(86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic connections. On the automobile transport accounts for 75% of domestic traffic (the main highway London-Manchester-Glasgow), and rail - about 20%. With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transport increased. High-speed trains cover the distance between London and Paris in 3 hours. Riverways are used for purposes, and the role of pipeline transport is increasing.

Since the country is an island, the role of air transport is great. There are 150 passenger airports in the country, which provide communication with 120. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airways. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Gatwick).

Since Great Britain is an island state, all of its external transportation and trade are associated with sea and air transport. About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for cabotage.

The UK Navy is 9.6 million reg. br.t. All regions of the country, except for the West Midlands, are in one way or another directly connected with seaports, which serve as the main transport hubs... The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Goole and Harwich. London and Liverpool ports handle about half of all cargo (by value).

In the past, more passengers arrived by sea than by air. However, since the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now exceeds the number of those arriving in the country by sea several times. In total, the country has about 150 airports through which it is connected by permanent airlines with more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Airways. The country's five largest airports - located in the London area Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - account for 75% of all passenger and air cargo traffic.

Great Britain is connected with the continent by two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), a channel under and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, etc. To attract passengers, duty-free trade is open on ferries.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times inferior to the railway and coastal ones. In connection with the development of motor transport, more than 12 thousand km of railway lines were removed. Now the length of the railway lines is about 17 thousand km. at the same time, the network of highways (371 thousand km) is expanding and their reconstruction is taking place. At the same time, the main attention is paid to connecting the main conurbations of the country by the shortest routes.

egp japan

1.not profitable, because there are no neighbors

2.profitable, because it is the leader among the port states and many trade routes pass through it

3.not profitable, poor in minerals, possesses polymetallic ores and copper ores, agricultural areas are not developed

4.profitable egp

5. Trade relations with other countries of the world have intensified. From the end of the 12th century to 1867, the shoguns ruled the feudal state that existed on the islands of Japan. Feudal rulers banned almost all contacts with foreigners, fearing their expansion and the spread of Christianity. The "closure" of Japan prevented the colonization of the country. However, a long period of its isolation led to the fact that until the XX century it was, as it were, hidden from the eyes of Europeans. The brutal isolation has greatly affected the economic development of the country. At a time when the whole of Europe was moving by leaps and bounds towards scientific and technological progress, Japan was still at the agrarian stage of development. In the XX century, Japan was a participant in three major wars (Russian-Japanese, 1st and 2nd world wars). In World War II, it acted as an ally of Nazi Germany and Italy. In 1945, in accordance with the secret Yalta agreements of the victorious countries, all the Kuriles passed to the Soviet Union as a war trophy. Since the Second World War, Japan has not had a peace treaty with Russia and has made claims to Russia on the Kuril Islands: Kunashir, Shikotan, Habomai. Almost 50 years later, the Kuril Islands belonged to the USSR and Russia, the socio-economic situation on the islands remains extremely difficult, the islands remained undeveloped. Proceeding from the principles of justice, it must be admitted that Japan has a moral and legal right to claim, at least, the South Kuril Islands. It is necessary in every possible way to support the emerging tendency towards rapprochement, to resolve the territorial issue and conclude peace with Japan, putting an end to the Second World War.

6.favorable impact, increased production area

egp uk

1.favorable

2.favorable, there is access to the Antlantic and Pacific oceans

3.favorable, average amount of minerals

4.favorable

6.egp has a positive effect on the production area

In the country, the leading role belongs to sea transport (86% of cargo turnover), it provides international and domestic relations. Road transport accounts for 75% of domestic traffic (main highway London-Manchester-Glasgow), while rail accounts for about 20%.

With the opening of the railway tunnel, the role of this transport in international transport increased. High-speed trains cover the distance between London and Paris in 3 hours.

Riverways are used for recreational purposes, and the role of pipeline transport is increasing.

Since the country is an island, the role of air transport is great. There are 150 passenger airports in the country, which provide communication with 120 countries of the world. Transportation is carried out by the transnational company British Airways. The largest airports are located in London (Heathrow and Gatwick).

Since Great Britain is an island state, all of its external transportation and trade are associated with sea and air transport.

About 90% of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 25% for cabotage.

The UK Navy is 9.6 million reg. br.t. All regions of the country, except for the West Midlands, are in one way or another directly connected with seaports, which serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Goole and Harwich. London and Liverpool ports handle about half of all cargo (by value).

In the past, more passengers arrived in the UK by sea than by air.

However, since the beginning of the 60s of the 20th century, the number of air passengers began to grow rapidly and now exceeds the number of those arriving in the country by sea several times.

egp of great britain. The position of the UK in relation to neighboring countries.

In total, the country has about 150 airports through which it is connected by permanent airlines with more than 100 countries of the world.

Almost all transportation is carried out by British Airways. The country's five largest airports - located in the London area Heathrow and Gatwick, as well as Manchester, Luton and Glasgow - account for 75% of all passenger and air cargo traffic.

Great Britain is connected with the continent by two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), a channel under the English Channel and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France.

To attract passengers, duty-free trade is open on ferries.

In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. It is more than 3 times inferior to the railway and coastal ones. In connection with the development of motor transport, more than 12 thousand km of railway lines were removed. Now the length of the railway lines is about 17 thousand km. at the same time, the network of highways (371 thousand km) is expanding and their reconstruction is taking place.

