Who created the summer palace of Peter 1. Peter the Great's palace in the Summer Garden opened after restoration

The summer palace of Peter I was built in the 1710s on the territory of the summer residence of the sovereign ( Summer garden) designed by the leading architect of that time D. Trezzini.

The Summer Garden is only nine months older than St. Petersburg. It was this place that was chosen for the construction of the residence for several reasons. Firstly, this area among swamps and forests has been inhabited for a long time. Even under the Swedes, in the 60s of the 17th century, there was a manor with a garden, which belonged to the Swedish major Konau. Secondly, the place was quite far from the noise of the construction site. Peter and Paul Fortress, and Peter, although he was a giant with heroic strength, suffered from a nervous breakdown and woke up from the slightest rustle.

By the fall of 1710, a small wooden house was dismantled, which remained on the territory of the Summer Garden from the Konau estate, in its place began the construction of a summer palace for Peter I.

The modest palace in its appearance embodied all the features of the architecture of the Peter the Great period (the style of the Petrovskoe Baroque). The two-storey building, rectangular in plan, was completed with a high hipped roof.

The façades of the palace are decorated very simply: the walls are cut through by rectangular windows in platbands of a very characteristic early Baroque form (in the upper part of them there are ledges, the so-called "ears"). Small glass windows are also typical for the architecture of the early 18th century. Between the floors, on all four facades, there are 29 terracotta reliefs in rectangular frames.

The reliefs made in 1714 depict scenes from ancient mythology associated with the theme of the sea; in allegorical form, these reliefs reveal, probably, about the Northern War. The outstanding German master A. Schlüter took part in the creation of these reliefs.

Probably, it was he who was the author of the decorative relief that decorates the entrance to the palace. The goddess of wisdom, Minerva, is depicted here, surrounded by trophies of war and victory banners. Also on the facades you can find such sea characters as Nereids, newts, sea cones-hippocampus with scaly fish tails. Here are the ancient gods and heroes, as well as dolphins, which were perceived as symbols calm sea... The gutters at the corners of the roof are made in the form of winged dragons. The palace was crowned with a weather vane, a figurine of the ancient patron saint of the Russian army, George the Victorious.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the bank of the Neva had not yet been filled up and the Summer Palace stood right next to the water. From Fontanka to the steps of the main entrance there was a small canal - "Havana" for the approach of boats. Painted in light yellow, the palace seemed to grow out of the water.

Peter I was very fond of this cozy palace, intended not for official visits, but for family life. There were six rooms on each floor. On the top floor are the chambers of Ekaterina Alekseevna, and on the first - the chambers of Peter himself.

After the death of the sovereign, the building was not actually used, it was only supported by periodic repairs.

Thanks to this, the interiors have been preserved in almost their original form. Mirrors in mortise frames, Dutch tiles on the stoves, oak panels, furniture brought from Europe, numerous household items of the early 18th century, all this conveys the spirit of the Petrine era.

Among other rooms, a turning room has been preserved, filled with lathes and metalwork tools, compasses, and various devices. Here Peter often made different things with his own hands, for example a chair, or a model of a ship.

He was in charge of all this economy, as well as turning in other palaces of Peter, and they were almost everywhere where he lived - A.K. Nartov, an inventor and designer.

In June 2009, the Summer Garden was closed for reconstruction, which is expected to last two years, and therefore the Summer Palace is closed to visitors.

The author of the article: Parshina Elena Aleksandrovna. Literature used: Lisovskiy V.G. Architecture of St. Petersburg, Three centuries of history. Slavia., St. Petersburg, 2004 Semennikova N. Summer garden. Art. L., 1978

© E. A. Parshina, 2009

Address: Summer Garden, Lit. A

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Among the palace buildings of St. Petersburg Peter's era at the beginning of the 18th century, the Summer Palace of Peter the Great occupies a worthy place. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that it has come down to our days practically in the state of the original source, such as it was under Peter. And where, if not in this palace, you can touch the time Petra, to his personality, which is expressed in the modesty of everyday life, in household items and in interiors.

The palace was preserved in an unaltered form due to the fact that after Peter and Catherine the First, the following rulers did not live in it. Each new empress, and there were several of them after Peter, built her own individual housing. The premises are especially well preserved in the Summer Palace. Green office, dining room and maids of honor. The main exhibits of the museum are the surviving personal belongings of Peter the Great and his wife.

The history of the creation of the palace

It must be said that Peter the Great began the development of the insular part of the future Petersburg on the opposite bank from the Peter and Paul Fortress with the construction of the Admiralty shipyard fortress and with the creation of a glade road to Novgorodsky tract (the future Nevsky Prospect). In parallel with these important tasks for the future city, Peter develops the idea of ​​creating a Summer Garden at the junction of the Fontanka and the Neva, suggesting to create a beautiful garden-park like the famous Versailles.

