The sea in the far east has 8 letters. Russian Far East

Far East is located off the coast of the Pacific Ocean and consists of mainland, peninsular and island parts. In addition to the Kuril Islands, it also includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other single islands located on the eastern borders of Russia.
The length of the Far East from the northeast (from Chukotka) to the southwest (to the borders of Korea and Japan) is 4.5 thousand kilometers. Its northern part is located above the Arctic Circle, so there is snow here almost all year round, and the seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer. The land in the northern part of the Far East is bound by permafrost. The tundra dominates here. In the southern part of the Far East, conditions are much milder.

In the south of the Far East, low and medium-altitude mountain ranges such as Bureinsky and Dzhugdzhur predominate. In the north there are highlands (Kolymskoe, Chukotskoe) and plateaus (Anadyrskoe), which have arisen as a result of volcanic activity. Only a quarter of the territory of the Far East is occupied by plains. Basically, they are located in those parts of the coast where tectonic activity is low, as well as in intermontane depressions, so their area is relatively small.

The climate of Kamchatka, of course, cannot be compared with the climatic conditions of the Mediterranean resorts, there are quite cool and rainy summers here. There is one more interesting feature peninsula, in winter an area of ​​increased pressure forms over the central part, therefore the winds blow from here to the outskirts, that is, not from the sea, but, on the contrary, towards it to the east and west.
But climatic "disadvantages" are more than compensated by the beauty of Kamchatka nature. Just imagine the pictures, from sea terraces giving way to alpine meadows with luxurious tall grasses of intermountains and going first into the sparse forests of stone birch passing in places into lush thickets of alder and dwarf cedar, add to these beauties volcanic hills, mesmerizing snowy peaks of the mountain range and valleys on every now and then the fountains emanate in puffs of steam. From fauna abodes, here you can find brown bear, and reindeer, and bighorn sheep, and Kamchatka sable, but especially a great variety of ubiquitous squirrels. It is impossible not to mention the richness of the seas washing the coast of Kamchatka: crabs, cod, Pacific herring, navaga, pink salmon, coho salmon, chum salmon and many other types of fish, which abound not only in the seas, but also in local "shops".
But, perhaps, let's leave geography alone and move on to the essence of our story - geysers. Of course, Iceland, Japan, and New Zealand, and New Guinea and California and Tibet and North America, but we'll talk about our Valley of Geysers in Kamchatka.
Periodically gushing hot springs - geysers, are common in areas where volcanic activity exists or has recently stopped.

Magadan Region
The region is located on the shores of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Pacific Ocean.
¾ the territory is occupied by tundra and forest-tundra.
The main rivers of the region: Kolyma, Ayan-Yuryakh.

The southernmost of the Russian Far Eastern - lies between the mainland of Asia and the Korean Peninsula, and the Japanese, separating it from other Pacific seas and the ocean itself.
Natural boundaries prevail in the Sea of ​​Japan, but in some areas it is limited by conventional lines.
In the north, the border between the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk runs along the line of Cape Sushcheva - Cape Tyk.
In the La Perouse Strait, the boundary is the line of Cape Crillon - Cape Soya. In the Sangar Strait, the border runs along the line of Cape Syria - Cape Esan, and in the Korea Strait along the line of Cape Nomo (Kyushu) - Cape Fukae (Goto) - about. Jeju-do is the Korean Peninsula.

Within these boundaries, the sea lies between the parallels 51 ° 45 'and 34 ° 26' s. NS. and meridians 127 ° 20 ′ and 142 ° 15 ′ east. etc.

Usually, highest peaks Sikhote-Alin have a sharply delineated contour and are covered with large-stone placers over vast areas. The relief forms resemble badly destroyed circuses and punishments of mountain glaciation.

They are composed of sand-shale deposits with numerous intrusion breakthroughs, which led to the presence of deposits of gold, tin and base metals. In tectonic depressions within the Sikhote-Alin, there are deposits of coal and brown coal.