At the same time, the main attention is paid to connecting the main conurbations of the country by the shortest routes.

UK transport system wikipedia
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Characteristics of Great Britain

(England) 1 position in relation to neighboring countries 2 Provisions against main land and sea transport routes 3 Rules in relation to the main fuel of raw material bases, industrial and agricultural regions 4 positions in relation to the main areas of sales of products 5 Change in EGP in the temporary 6 General conclusion Impact of EGP on the development and deployment of the country's economy

(England) 1 Position in relation to neighboring countries 2 Position in relation to
to the main land and sea transport routes 3 Regulation on
relation to the main fuel feedstock bases, industrial and
agricultural areas 4 Position in relation to the main
distribution areas 5 Changes in EGP over time 6 General conclusion about
the influence of EGP on the development and location of the country's economy

• 1) Great Britain borders only with Ireland.
  2) The island state is an important point of transportation from Europe to America and Africa.

  Land transport is of importance only in domestic traffic.
  3) near Great Britain is one of the largest fuel bases in Europe - the North Sea. Great Britain through the narrow English Channel is adjacent to the major economic countries of Europe - France and the Netherlands with Belgium.
  4) Sales areas for Great Britain are Europe, America, Asia and Africa
  5) EGL has not changed significantly over time since the 80s of the 20th century (the formation of the EU).
  6) Thanks to its favorable geographic location (access to the Atlantic, next to Europe, direct connection with the United States), Great Britain is actively developing its economy and international trade.

  The largest economic centers in Great Britain are located on the coast, near major ports.

The easiest way to get around in central London is by tube. You can buy tickets for one or two trips, but if you use the metro frequently, travel cards will be very convenient.

These can be cards for one day, for a week, or for a month, and they give the opportunity to use the metro, bus and train an unlimited number of times in the areas that you have chosen.

Travel cards for one day can be purchased at the metro ticket offices. They are valid for travel on the metro and buses at any time. They are not valid for travel on airport buses or for special excursions.

Weekly passes are valid for travel on the metro and buses at all times, but are not valid for travel on airport buses or for special excursions.

The cost varies depending on the number of zones selected.

How to get to the city center from Heathrow airport

TAXI. The taxi rank is located next to the airport exit.

BUS... Airport buses run to central London (A1 to Victoria Station and A2 to Euston) The fare is around £ 6. Tickets can be purchased at the airport building or on the bus.

Buses leave every 20 minutes.
METRO... The Piccadilly Line runs from Heathrow to central London and connects the underground network Metro.

But if you have a lot of luggage, the trip can be difficult. Trains leave every 5 minutes and the journey takes 55 minutes.
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN. To central London, PADDINGTON train station, every 20 min. walk high-speed trains, travel time 20 min.
TAXI Black cabs are a feature of London's streets, they are safe and orderly.

Taxis can be stopped on the street when the yellow light is on, which means that the taxi is free. There are taxi ranks in many locations, including the main train stations. Doors and porter at the hotels will book a taxi for you. Be careful and do not accept offers from drivers of cars without special taxi signs.

Many of them do not have a legal work permit, driving in such cars is unsafe because they are not insured, and the drivers often lack the necessary experience.

Urban transport

London is one of the cities in the world where transport has become a legend.

The world's first subway and famous double-decker buses make up business card the English capital. Of course, true to tradition Londoners try to preserve their appearance with the least change. True, London's public transport has long gone beyond the metro and red Double Decker buses.

Despite all the English conservatism, new modes of transport regularly appear in the British capital. The steam metro became electrified long ago, the division of carriages into classes has disappeared, and buses in London are no longer only double-decker. Now the main traffic load is still carried by the metro and buses. However, the history of London transport (which began with omnibuses and the steam subway launched in 1863) is so long and interesting that a museum of public transport has been created in the British capital.

Metro (Underground, Tube) has twelve lines. All of them were created in different time and by different owners and therefore are still quite different from each other. Some trains run mostly underground, others on the surface.

Over time, many sites railways moved from metro to trains long distance and vice versa. At first glance, the metro layout, intertwined with the regular train network, is desperate, especially after the neat system of the Moscow metro. However, it's pretty easy to figure it out. Lines often branch out into separate branches to a particular area of ​​the city, so you should always pay attention to the destination of the train.

In addition, trains of different lines can run on the same tracks. On the main lines, trains run quite often, with an interval of no more than five minutes; on the outskirts, you can wait even half an hour.

The position of the country in relation to neighboring countries. Economic and geographical position of countries

The London Underground fare system seems complicated, but it really isn't much of a problem to figure it out.
The whole of Greater London is divided into six zones, which diverge in concentric circles from the center.

Any ticket must be valid in all areas traveled through. Therefore, when choosing the route of the trip, you need to make sure that you do not inadvertently get into the zone in which your ticket is not valid. In general, the London Underground usually allows you to get to your destination in several ways. Among them, you can choose the one that affects fewer zones. For example, if you need to drive from the second zone to the third to the opposite end of the city, you can easily bypass the first central zone and, thus, halve the cost of the trip.