Summer Palace in Summer garden the time of Peter the Great (engraving)

A rather modest Summer Palace of the Emperor is also being built here. After all, being close to the park being created, it was easier for Peter to control the gardening work, and it was quite practical and comfortable to live in the garden and park zone during the summer period and at the same time be within the city limits.

Built a two-story palace for Peter the Great D. Trezzini in the form Dutch house. Like all existing buildings of that period, the Summer Palace was built in the style Peter's Baroque... From the austere appearance of the building, it is immediately clear that the palace was created not for ceremonial receptions, but for the private residence of the imperial couple. The building has clear proportions, many windows and a hipped roof. The basement floor eventually went into the ground, which is why the palace seems to be low.

The facade of the palace is decorated with allegorical images scenes of the Northern War, which at that time was still ongoing. On two sides, the palace looks out onto the Neva and Fontanka, and on the third, it was equipped with an artificial reservoir for small galleys. Surrounded by water, the Palace resembled a sailing ship.

"Havanets "occupied a small area in front of the Palace

This palace was immediately intended for summer residence emperor, so it was not insulated enough. Peter lived here with his wife Catherine since 1712 annually from May to October. The fact that Peter did not build himself a new urban summer residence suggests that he was quite comfortable in this small palace.

What to see in the Summer Palace

Due to the purely family residence, there are no ceremonial halls for balls and receptions in the palace, and on each of the two floors there are 7 small living quarters... Peter himself occupied the first floor, while his wife's quarters were on the second, warmer floor. In total, the palace had 14 rooms and 2 kitchens (cooks).

All rooms of the palace with the restored interior design preserve the atmosphere of family comfort that prevailed in the Summer Palace. Here for a long time Peter himself lived, his wife, and their children. In these small rooms, Peter the Great led family conversations, was distracted from imperial affairs and felt like just the father of a family.

The entrance to the Summer Palace is from the side of the former "Havanese", and its inspection begins from the lobby of the first floor.

Ground floor rooms

Lobby the first floor is decorated with carved oak panels, which are dissected by pilasters. Here are portraits of the most prominent associates of Peter - Menshikov, P. Tolstoy and other leaders of Peter's reforms.

A little further you can see Reception Peter, where he received visitors with written and oral complaints. Nearby was the secretary's office and the duty officer's room. In the Reception Room there is Peter's desk with writing instruments and pieces of cabinet furniture.

The greatest interest among all visitors to Petra and today's tourists is caused by the unique Wind instrument showing the time of day, the strength of the wind and its direction. It was a very accurate navigation device and has a hidden connection to a weather vane mounted on the roof. By the way, this device is still in working order! Its three glass displays are set amid a carved wooden figure, very similar to the stern of a departing ship.

Located on the ground floor and Punishment cell for those punished for offenses, in which the emperor himself put them under arrest, and then he himself then released them to freedom.

Of undoubted interest from the rooms on the ground floor are Canteen and Kitchen (cook). They are located side by side, which is quite unusual for that time. The dining room is a purely family eating area, although Peter usually invited one or two guests to dinner - he liked to socialize during the feast. During the excursion, visitors will learn that Peter was very fond of porridge (buckwheat and pearl barley) and other simple dishes.

Kitchen the palace is a very advanced cooking area for that time. Here you can see a huge hood, which did not allow food odors to creep into the personal imperial chambers. The cooking area is decorated with Dutch tiles and looks very presentable.

In the Kitchen today everything is the same as it was under Peter the Great

It is interesting that the water supply was carried out here, as a large granite black sink in the corner of the Kitchen. There is also a large butcher's table. Ready meals were served through a window in the door connecting the Kitchen to the Dining Room.

One of the interesting rooms on the first floor is Bedroom Peter. His bed was preserved, but in this moment it is under restoration, and in his bedchamber there are exhibits outerwear Tsar - Ceremonial camisole, Cloak and his favorite form of the Dutch sailor (in the center).

In all rooms you can see fabric wallpapers, Dutch tiles, amazing furnishings from the early 18th century. Sometime here, as in Winter palace Peter the Great, there was a lathe, on which the emperor liked to work in his free time. Is here and Necessary cabinet- this is what Peter the Great called the Toilet Room, which was equipped with a sewerage system from the Fontanka channel.

Some of the palace rooms miraculously survived the interior details from the times of Peter. These include tiles Dutch tiles, which lined the walls of the chefs, picturesque plafonds artist G.Gzell, carved panel and a stucco fireplace in the Green Cabinet.