Basalt plateaus are common in the foothills, of which the largest plateau in area is to the west of Sovetskaya Gavan. Sites of the plateau are also found on the main watershed. The largest is the Zevinsky plateau, on the watershed of the upper reaches of the Bikin and the rivers flowing into the Tatar Strait. In the south and east, Sikhote-Alin is a steep mid-mountain range, in the west there are numerous longitudinal valleys and depressions, at heights of more than 900 m - char. In general, Sikhote-Alin has an asymmetrical cross-section. The western macroslope is gentler than the eastern one. Accordingly, the rivers flowing to the west are longer. This feature is reflected in the very name of the ridge. Translated from the Manchu language - the ridge of large western rivers.

Snow Mountain

____________________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTOS:
Team nomad
Far East.

The article tells about the unique natural sites that are located in this area. Contains information about the relief, flora and fauna of the region. Gives detailed physical and geographical characteristics of the most remote but richest region of Russia.

Russian Far East

The Far East is usually called the territory of Russia, which is located off the Pacific coast. Its area is 6215.9 thousand km. sq.

If the Far East is understood as the Far Eastern Federal District, then its capital is Khabarovsk, and the capital of Primorsky Krai is Vladivostok. This question is often confusing.

This territory includes a natural area located directly in the Pacific Ocean, which belongs to the Kuril archipelago.

Rice. 1. Far East on the map.

The territory consists of the following parts:

TOP-3 articleswho read along with this

• mainland;
• peninsular;
• island.

In addition to the Kuril Islands, the territory includes the Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island, the Commander Islands and other single islands located at the eastern borders of Russia.

In Kamchatka, there is one of the notable unique colleges of the Far East - the Valley of Geysers.

Rice. 2. Valley of Geysers.

This is the only region in Russia with periodically gushing geysers.

There are developed sea communications and therefore many ports are located on the territory of the Far East.

However, the presence of a large number of ports also gives rise to problems associated with illegal fishing.

The length of the region from northeast to southwest is quite large and is equal to 4.5 thousand kilometers.

The northern regions of the territories are located beyond the Arctic Circle, and there is almost always snow here.

Almost all seas washing the coast are not completely cleared of ice even in summer.

The lands of this area are dominated by the permafrost. Tundra reigns here for the most part.

In the southern part of the region, conditions are slightly milder.

The close proximity to the Pacific Ocean has a strong impact on the climate of the Far East.

The region is localized at the junction of two massive lithospheric plates. The southern Far Eastern region is characterized by a predominance of low and medium-altitude mountain ranges.

Only 1/4 of the territory of the Far East is covered by plains.

Natural resources

TO geographic features include, first of all, the unique economic and geographical position of the territory. They are characterized by alienation from the main and most inhabited regions of the country.

The next factor is natural potential. The Far East is ranked among the richest regions of Russia.

Here is mined:

• diamonds - 98%;
• tin - 80%;
• boric raw materials - 90%;
• gold - 50%.

The location of the Far East on the border of the majestic continent and the largest ocean of the globe had a significant impact on the features of the natural-territorial complexes of the region, as well as on their location.

In addition to the anthropogenic factor, among the environmental problems of the region, there is also the problem of wastewater.

The inland waters of the Far East suffer greatly from this - the region is recognized as the fish treasury of Russia. And this is not surprising, since it is enough to imagine what seas the territory of the Far East is washed by. The list is pretty impressive:

• Laptevih sea;
• East-Siberian Sea;
• Chukchi Sea;
• Bering Sea;
• Sea of ​​Okhotsk;
• Japanese Sea.

The landscape of the area began its formation in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Then folded zones and intermontane depressions appeared.

The highest parts of the mountains in the past were dominated by glaciers. This is evidenced by the preserved small relief-forming forms.

The highest height of the Kuril Mountains - 2339 m. - Alaid volcano.

Rice. 3. Volcano Alaid.