The most expensive is the first zone, which includes the city center and the largest number of tourist attractions.
The Oyster Card is another way to pay for travel on the London Underground, buses and trams. It is also valid on selected rail routes and DLR (Docklands Light Rail) lines.

Oyster Card is a more economical payment system that allows you to bind several travel cards to a magnetic card, or use the “pay as you go” mode.

You can top up your magnetic card balance at London Underground stations, at some railway stations, at specialized points of sale of these cards, by phone or on the website www.tfl.gov.uk.
A tram was recently rebuilt in London. Everyone knows about double-decker buses, but few people know that fifty years ago double-decker trams ran across London.

The London tram now has three routes in the southern part of the city. Double carriages, thirty meters long, serve the Croydon area. Tram tickets are sold separately at ticket machines at stops. If you need to change to a bus after a trip by tram or vice versa, you can buy a “tram-bus” ticket for the same price. Bus tickets are not valid on the tram.
Another new (a little over ten years old) type of London transport is the Docklands Light Railway (DLR).

It owes its appearance to the collapse of the London docks, which lost orders after the modernization of sea freight transport. Large container ships began unloading at deep-sea ports along the coast, leaving the vast London area deserted.

The program for the return to life of the dock area provided for the appearance of high-speed transport there, which was launched in the late eighties. The DLR train is a series of driverless carriages that can accommodate about 250 people. Currently, four lines are already operating.

They link the former dock area with metro and rail stations, as well as with the city center. DLR fare system is the same as metro, metro tickets are valid on DLR and vice versa.
Transport tickets can be bought from vending machines located at metro stations and stops land transport... Alternatively, bus tickets can be purchased from the driver.

All children's tickets expire at 22:00.
In general, London transport operates from four to five in the morning until one in the morning. It is better not to drive during rush hours: 07: 30-09: 30 and 16: 30-18: 30. Night buses have an N index in front of their number, for example, N-23.

They all pass through Trafalgar Square. On Sunday, transport starts running after seven in the morning and stops at midnight. The traffic intervals on Sunday are about double. On Christmas Day, many lines do not function at all.
Another part of London transport system are river boats plying between the many marinas on the Thames.

They are owned by several companies and contain twenty routes in total. The Thames tariff system is its own.

Great Britain (full name - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) - Island state in Western Europe (Fig. 1.1), the form of government is a constitutional monarchy. The capital is London.

Rice. 1.1

A state in northwestern Europe, on the British Isles (the island of Great Britain and the northeastern part of the island of Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands), washed by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas. The area is 241 thousand km 2.

In the north and west of Great Britain, mountainous terrain prevails - the Scottish Highlands (up to 1344 m), the Pennines and Cambrian mountains; in the south and southeast there are hilly plains. The climate is moderately oceanic, humid. In January, the average air temperature is from 3 to 7 ° C, in July - about 11-17 ° C; precipitation up to 3000 mm per year in the west and 600-750 mm in the southeast. Major rivers: Thames, Severn, Trent, Mersey, Clyde. Forests (mainly beech, oak, birch) occupy about 9% of the UK.

Great Britain consists of four administrative and political parts (historical provinces): England (it includes 39 counties, 6 metropolitan counties and Greater London), Wales (it includes 9 counties, 3 cities, and 10 city-counties), Scotland ( consists of 32 regions) and Northern Ireland (includes 26 districts). Economic and Social Geography of the Near Abroad Countries: Ed. M.P. Ratanova. - M: Bustard. 2004 .-- 576 p.

The population of Great Britain over the last century is represented by the following census results:

• - 1900 - 35 405 900 people.
• - 1949 - 50.3 million people
• - 1959 - 51.9 million people.
• - 1976 - 55.9 million people.
• - 1998 - 59.1 million people
• - 2004 - 59,834,900 people. Simagin Yu. A. Territorial organization of the population: textbook. - M .: Dashkov and K. - 2005 .-- 236 p.

The population dynamics can be represented on the graph (Figure 1.2).

Rice. 1.2

The ethnic composition of the UK population is as follows:

• - The British - 81.5%.
• - Scots - 12.4%.
• - Irish - 2.4%.
• - Welsh (or Welsh) - 1.9%.
• - Ulsterians - 1.8%. A.A. Shepetilov Economies of countries Western Europe... - К .: Higher school. - 2003 .-- 262 p.

The rest of the ethnic groups make up a very low percentage in the UK. In addition, these ethnic groups are relatively constant and their share in the UK population is also always approximately the same. The rest of the ethnic groups are fickle and difficult to count.

For a more visual perception, we will present on the diagram the data on the ethnic composition of the UK population (Fig. 1.3).

Political structure. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy led by a queen.

The legislature is a bicameral parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The government is headed by the prime minister.

Rice. 1.3

A distinctive feature of the British Constitution is the absence of any single document that could be called the country's fundamental law; moreover, there is not even an exact list of documents that would relate to the Constitution. Sinitsyn O.I. Modern economics. Public training course. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 2005 .-- 608s.