Second floor rooms

A rather steep Staircase leads to the Empress's chambers, located on the second floor, which a little resembles a ship's ladder. After all, Peter wanted to see his palace as a kind of frigate!

The second floor, allotted to Catherine with the children, was divided into a dressing room, a bedroom, a nursery, a room for maids of honor, a dance hall and a throne room. Of all these small rooms, Green Cabinet, decorated with inserts of painting and stucco decorations with gilding.

In numerous closets of the Green Office, Peter exhibited various foreign curiosities that he brought from abroad himself, or that came to him in the form of gifts. In a way, the Green Cabinet became the predecessor of the Kunstkamera, created by Peter as the first Russian natural science museum.

Also on the second floor you can see Catherine's bedroom The first, whose bed is currently under restoration. One of the interesting exhibits in the Bedroom is mirror, edged with a wooden carved decorative frame. It is believed that this frame was carved by Peter the Great himself! After all, the tsar-reformer owned 14 crafts and did not shy away from any work.

Is on the second floor Children's room, in which the son of Peter and Catherine grew up, a very playful and nimble boy, who should eventually become the Russian emperor. Unfortunately, he was destined to live only 4 years. There is Dance hall, in which Peter's daughters were taught modern dances, for Peter, who loved dancing evenings, wanted his daughters to be able to dance well. There is one more kitchen on the second floor.

As already noted, many of the palace rooms miraculously survived interior details from the time of Peter. These include Dutch tiles for the walls of the chef's rooms, picturesque plafonds by the artist G. Gsell, carved panels and a stucco fireplace in the Green Office.

From the windows of the second floor one can admire the alleys of the Summer Garden and imagine that once Peter himself looked out of these windows at the emerging “Russian Versailles”.

What did Peter dream about looking through these windows? How did you envision the future of Russia and the city he created?

Summer Palace - a branch of the Russian Museum

Peter's Summer Palace is one of the oldest buildings in St. Petersburg and a unique monument of Russian history and culture. It is interesting that already at Alexandra the First Peter's palace was opened for public inspection. And in 1840, a partial restoration and systematization of the existing historical values ​​was carried out.

During The great Patriotic War palace building was badly damaged, especially the roof and window frames. Immediately after the war, the renovation of the palace began, which grew into a large-scale restoration. New restoration has been carried out in 2014-2018... Today, the Summer Palace is a branch of the Russian Museum and is open to numerous tourists of the Northern capital all days, except Tuesday.

The Summer Palace is located in the Summer Garden, but you can visit it only as part of excursion groups that are organized at 12, 14 and 16 hours. Eventually, evening excursions are also planned. The groups are small and tickets run out quickly, so if you want to visit the museum, it is better to buy a ticket first, and then, while waiting for an excursion, take a walk along the amazing alleys of the Summer Garden.

The Summer Palace of Peter I is one of the most interesting sights of Northern Palmyra with more than 300 years of history. At the time of the founding of the city, this was the name of the small wooden house in which the emperor lived. Later, this name also passed to the building located between the Fontanka and Moika rivers on the Admiralty Island. The Summer Palace is a pioneer of stone buildings in the city. Famous European architects D. Trezzini and German sculptor Andreas Schlüter took part in its creation.

The tsar ordered to build the building in such a way that it clearly symbolizes Russia's readiness for effective cooperation both with the East and with Western countries... To implement this kind of idea, six windows of the house faced the West, and six others - to the East, showing Russia's respect for the interests of countries in both parts of the world.

The building of the Summer Palace is not distinguished by defiant luxury - austere, with a hipped roof, built in the exact proportions of the Baroque style. It symbolizes the possibility of rest and work, rather than the setting for luxurious balls and social events. By the way, it was in the Summer Palace that the first sewerage system in the city was launched, whose driving system was the Fontanka River.

Exterior of the palace

The friezes of the facades, outwardly delimiting the floors, are beautifully decorated with bas-reliefs telling about the successes of Russia in the military field. In the image of the ancient Greek hero Perseus, we can recognize Peter I. The bas-relief above the front entrance from the garden side depicts the Greek goddess of wisdom, patroness of sciences and crafts, Athena ( Rome.- Minerva), surrounded by all kinds of banners and trophies.

Interior interior

The interior is such that there are seven rooms on all floors. On the first there were the tsar's chambers, a reception room, his study, a room for an orderly, an assembly room (a large room, a second reception room), a dressing room, a cook and a kitchen. As you know, Peter owned 14 crafts and loved to work in a lathe, which was also equipped in the palace on the ground floor. The second floor housed the chambers of the emperor's wife and children, a dining room, and a dressing room. Of great interest is the Green Room, which has retained its appearance to this day. It is decorated with gilded pilasters, wood carvings and other unique bas-reliefs and sculptures.