Powerful (up to 10 points) earthquakes often occur here. They are also the cause of the tsunami.

The Far Eastern reserves are one of the largest in Russia. The nature in these parts is rather harsh. This is due to the fact that the mainland in the north and northeast is adjacent to the waters of the Arctic basin.

Arctic fox can often be found in the tundra, polar bear or reindeer. Squirrels, lynxes, wolverines and brown bears are common in the taiga. During the warm season, the tundra is inundated with a large number of migratory birds. In the taiga, birds are represented by hazel grouses, wood grouses, woodpeckers, nuthatches and blackbirds. In mountainous areas, snow leopards and musk deer live mainly from animals.

What have we learned?

We found out what features and specific features the territory possesses. We learned what environmental problems are the most urgent. We found out which seas wash the shores of the Far Eastern region.

Test by topic

Assessment of the report

Average rating: 4.5. Total ratings received: 542.

The mainland part of the southern half of the Far East is washed by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan, and the southeastern coast of the Kuril Islands is washed by the Pacific Ocean.

Of the administrative territories and regions included in our description, only the Amur Region has no maritime boundaries. As for the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories and, in particular, the Sakhalin Region, the sea is one of the most important natural factors in their economic development.

Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Most of its water area washes the coast of the Khabarovsk Territory and the Sakhalin Region, and in the north, beyond the description, the coast of the Kamchatka and Magadan Regions, in the south for 450 km, the Japanese island of Hokkaido; the share of the Soviet shores washed by the Sea of ​​Okhotsk accounts for 10,000 km. From the east, it is bordered by the Kuril Island Ridge and the western coast of Kamchatka. From the Penzhinskaya Bay in the north to the Sakhalin Bay in the south, its shores are continental.

It connects with the Sea of ​​Japan by the Strait of Nevelskoy. The western border of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk runs along the coast of about. Sakhalin. The second connection of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan is carried out through the La Perouse Strait.

The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is 1496 thousand km 2. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is divided into three parts in depth: in the northern part, they do not exceed 500 m, in the middle, they range from 500 to 2000 m. with depths from 2000 to 3657 m. On Sakhalin the sea forms a number of bays - Aniva, Terpeniya, Sakhalinsky. On the mainland there are deeply protruding lips: Ulbansky, Tugursky, Udskaya, Shelikhova, Gizhiginsky, Penzhinsky bays (the last three are beyond the description). There are few islands in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, except for Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, the larger ones are Shantar. The great powerful Amur River and a number of shorter ones flow into the Sea of ​​Okhotsk: Uda, Okhota and others from the mainland and the Tym and Poronai rivers from Sakhalin. Bottom sediments near the mainland coast of the Okhotsk mop and in the East Sakhalin coastal part are sandy-pebble, in terms of mineralogical composition, similar to the rocks that make up the coast. Sections of the bottom adjacent to the Kuril Islands are enriched in volcanic material.

In the open sea, sediments carried from land are in equal proportion with silts of organic origin. In the northeastern part of the open sea, an admixture of volcanic material is noticeable.

Surge fluctuations in the level of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are especially strong in small areas (for example, the Amur estuary). Winds blowing from the north bring a lot of water into the Amur estuary; sea ​​level rises so much that water floods low shores and sometimes creates catastrophic floods. Southerly winds can lower the water level in the estuary so much that ships cannot enter it. The general movement of waters in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk goes counterclockwise. Along the northern shores of the sea, the waters move from east to west, at Okhotsk they turn to the south-west and reach the Sakhalin Bay, where the current desalinated by the Amur waters joins them; along the eastern shores of Sakhalin, it turns south. In the La Perouse Strait, it is deflected to the northeast by the warm Tsushima current coming from the Sea of ​​Japan.