Economy. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country, a major supplier of finished industrial products to the world market and a major exporter of capital (mainly to developed countries). GNP per capita is $ 16,070 per year. Extraction of oil and natural gas (mainly on the shelf of the North Sea), coal. The most developed are mechanical engineering (focused on the production of non-standard products, as well as various types and types of machines), including electrical and electronic, transport (including large aircraft, automobile and shipbuilding), machine-tool construction, agricultural, industrial equipment production, lifting and transport engineering, etc., chemical and petrochemical (Great Britain occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production and export of synthetic fibers and dyes, plastics, detergents, fertilizers, etc.), pharmaceutical, oil refining industry, black (high-quality steel) and non-ferrous ( tin, aluminum) metallurgy. The oldest branch of the British industry, the textile industry, has lost its former importance. Large-scale food flavoring (traditional production of whiskey, beer; processing of imported agricultural raw materials) industry; production of footwear, knitwear; famous for English porcelain. Agriculture is dominated by dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and bacon pig breeding; meat and wool sheep breeding. Mainly they grow barley, wheat, sugar beets, oats, and potatoes. Vegetable growing and fruit growing (large greenhouse and greenhouse farm), floriculture (daffodils, tulips).

Monetary unit - pound sterling = 100 pence. Runova T.G. Economic geography with the basics of regional studies: Textbook (3rd ed., Sr.). - M .: MGIU. - 2007 .-- 184 p.

British Armed Forces. British Armed Forces by the Commander-in-Chief of the British The armed forces is the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II. The British Armed Forces are administered by the Defense Council of the Department of Defense. The main mission of the British Armed Forces is to protect the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, promoting UK security interests and supporting international peacekeeping efforts. Also, the British Armed Forces are active and permanent participants in NATO and coalition forces in Iraq and Afghanistan. Kuskov A.S. Economic geography in questions and answers: Textbook. - M .: League. - 2004 .-- 224 p.

Characteristic EGP UK

1) Great Britain (United Kingdom) is an island state, most of whose territory is located on two large islands separated by the waters of the Irish Sea.

It consists of four countries: England, Scotland and Wales, located on the island of Britain, and Northern Ireland. Great Britain has a common land border only with Ireland.

From the south, Great Britain borders on France - the closest and most developed neighbor, having common water borders with it.

Also, the closest neighbors of Great Britain are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are located much further.

Thus, the EGP of Great Britain is both a neighborly and a seaside one, which is extremely beneficial for the country's economic development, although, undoubtedly, it has certain disadvantages in strategic and military terms.

2) The Isles of Scilly are located southwest of the Isle of Britain, and the Isle of Anglesey to the north of Wales. On the west and north coasts of Scotland there are numerous small islands that make up the UK. The most important of these are the Orkney Shetland Islands. From the west, Great Britain is washed by waters Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - by the waters of the North Sea.

The shortest distance to north coast France - the Strait of Dover, but the main communication between the states is through the English Channel, called the "English Channel" by the British, along the bottom of which at the end of the twentieth century a high-speed railway tunnel was laid. Prior to this, communication between the two countries was carried out by water or air.

3) The main sources of energy are coal and oil, to a lesser extent - natural gas. The coal mining industry is one of the oldest industries in the UK. The main mining areas are Cardiff, South Wales and Central England (Sheffield).

The UK is characterized by a temperate and fairly humid climate. Therefore, most of the used rural land is occupied by pastures (about 80%). A smaller part of the territory is occupied by agricultural crops, which are mainly grown in East Anglia. One of the main crops is sugar beet grown in East Anglia and Lincolnshire, where the main sugar refineries are located. Other important crops are wheat, barley and oats grown in England, Northern Ireland and the east coast of Scotland.

Dairy farming also plays an important role in UK agriculture. Dairy cattle are raised mainly in the southwest of England.

Since the UK has been a maritime power since ancient times, fishing is considered a traditional trade. The main fishery is cod, flounder, herring, whitefish, trout, oysters and crabs.

4) The administrative map of Great Britain has changed several times, because the accession of the countries that make up the United Kingdom lasted for centuries. Each once independent state has its own capital or administrative center. The official capital of Great Britain is London, since the unification of lands took place around England.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Great Britain, being in first place in the world in terms of economic development, created a colossal colonial power that occupied almost a quarter of the planet's territory. The British colonies included India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and much of Africa. In the twentieth century, the English colonies became independent states, but many of them are part of the British Commonwealth, headed by the British monarch. In 1921 the southern part of Ireland seceded from Great Britain and became an independent state.

Ministry of General and Vocational Education

Sverdlovsk region

State educational institution

primary vocational education

Vocational school for training trade workers

Economic and geographical

country profile

Great Britain

abstract

Executor:

Telitsyna M.M.

student of group number 21

Supervisor:

geography teacher

T.V. Horzova

Yekaterinburg

Introduction …………………………………………………………….… 3

1.Territory, borders, position of the country ………………………… .... 4

2.Natural conditions and resources ………………………………… ...... 5

3.Population ……………………………………………………………… .7

4. Economy and industry ……………………………………… ... 8

5.Agriculture ………………………………………………… .11

6.Transportation …………………………………………………………… .12

7.Science and finance …………………………………………………… .13

8.Rest and tourism ………………………………………………… ....... 15

9. Environmental protection and ecological problems ………… .... 18

Conclusion …………………………………………………………… .19

Appendix 1 ………………………………………………………… .20

Appendix 2 ………………………………………………………… .21

Appendix 3 ………………………………………………………… .22

Appendix 4 ………………………………………………………… .23

Appendix 5 ………………………………………………………… .24

References ……………………………………………………… 25

Introduction

I chose the topic "The economic and geographical position of Great Britain" because it is Great Britain that is closer to me than all other countries, of course, not counting Russia. I would like to visit this country, its cultural places and learn more about it than my superficial knowledge.