After the death of the emperor, the Supreme Privy Council of Catherine I began to sit in the palace, which discussed all the decrees. After a short years of her reign, the building was abandoned and did not participate in the rebuilding of the city. Perhaps that is why we can now admire the true interiors of the 18th century. In 1934, a history and art museum was opened in the building. After the Great Patriotic War, the building damaged by the bombing was rebuilt. Now the residence of the emperor, together with the Summer Garden, is part of the exposition of the Russian Museum.

St. Petersburg is rich in sights. The Summer Palace is located in the heart of the city. Therefore, you can visit the Russian Museum nearby with an excursion, walk along the Field of Mars, Mikhailovsky and Summer Gardens, or just stand on Palace Embankment... Especially in summer, during the white nights, it is never boring here.

How to get there:

The nearest metro stations are Nevsky Prospekt, Gostiny Dvor and Chernyshevskaya. The closest stop to the attraction land transport- "Summer Garden" on the Lebyazhya Kanavka embankment. You can get there by buses 46 and 49, by tram number 3 and shuttle taxi №76.

Summer Palace, one of oldest buildings Petersburg, was built on a small plot of land between the Neva and the Fontanka, on the site of the former estate of a Swedish citizen, Major Connau. The author of the palace project was Domenico Trezzini; Zakharov, Matveev, Schlüter took part in the design. The two-story palace is modest and consists of only 14 rooms and 2 kitchens. The palace became the summer residence of the emperor: Peter I rested here every summer from 1714 until his death in 1725.

Since the building was used only during the summer, there was no serious heating in it. Thin walls of the house, ordinary frames in the windows, and next to them there are two big rivers... All this in the difficult northern climate of St. Petersburg created additional difficulties for the preservation of the monument of history and culture. As a result, by the time the restoration began, the Summer Palace, according to experts, was already in a catastrophic state. But, although the total amount for the restoration of the unique building during the work was reduced by almost four times (according to the chief architect of the State Russian Museum Irina Teterina, 220 million rubles remained of 891 million rubles), this did not affect the quality of the restoration and it was completed on time.

Palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden. Photo: Natalia Shkurenok

A special subject of concern was the museum objects, the high-quality restoration of which has not been carried out since the 18th century. Due to limited funds, the restorers (the work was carried out by specialists from the Russian Museum, the complex of which has included the Summer Palace since 2004), part of the exhibits were completely restored, including oak panels with the Minerva bas-relief, a wind device with a weather vane on the roof and a number of pieces of furniture , including a kitchen table and 3 cabinets, and some of them were carefully cleaned of traces of earlier restorations and repairs and preserved - these are 11 picturesque ceiling lamps, 7 of which were approximately 2x4 m in size, 4 wall picturesque medallions, wood panels and picturesque panels of the Green Office ...

A complete replacement of communications and waterproofing of the foundation were carried out. Unfortunately, the old, historical frames in the windows had to be completely replaced: both because they were completely unusable, and for the reason that the building requires enhanced protection from the external environment, and for security reasons.

Palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden. Photo: Natalia Shkurenok

The restoration of the Summer Palace of Peter the Great was the second stage of the project for the restoration of the entire Summer Garden, which began back in 2009. In 2012, after the restoration and reconstruction of the Summer Garden was completed, a competition was announced for design documentation for the restoration of the Summer Palace. According to preliminary plans, it was supposed to be completed by 2015, but due to funding problems and organizational difficulties, work began only at the end of 2014, the deadlines were postponed several times. And only by the end of May 2018, the work was finally completed. Excursions will resume in the Summer Palace of Peter the Great soon.

K.P.Beggrov. View of the palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden. Lithograph after a drawing by V.S.Sadovnikov. 1830 year

About Peter's residence in the Summer Garden of St. Petersburg.