The Okhotsk waters move further northeast along the northwestern coast of the Kuril Islands, feeding on the Pacific through the straits, and then, retreating somewhat from west coast Kamchatka, move parallel to it. The Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the straits of the Kuril Islands exchanges waters with the Pacific Ocean, so its salinity is close to that of the ocean and is 33-35 ‰ at depth, and 29-32 ‰ on the surface. Only the parts adjacent to the mouths of large rivers, as well as the Sakhalin Bay, where the entire Amur runoff flows, are strongly desalinated (Far East, 1961).

According to I. A. Belinsky and Yu. V. Istoshin (1956), the amount of fresh water supplied from all rivers per year is 585 km 3 (the sea level rise is 37 cm), of which the Amur gives 370 km 3. In addition, 50 cm of atmospheric precipitation falls into the sea per year, evaporation is 35 cm.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is very cold. In winter, the water temperature to a depth of 150 m is kept from -1 ° to -1.8 °. In summer, only the surface layer of water has positive temperatures; temperatures deeper than 25 meters are negative. The exception is the region of the Kuril Islands, where warm Pacific waters penetrate and the water is warm at the depths in summer.

In winter, everywhere in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk are formed local ice, in summer the sea is completely cleared of them, the longest ice remains in the area Shantar Islands, but in August and there it disappears.

The Sea of ​​Japan washes the shores of the Soviet Primorye and Sakhalin. Soviet part length coastline The Sea of ​​Japan is 3700 km long with a total length of 7600 km. The water exchange between the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk is carried out through the La Perouse Strait, the depth of which is 50 m. The Strait of Nevelskoye is shallow (no more than 15 m), and therefore no water exchange occurs through it.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, depths of more than 2000 m prevail. The maximum depth is 4036 m. Depths of 2000 m from the seaside are at a distance of 1.5-2 nautical miles.

On the shores of the Soviet Primorye there are many small bays: De-Kastri, Sovetskaya Gavan, Olga, Vladimir, and others. There are few islands in the Soviet waters of the Sea of ​​Japan (Moneron, Askolda, Russky and a number of others, close to the shores).

The bottom sediments of the Sea of ​​Japan also consist of sands, gravel and silt, which prevail in the shallow coastal part of the sea and along with organic, diatom and carbonate; silts are developed in the area of ​​the continental slope and at great depths. Sea area close to Japanese islands, enriched with volcanic material.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, diurnal, semi-diurnal and mixed tides are observed. The amplitude of tidal movements in the sea is small - does not exceed

It reaches its maximum values ​​in the north of Sakhalin in Aleksandrovsk, where it averages 2.3 m and at Cape Tyk 2.8. In these places, the tides are semi-daily. Near the coastal shores, which are characterized by diurnal and only occasionally mixed tides are observed, their height does not exceed 0.5 m.

In the Sea of ​​Japan, due to abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure, seiches with periods measured in minutes are observed, but their amplitudes are small.

Surge movements have an annual period of fluctuation. In summer, the southeastern winds increase the level in the Tatar Strait near the northwestern shores by 25 cm, in the southeast the level also decreases. These winds do not allow the Amur waters to flow into the Tatar Strait, but direct them to the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

In autumn, the winds are mainly in the north-western direction, and the waters from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk through the Tatar Strait pass into the Japanese, sometimes in winter fresh Amur water also flows there. Wind waves are large only in autumn with northwestern winds and typhoons, which occur in August-September.

The warm Tsushima current, penetrating into the Sea of ​​Japan from the south, following to the northeast, presses against the Japanese islands and therefore is of little importance for the Soviet coast, heating only the coast southern Sakhalin... Off the coast of Primorye, a cold Primorsky current moves from northeast to southwest towards Tsushima. In summer, it snuggles close to the coast and has a negative effect on the climate of the coastal strip, contributing to the formation of persistent fogs. In winter, the Seaside Current brings ice and cold waters from the northern regions.

The salinity of the waters of the Sea of ​​Japan is uniform, it is 34 ‰. This is the saltiest sea in the Soviet Union. In the Tatar Strait in spring, when the ice melts, salinity drops to 32 ‰. At a depth, it is 34-34.3 ‰. (The Far East, 1961).