To write an essay on this topic, you need to study four sources in which the position of Great Britain is fairly accurately stated. And proceeding from these sources, it is necessary, on the issues raised, to show the current state of the country and draw a conclusion about its state.

1. Territory, borders, position of the country

Great Britain (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) is an irregular archipelago with a very diverse landscape and nature. The area of ​​Great Britain is about 240,842 sq. km. Most of it is land, and the rest is rivers and lakes. The area of ​​England is 129 634 sq. km., Wales - 20 637 sq. km., Scotland - 77,179 sq. km. and Northern Ireland - 13 438 sq. km. The southern tip of the island of Great Britain, the Cornwall Peninsula, is located at 50 ° N, and the northernmost part of the Shetland Islands archipelago is at 60 ° N. The length of the island of Great Britain from north to south is 966 km, and its largest width is half that. Great Britain has a complex administrative division. It includes 4 historical and geographical areas: England (45 counties and a special administrative unit - Greater London). Wales (8 counties); Northern Ireland (26 counties); Scotland (12 regions); independent administrative units - the Isle of Maine and the Channel Islands. From the west, Great Britain is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, and from the east - by the waters of the North Sea. From the south, Great Britain borders on France - the closest and most developed neighbor, having common water borders with it. The shortest distance to the northern coast of France is the Strait of Dover, but the main communication between the states is through the English Channel, called the English Channel by the British, along the bottom of which a high-speed railway tunnel was built at the end of the twentieth century. Prior to this, communication between the two countries was carried out by water or air. Also, the closest neighbors of Great Britain are Belgium and the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, Norway are located much further. Thus, the EGP of Great Britain is both neighborly and seaside, which is extremely beneficial for the country's economic development, although it has some disadvantages in strategic and military terms.

2. Natural conditions and resources The climate of Great Britain is temperate, oceanic, very humid with mild winters and cool summers. For British isles frequent fogs and strong winds are typical. The temperate oceanic climate and the influence of the warm North Atlantic Current create favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The average temperature of the coldest month - January - does not drop below +3.5 degrees even in the extreme northeast of Great Britain, and in the southwest it reaches + 5.5 degrees. Snow in winter time falls throughout the country, but very unevenly. In the highlands of Scotland, the snow cover lasts at least 1-1.5 months. In the south of England, and especially in its southwest, snow falls very rarely and lasts no more than a week. Here the grass turns green all year round. High soil cultivation is an important factor in increasing the productivity of agricultural crops. Rivers in the British climate are full of water. The largest are - Thames, Severn, Trent, Mersey. Rivers as a source of energy are used only in the highlands of Scotland. There is not a wide variety of minerals in the UK. Particularly important is the importance of coal, the total reserves of which are 190 billion tons. The largest reserves and production are three basins: Yorkshire and South Wales. In addition to these three largest coal basins, the Scotland basins, which stretch in a chain from the western to the eastern end of the Mid-Scotland Lowlands, and Lancashire and West Midlands, which are composed of a number of small deposits, play an important role. Small outcrops of coal seams are found on the coast of the Kimberland Peninsula and in the extreme south-east of England - the Kent Basin. In the 60s, oil and gas fields were discovered on the shelf of the North Sea. Large deposits are located off the coast of the south-east of England and the north-east of Scotland. Great Britain is the sixth largest oil producer in the world. Oil reserves in the UK reach 770 million tons. In addition to large energy resources, Great Britain has significant reserves of iron ore. But their deposits are characterized by a low metal content in the ore (22-33%). The largest field is East Midlands. Until recently, Great Britain supplied half of its needs in this type of raw material with its own iron ore, the rest was bought through imports. At present, the extraction of low-quality ore has turned out to be unprofitable, so the mining was curtailed and switched to the import of high-quality ores from Sweden, Canada, Brazil and a number of African countries. In the past, small deposits of copper and lead-zinc ores and tin have been mined in the UK. Their deposits are severely depleted and now production is very small. Some tungsten is mined. Uranium ores have been found in Scotland. From non-metallic industrial raw materials, the extraction of kaolin or white clay, as well as rock salt in Cheshire and Durham and potash salt in Yorkshire, is essential. The soil cover of the country is dominated by a variety of podzolic soils and burozems. The most fertile meadow soils are near Wash Bay. In general, the soils in Great Britain are highly cultivated and give high yields. Great Britain has a cultural landscape. Natural vegetation has been preserved only in the mountainous regions of the country. The forests are dominated by broad-leaved species (oak, hornbeam, elm, beech), and only in Scotland - pine. Today, only 9% of the UK is covered by forests. However, the country seems to be very wooded thanks to the hedges that surround the fields and meadows, as well as small forest areas and numerous parks. Only West Coast, exposed to westerly winds carrying salty sea spray, is almost devoid of vegetation. Thus, due to the temperate oceanic climate in the UK, the grass turns green all year round, i.e. the soil productivity is high. The UK does not have a wide variety of minerals, however, some of them have played a huge role in the formation of its industrial areas, and now the UK is more of an importer than an exporter. 3. Population

