, the Millennium of Russia monument was solemnly unveiled in the Kremlin. The Novgorod Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1992.

6.Kazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the X-XVI centuries by Postnik Yakovlev and Ivan Shiryay in Pskov architectural style... The number of surviving towers: 8, the number of gates - 2, the height of the walls - from 8 to 12 meters. The walls and towers were reconstructed in the 17th and 19th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Annunciation Cathedral, built in 1562, the Syyumbeki watchtower (buildings of an unknown time), as well as erected in the 1990s. Kul-Sharif mosque. The Kremlin withstood the siege of Pugachev's troops in 1774. The Kazan Kremlin has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2000.

7. Astrakhan Kremlin.

Located on a high hill on the banks of the Volga. It was built in 1562 - 1589 by Mikhail Velyaminov and Dey Gubast. The number of surviving towers: 7, the number of gates - 2, the height of the walls - from 3 to 8 meters, the thickness of the walls - from 5 to 12 meters. The white-stone walls of the Kremlin include seven towers - three passages and four blank ones. On the territory of the Kremlin there are the Trinity and the Assumption Cathedrals, the Cyril Chapel, the bishop's house. The Prechistenskaya Gate is crowned with a tower with a bell tower and a clock (height 80 m).

8 Zaraisk Kremlin

Built in 1528-1531 by order of Vasily III. The number of surviving towers: 7, the number of gates - 4. Being a border town that was part of the fortification line on the southern border of the Russian state, Zaraysk was subjected to repeated attacks by the Horde, in 1608 it was captured by Polish troops. In 1610, Prince D.M. Pozharsky. The brick Kremlin is faced with white stone on the outside. Of the 7 towers, three are passable. The Kremlin houses the Nikolsky Cathedral and the late Church of John the Baptist.

9. Tobolsk Kremlin

This is the only stone Kremlin in Siberia. Time of construction: 1683-1799 years. The number of surviving towers: 7. Built by G. Sharypin and G. Tyurin: stone walls and so-called towers. Sophia courtyard and the five-domed Sophia-Assumption Cathedral (1681-1686) - the oldest stone building in Siberia. In 1700 - 1717 Semyon Remezov built the secular part of the Kremlin - Small or Voznesensky city. The cathedral bell tower (75 m high) was built at the end of the 18th century, the Intercession Cathedral in the 1740s. Other structures of the Kremlin were built in the 18th - 19th centuries. The famous Uglich bell was "exiled" to Tobolsk under Boris Godunov, for which a special stone belfry was built in the Kremlin.

10. Kolomna Kremlin

Built in 1525 - 1531. under Vasily III on the site of the wooden Kremlin destroyed by the Tatars. The walls and towers have been partially preserved. The number of surviving towers: 7, the number of gates - 6, the height of the walls - from 18 to 21 meters, the thickness of the walls - from 3 to 4.5 meters. Of the towers, the most prominent is the “Marina Tower”, in which, according to legend, Marina Mnishek was imprisoned. The Kremlin houses the Assumption Cathedral (late 17th century), the Resurrection Church (rebuilt in the 18th century), Trinity Church (late 17th century) and other structures.

11. Pskov Kremlin

Time of the construction of this Kremlin: the end of the 11th - the beginning of the 12th centuries. Towers - 7, Gates - 1 (through the hawk), the height of the walls: from 6 to 8 meters, the thickness of the walls - from 2.5 to 6 meters. The Pskov Kremlin is called "Krom". It is located at the confluence of the Velikaya and Pskov rivers. The walls and towers were built in the 12th century. from a lime slab and are the most ancient Kremlin fortifications preserved in Russia. The five-domed Trinity Cathedral of the late 17th century is located on the territory of Krom. and a seven-sided bell tower from the same time, built on at the beginning of the 19th century.

12. Ryazan Kremlin

This Kremlin was built in the 15th century. And at the end of the 17th century, the walls and towers of the Kremlin were demolished because of their dilapidation and the lack of the need to defend the borders. Only the rampart and the moat have survived. The Ryazan Kremlin is a complex of historical and architectural monuments located on the territory of the original fortress of Pereyaslavl-Ryazan, located in the interfluve of the Trubezh and Lybed rivers. The structures are surrounded by an earthen defensive rampart of the 12th-17th centuries. On the territory of the Kremlin there is the Assumption Cathedral, built at the end of the 17th century. in the style of "Naryshkin Baroque" by Ya. Bukhvostov, a four-tiered bell tower (late 18th - early 19th centuries), Nativity of Christ and Arkhangelsk (16th century) cathedrals, bishops' chambers (17th - 19th centuries) - so-called. chambers of Prince Oleg, other churches and civil buildings.