There are no areas of strong freshening in the Sea of ​​Japan. The sea water is blue, the transparency is 30 m. In the western part the water is cold, in the eastern part it is warm. At a depth of 50-100 m near the Japanese coast, the water temperature is 15-16 °, while near the seaside it reaches only 5 °. From a depth of 500-600 m, temperature contrasts near the western and eastern coasts become imperceptible. At a depth of 1500 m, the water temperature is about 0 °.

In winter, ice forms only in the northwestern part of the Sea of ​​Japan. Along the continental coast from Cape Povorotny to Cape Belkin, ice occurs in winter in the form of fat and sludge. In the middle part of the Tatar Strait, there are fields of large and small broken ice that are constantly moving by the wind; at moments of short calm, the ice freezes into large fields, which break again at the first wind. Under the influence of northwestern winds, ice retreats from the mainland coast to Sakhalin, and form hummocks. Ice rarely appears in the La Perouse Strait; in December, ice penetrates into Aniva Bay from the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, but almost never approaches Cape Krillon.

The southeastern coast of the Kuril island arc is washed by the Pacific Ocean.

At the bottom in this part of the Pacific Ocean, there is an area of ​​the Kuril-Kamchatka deep-water depression, with depths of up to 10,382 m (Udintsev, 1955), stretched parallel to the Kuril island ridge and the southern part of the eastern coast of Kamchatka. The continental shelf off the Kuril Islands is narrow; it is somewhat wider only in the region of the Lesser Kuril Islands. The fall of depths up to 5000 m is very sharp. Sources of sedimentation at the bottom of the Kuril-Kamchatka depression are sediments carried by rivers, abrasion and volcanogenic materials.

There are few rivers on the Kuril Islands, so their outflows play a minor role. Demolition from Hokkaido affects only the southern part of the basin. The second source of sedimentation - marine abrasion - primarily destroys soft tuffaceous rocks. Ice abrasion is weak here, as ice fast ice is poorly developed. Clastic material is carried into the Kuril-Kamchatka depression only by ice penetrating from the Bering and Okhotsk seas. The role of modern volcanic material is very significant: ash and lavas of the Kuril, Kamchatka and, to some extent, Aleutian volcanoes.

Among organogenic sediments, organisms with carbonate skeletons are absent, since this is impeded by temperature and chemical conditions (Bezrukov, 1959), but there are conditions for the development of diatoms that require free silicic acid. The seismicity of the area creates conditions for the movement of sediments deposited on the shelf into deep-water depressions. Through the strait between Kamchatka and the Commander Islands, the waters of the Pacific Ocean are exchanged with By the Bering Sea, and through the Sangar Strait - with the Sea of ​​Japan. This part of the Pacific Ocean has a complex system of tidal and constant currents. The Kuril cold current runs along Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. The warm Kuro-Sio current passes further from the Kuriles and, before reaching Kamchatka, turns to the east.

Underwater earthquakes cause catastrophic waves - tsunamis.

The salinity of the part of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Kuril Island Ridge is very constant. Surface desalination almost does not occur here (salinity at the surface is 33.3 ‰), and salinity at a depth of 1000 m is 34.4 ‰ and at a depth of 9000 m it changes only by 3 tenths of a ppm, amounting to 34.7 ‰.

Temperatures with depth change as follows: at the beginning of summer in the surface horizon (from 0 to 60 m) the temperature is 2-3 °, from 60 to 200 m -0.3 °, from 200 to 850 m - 3.5 °. Temperatures at a depth of 1,000 m are 2.4 °, at a depth of 4,000 m they decrease to 1.5 °, deeper they gradually increase and at a depth of 8,500 m are 2.0-2.2 ° (Far East, 1961 ).

The riches of the seas. The seas washing the southern half of the Far East are distinguished by an exceptional variety of animal and flora... So, in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, there are 270, and in the Sea of ​​Japan - 603 species of fish, many of which are of commercial importance.