The total population (according to 2008) is 61,113,205 people. Age structure: up to 14 years old - 16.7%, 15-64 - 67.1%, from 65 and older - 16.2%. Average age men - 39 years old, women - 41 years old. The average family size is 2 children and parents. The rural population is 11%, the rural population density is 242 people. per 1 sq. km. The total number of the economically active population is 29 million. In cities with the number of inhabitants of St. 100 thousand people almost half of the country's population lives. Largest cities in terms of population: London (6,803,000), Birmingham (935,000), Glasgow (654,000), Sheffield (500,000), Liverpool (450,000), Edinburgh (421 000 people), Manchester (398 000 people), Belfast (280 000 people). In the UK, fertility exceeds mortality, rapid fertility can be traced in the table (Appendix 1) from 1976 to 2009. The indigenous people of the country make up 92% of the population (2001, census), of which:

Englishmen - 83.6%,

Scots (mainly in Scotland) - 8.5%,

Welsh (mainly in Wales) - 4.9%,

· Irish (mainly in Northern Ireland, Ulster) - 2.9%.

Immigrants and their children live mainly in the conurbations of Greater London, West Midlands and Merseyside. They make up about 8% of the country's population, including:

• immigrants from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh - 3.6%,
• China - 0.4%,
• African countries - 0.8%,
• black immigrants from the islands of the Caribbean - 1%

Currently, the monarch is Elizabeth II, who began reign on February 6, 1952. Her eldest son, Prince Charles, is her heir. The Prince of Wales performs various ceremonial functions, as does the Queen's husband, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. In addition, there are several more members of the august family: children, grandchildren and cousins. Thus, the population is growing at the expense of labor immigrants from countries that have recently joined the European Union, who, after the EU enlargement in May 2004, were allowed free entry to work in the UK. Nevertheless, the birth rate in the country still exceeds the death rate, although natural increase is no longer the dominant factor in the increase in the British population.

4. Economy and industry

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the 6th largest country in total economic activity and by gross domestic product (GDP). The country's economy is highly monopolized: the 100 largest TNCs control over 50% of industrial output and foreign trade. The industry of Great Britain gives 1/3 of the gross national product, it accounts for 1/3 of all employed. It mainly uses imported raw materials, and increasingly focuses on the external market. On the one hand, the UK is characterized by the rapid growth of modern industries using progressive production technology and labor organization, the latest equipment and advanced management methods, on the other, the lagging behind the old traditional industries. The country's largest industrial monopolies are Imperial Chemical Industries, or IKI, Unilever, British Leyland, and General Electric Company, each employing 200,000 people. The bulk of Britain's industrial enterprises are concentrated in the densely populated industrial belt, which includes the counties from London to Lancashire and from West Yorkshire to Gloucestershire. The largest industrial areas outside this belt are South Wales, northeastern England and central Scotland. In areas where old industries and traditional industries developed, they became lagging or depressed. This is most of Scotland, Northern Ireland, almost all of Wales, the far northeast and part of the southwest of England. The main mining industry in the UK is bituminous coal. It has been going on for three centuries. In terms of coal reserves, Great Britain ranks third in Europe. As for the British refining industry, it is still dependent on imports of crude oil and petroleum products. There are 9 refineries operating in the country with a total capacity of about 90 million tons per year (in 1999, the Shell Haven refinery with a capacity of 4.3 million tons per year was closed). They are located at the Thames estuary, at Foley near Southampton, South Wales, the Manchester Canal, Teesside, Humberside and Scotland (Grangemouth). More than 80 gas fields with proven reserves of 2 trillion cubic meters have been discovered in the British North Sea zone. m 3 and recoverable - 0.8 trillion. m 3. Gas production at them began in the mid-60s, 37 fields are currently being exploited, half of the production is given by 7, among them - Lehman-Benk, Brent, Morcam. Production volume for 1990-2003 increased from I to 103 billion m3. Foreign trade in gas is negligible; in 2003, its exports amounted to 15, and imports - 8 billion m3. The gas pipeline, laid at the bottom of the North Sea, reaches the east coast of the island of Great Britain in the Isington and Yorkshire regions. A major achievement of the British economy is that the entire manufacturing and consumer sectors are fully supplied with electricity. 86% of electricity is generated by thermal power plants, 12% by nuclear and 2% by hydroelectric power plants. The overwhelming majority of thermal power plants operate on coal, but in recent years, some of them have switched to oil. The largest thermal power plants (with a capacity of over 1 million kW) are located on the Trent River and near London. Hydroelectric power plants are usually small, they are located mainly in the Scottish Highlands. Iron ore is mined in a relatively narrow belt that begins at Scunthorpe in Yorkshire in the north and stretches across the East Midlands to Banbury in the south. The ore here is of low quality, siliceous and contains only 33% metal. The demand for iron ore is met by imports from Canada, Liberia and Mauritania. Ferrous metallurgy has developed greatly.
Today the UK is the eighth largest iron and steel producer in the world. The state-owned British Steel Corporation produces almost all of the steel for the country. 4 metallurgical regions have survived, of which only one is in the center of the country: Sheffield-Rotherham, with its specialization in high-quality steel and electric steel, the rest - on the coast in ports (in South Wales - Port Talbot, Llanvern, in Humbersay de Scunthorpe , in Teesside - Redcar). Mechanical engineering, the largest branch of British industry, employs 1/4 of all manufacturing workers. The industry accounts for 40% of the conditionally net production of the manufacturing industry. Transport engineering prevails. About 1/3 of the capital spent on the production of vehicles belongs to American companies that established themselves in the British Isles after the Second World War. Enterprises in this industry are found in almost all areas and in most cities in the UK. Electrical engineering is a growing and developing industry, it ranks second among manufacturing industries in terms of the number of employees. Dominated in electrical engineering are somewhat very large companies: General Electric, English Electric and Associated Electrical Industries. The position of Great Britain in the production of turbines and electric motors is still quite strong. But the dominant position is now occupied by electronics. The most dynamically developing production of computer technology, but the main positions here are occupied by American capital, and in the production of consumer electronics - Japanese. British firms are traditionally strong in the production of electronic equipment (radars, radio transmitters) and communications. Aircraft is one of the fastest growing engineering industries in the UK. The state-owned largest company, British Airspace, dominates in this industry. It specializes in the production of a wide range of various aircraft, helicopters, spacecraft, rockets. The helicopters are manufactured by another large firm, Westland Aircraft. Almost all aircraft engine production in the country is concentrated in the hands of the nationalized Rolls-Royce company, which has factories in Derby, Bristol, Coventry, and also in Scotland. Cooperation with Western European and American companies in the production of civil and military equipment... The newest production of the chemical industry is also one of the rapidly developing industries. Inorganic chemicals - sulfuric acid, oxides of metals and non-metals - account for about 1/3 of the main chemical products. Among the many chemical industries, the production of synthetic fibers, various types of plastics, new dyes, pharmaceuticals and detergents began to stand out on a large scale. British chemistry is based on oil and gas raw materials and specializes in a fairly limited number of chemicals. The industries traditional for the British economy, such as the textile industry, are also developing. Among the branches of light industry, it has a special role in the industrial development of the country, in the spread of the machine mode of production throughout the world. Woolen fabrics are mainly produced in West Yorkshire, with rayon production predominant in the Yorkshire city of Silsden, and cotton fabrics in Lancashire, in small textile towns northeast of Manchester. The production of woolen fabrics, products, yarns is the oldest in the British Isles. The woolen products of British textile workers are still highly valued in foreign markets today. In the structure of the manufacturing industry, the largest share belongs to the paper and printing industry (13.9%), food and tobacco (13.8%). Over the past half century, the food and beverage industry has become one of the main areas of concentration of British capital: out of 40 corporations in the country that are part of the "Club of the 500" largest firms in the world, this industry is represented by a whole dozen, headed by Unilever, Diageo and Cadbury Schweppes. Food concentrates, confectionery products, drinks (including tea, Scotch whiskey and London gin), and tobacco products are highly competitive in the world market. The placement of the largest enterprises is focused on markets, including external ones. Thus, the UK ranks sixth among countries in terms of overall economic activity, GDP and industrial production.