It seems that a rare researcher dealing with the Summer House - as the palace of Peter I was called at the beginning of the 18th century - did not complain about the lack of sources related to this building by the architect D. Trezzini. “No correct information has survived about the construction [of the Summer Palace],” wrote the writer A.P. Bashutsky in 1839. “The history of the Summer Palace has not yet been clarified,” summed up art critic I.E. Grabar at the beginning of the 20th century. “The early history of the Tsar's summer residence is steeped in legends,” echoes the archaeologist VA Korentsvit. Tucked into the corner of the Summer Garden, the tsar's small two-story house was least of all like the residence of an all-powerful monarch. “Peter I laid it down rather for his own amusement, rather than meaning to build imperial palace", - noted in 1735 the Swedish scientist KR Burk. The Prussian official I. G. Fokkerodt, who apparently visited the palace during Peter's lifetime, even calls the Trezinian creation "a pitiful house, in no way commensurate with everything else." According to him, the Summer Palace was "so cramped that a well-to-do nobleman probably would not want to fit in it." Fokkerodt believed that the reason for this was the bad taste of the Russian monarch, who loved small, low chambers. "The drawing, presented by a Dutch architect, with cramped rooms and successfully getting free space," writes the official about some Peter's building, "forever retained Peter's advantage over the plan that was drawn with great taste by one Italian or French architect." Sometimes the opinion is expressed that the tsar, who built himself such an outwardly inconspicuous palace, wanted to live in it as a private person, while the palace of Prince A. D. Menshikov had "representative functions." This is hardly true. Sources say: the summer residence of Peter I was visited by foreign ambassadors, prominent dignitaries, architects. For example, in October 1722 “in the Summer House of His Imperial Majesty<…> there was a council "on stone construction in St. Petersburg, where, in addition to the tsar, were present the head of the office of city affairs, U. A. Sinyavin, and architects D. Trezzini and Stefan van Zwieten. Entertainment also took place here: the Scotsman PG Bruce, who served under Peter I, reports that he often gave balls and hosted receptions in his Summer Palace, "and not at Prince Menshikov's, as before." Ambassadors were also held in the Summer Palace, as mentioned by one of the participants in the Polish embassy, ​​who visited St. Petersburg in 1720. The testimony of an unknown author, who appears in the literature as a “Pole-eyewitness”, is extremely valuable, since it is the only description of the inner chambers of the Summer Palace of the era of Peter I. The Tsar led the ambassador to the palace, “very beautifully decorated with various Chinese upholstery”. In three rooms, the Pole saw velvet beds with wide braces, many mirrors and ornaments. The floor is marble. The kitchen is "like rooms in other palaces." In the kitchen - pumps for water supply, cabinets for silver and pewter dishes. Getting acquainted with the "equipment" of the royal kitchen, one involuntarily comes to the conclusion: it was with the construction of the Summer Palace that Peter finally got a well-organized life. In any case, now the words of the Danish envoy Yu. Yul, who wrote the following about the first Winter Palace in 1709, seem to be an anachronism: “The Tsar ate at home. It is curious that his cook ran around the city from house to house, borrowing food from some, some tablecloths, some plates, some food supplies, for the tsar brought nothing with him. ” Attention is drawn to the following fact: although Peter had already lived in his new residence for several years, it was still not finished - obviously, the constant absence from the capital due to the wars prevented Peter from controlling the process of finishing the palace. At the same time, the monarch could not help but notice how quickly the palace of A.D. Menshikov was rebuilt and modified, which caused the highest discontent. Austrian resident in Russia O. Player reports about the scolding that Peter I gave to the Most Serene Prince on the day of the last name day, November 23, 1714. Reproaching the favorite for numerous waste, the tsar in anger threw him: “You, prince, always build well: at the end of summer you ordered to demolish half of the house, and by winter it was already rebuilt again, and not like the old one, but better and higher. You started a guest house at the end of the summer, which is bigger than mine, and yours is more than half ready, and mine is not. " Researchers often agree that the palace of Peter I in the Summer Garden is an imitation of suburban Dutch villas. Indeed, in explication to the 1740s plan from the collection of Trinity College in Dublin (Ireland), this palace is designated as "a Dutch manor where Tsar Peter I lived with his entire family." By the way, a statement about this by the owner of the "Dutch estate", heard by an eyewitness, has survived. Apparently, Peter did not consider the Trezzinian chambers as the final version, but thought in the future - probably after the end of the war with Sweden - to build a residence in the garden that would be more appropriate for his dignity: “We will live as long as good Dutch citizens live,” he said to Catherine. "But how I manage my affairs, I will build you a palace, and then we will live, as it is befitting for sovereigns to live." According to the "Travel Journals" of Peter I, the royal family moved from the Winter Palace to the Summer Palace in April or May (apparently, depending on the weather). For example, in 1715 the move took place on April 16, and in 1720 - on May 21. We returned to our "winter quarters" with the first cold weather that came in October. Following the family moved "Cabinet-Chancellery" headed by A. V. Makarov, which apparently occupied the first floor of the Human chambers adjacent to the palace (in the inventory of this building on the first floor, No. 11 says: "State-owned from Makarov" ...