Pacific herring is one of the main and oldest commercial objects. She forms local herds in the Far East. The greatest commercial value is currently the South Sakhalin herring (caught in the north of the Sea of ​​Japan, in the northeastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, off the northern Kuril Islands and the southern coast of Kamchatka) and the Okhotsk herring (kept in the western part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk). An equally important commercial object of the Far Eastern seas is anadromous fish, which enter rivers only for breeding. These include Pacific salmon: pink salmon, chum salmon, sima.

Two species of smelt are of lesser commercial importance; they are also anadromous fish. Their fishery is underdeveloped.

Of the other anadromous fish, which are not yet sufficiently hunted, mention should be made of the Pacific lamprey.

Since 1947, fishing has been opened in the Sea of ​​Japan for very nutritious and tasty mackerel fish, which is caught in the open sea by high-speed seiners only in summer, when it enters the sea for feeding from more southern latitudes (Primorsky Krai, 1958).

In the summer, tuna appears in the Sea of ​​Japan and the Pacific Ocean - a fish related to mackerel. Fishing for tuna in the Pacific Ocean from high-speed clipper vessels is still being mastered. V coastal waters tuna fishing is mastered.

Saury fish is caught both in the Sea of ​​Japan and in the Pacific Ocean. Unlike mackerel and tuna, which predominantly breed in southern latitudes, outside our seas, it can breed in the waters of the USSR. For catching saury, light is used as an attractive means.

Of the cod fish, navaga, which lives in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan, is of commercial importance. Fishing is carried out in the winter under the ice method and has prospects for expansion. There are also prospects for expanding the fishery for another cod fish - pollock, which is found throughout the Sea of ​​Japan. Abundant in the northern Sea of ​​Japan. cod is caught. Many species of flounders have a large share in the marine fishery of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. Anchovy, capelin, greenling and sea ruffs have high taste, their fishery is still underdeveloped, but has prospects for expansion.

Of the fish that are important not only for the food industry, mention should be made of the Far Eastern gobies used as fertilizers, three species of sharks, from the liver of which fortified fat is extracted, and the skin is used in industry for grinding.

The seas washing the southern half of the Far East, in addition to fish, are also rich in cetaceans, which come here in spring and stay there until autumn. Currently, the fishery is carried out by two whaling fleets - "Aleut" and "Second Far East".

Pinnipeds, mainly in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, are harvested for seals (larga and akiba). Fishing for bearded seal, sea lion and fur seal is limited.

Seals are an important object of thought

Of the crustaceans in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and the Sea of ​​Japan, there are two types of crabs: Kamchatka and blue. The fishery for shrimp, which is widespread in the Sea of ​​Japan, is not yet developed. Scallops are obtained from edible molluscs.

The edible mussel lives in both seas, but its fishery, like the oyster living in the Sea of ​​Japan, is not developed.

Squids and octopuses found in the Sea of ​​Japan are good food. The fishery for echinoderms - trepangs and sea cucumbers - is carried out by divers. These animals are dried and harvested for export.

Of the plants that are rich in the seas washing the southern half of the Far East, algae - anfelcia, which is harvested mainly along the shores of Peter the Great Bay, where it is thrown by a storm wave, or a trawl from. this bay and in some other places. Anfeltia produces a gelatinous substance used in food, textile, paper and other industries.

Laminaria - seaweed - is widespread both in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk and in the Sea of ​​Japan; it is harvested and used as a food product and, mainly, in medicine, as well as in fur farms for fattening valuable fur animals. It is also valuable as a fertilizer. Sea grasses are used in the furniture, textile and paper industries. Some areas of the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan are of sanatorium importance as mud baths and beaches for vacationers. In the seawater of the Amur Bay and in other places of Primorye, there are very few sodium and chlorine ions, there are ions of magnesium sulfates, iodine, calcium and bromine. Swimming in such places is very beneficial.