5.Agriculture

In recent decades, in the development of agriculture, the scientific and technical level and productivity of the national agro-industrial complex has significantly increased. The provision of the country at the expense of local resources is steadily growing, and during the post-war period it has risen from 1/3 to 4/5, complete self-sufficiency has been achieved in such products as milk, the provision is high in eggs, poultry, wheat, oats, barley, potatoes; imported fruits, butter, sugar, cheeses. Under the conditions prevailing in the EU, it is necessary to pay more for imported products in comparison with the possibilities of importing food from the former colonies, which gives rise to constant contradictions between the UK and other EU members. Agriculture in Great Britain is currently one of the most productive and mechanized in the world. The share of employment in the industry is 2% of the total employment in the country. The total area of ​​agricultural land is 58.3 million hectares (76% of all land in the country). The structure of agricultural production is dominated by animal husbandry. Dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding, pig breeding (bacon fattening), meat sheep breeding and poultry breeding are also developed. England is one of the world's largest suppliers of sheep wool. Traditionally, animal husbandry is concentrated in river basins. However, animal husbandry suffered great damage in 2001 due to diseases of livestock - first with spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”), and then with foot and mouth disease. In plant growing, almost 60% of arable land is occupied by perennial grasses, over 28% - under grain crops (including 15% - wheat, 11% - barley); 12% - under industrial (rapeseed, sugar beet, flax) and forage crops (including potatoes), as well as vegetable gardens and berry fields. The main agricultural regions are East Anglia and the South East. There are many orchards in the country. Agriculture enjoys great support from the state and receives subsidies from the EU budget. For such products as: wheat, barley, oats and pork - production volumes exceed consumption; for such as: potatoes, beef, lamb, wool, sugar and eggs - the volume of production is lower than the volume of consumption. Thus, many of the UK's essential products have to be imported from other countries. They imports 4/5 of butter, 2/3 of sugar, half of wheat and bacon, 1/4 of the country's beef and veal.

6.Transportation

Great Britain is an island state, therefore all its external transportation and trade are connected with sea and air transport. About 9/10 of the total cargo turnover falls on sea transport, including 1/4 - on cabotage. All areas of Great Britain, except for the West Midlands, are in one way or another directly connected with seaports, which serve as the main transport hubs. The largest of them are London, Southampton, Liverpool, Hull and Harwich, with the London and Liverpool seaports handling about half of all cargo (by value). Great Britain is connected to the continent by a tunnel under the English Channel, two railway ferries (Dover - Dunkirk and Harwich - Ostend), and numerous sea car and passenger ferries - with Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Holland and France. In domestic freight traffic, road transport plays the greatest role. The dominant role in domestic traffic is taken by road transport - 85% of passenger traffic and 81% of cargo traffic. The territory of Great Britain is covered with a dense network of highways. The length of asphalted highways is 406.4 thousand km. In contrast to other developed countries in the UK, with a high road density, only 4% are modern highways, which attract 36% of traffic flows. The most intensive traffic is on the London - Birmingham - Manchester - Glasgow axle highway. London and Glasgow have subways. To increase competitiveness, the electrification of railways was carried out (1/3 of the lines), express trains for passengers and goods were launched in the main directions. The government is implementing various organizational measures to modernize this type of transport. Falling value river transport... The length of the waterways is 3.2 thousand km. Inland waterways (rivers and canal networks) are now mainly used for recreational purposes only. Transportation of goods is carried out mainly within the deep-water estuaries of the Mersey, Thames, Severn, Humber. Air transport is developing rapidly. Since the 1980s. air transportation of passengers and cargo has more than tripled. British Airways is a leading international airline. There are about 450 civil airports in the country, the largest of which is Heathrow. The pipeline transport network is expanding rapidly; it is connected to gas pipelines from fields in the North Sea; total length of pipelines - 3.9 thousand km. - up to 75% of oil arrives onshore via oil pipelines.

Thus, transport in the UK plays an important role in domestic freight and passenger traffic. So the tunnel under the English Channel with two railway ferries transports 60-80% of the total population per day.

7 science and finance

Great Britain's contribution to the treasury of world science, primarily to the development of natural and technical sciences. Among the outstanding scientists - physicists, chemists, biologists: I. Newton, R. Boyle, R. Hooke, J. Joule, M. Faraday, J. Maxwell, C. Darwin, Cavendish, E. Rutherford. World famous works of British philosophers, sociologists, historians, economists: R. Bacon, T. Mora, Fr. Bacon, T. Hobbes, I. Bentham, W. Petty, A. Smith, D. Riccardo, J. Mill, R. Owen, T. R. Malthus, A. Marshall, J. M. Keynes, B. Russell. More than 70 British scientists have been awarded Nobel Prizes. The UK accounts for approximately 4.5% of world spending on science, 8% of all scientific publications. The importance of science in the United Kingdom can be seen in the changes that have taken place in the field of education. Technical schools and colleges, as well as continuing education programs in other institutions, are seeking to increase the number of professional scientific personnel. Schools work closely with industry. The Manchester Research Council brings together university scholars and members of the Chamber of Commerce. The University of Sheffield is conducting industrial research in glass technology and in Cheshire in the field of radio telescopes. There are more than 200 scientific institutions and organizations in the UK that publish more than 400 scientific periodicals. As for the libraries, let's name the main ones. The British Museum Library in London (over 10 million volumes), the University of Cambridge Library (over 3.5 million volumes), the Bodleian Library in Oxford (over 4.5 million volumes), and the Scottish National Library in Edinburgh (over 4 million volumes), the National Library of Wales in Aberystwyth (over 2 million volumes). Copies of all published books are sent, in accordance with the law, to the British Museum for copyright purposes, as well as to other libraries if requests are received from them for these publications. The largest libraries are located at the universities of London, Edinburgh, Glasgow, St Andrews, Royal (in Belfast), John Ryland (in Manchester), at the Victoria and Albert Museum and the Museum of Natural History. Important collections of special editions are found in the Patent Offices, India House, National Archives, Royal Geographical Society, Royal Academy of Performing Arts, Royal College of Music, Royal Academy of Music, Arts Council, National Book League, National Archives, Royal Botanic Gardens , The Institute for Contemporary History (Wiener Library) and the National Library for the Blind. There are about 500 government library boards with more than 40,000 branches and more than 400 million books per year. Delivery of books on specially equipped vehicles is becoming more and more popular for remote areas. The book collections are complemented by a large number of video and audio materials. British companies have reduced their R&D costs (Research and Development). According to this indicator, the UK ranks fifth among the seven leading industrialized countries. In the field of high technology, British firms are ahead of Japanese and German companies, but are inferior to the United States and France. This situation is caused not only by a decrease in the level of development funding from the companies themselves, but also by a reduction in support from the state. The Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Ministry of Finance are developing a joint policy to increase investment in R&D and to optimize the process of introducing research results into all sectors of the country's economy. The fact that the Ministry of Finance is involved underscores the government's focus on solving this problem. Working groups are being led by two ministries to restructure and finance UK R&D. The Chief Treasurer of the Treasury Department sponsors a group led by a British Biotech director. The group is exploring funding for R&D in high-tech companies, and in particular funding for the start-up phase of development. The Department of Trade and Industry is sponsoring the Tek-Stars group to overcome barriers to the development of high-tech small and medium-sized firms. The Minister of Science leads a working group on inventive activity and the introduction of inventions in industry. The Investment Working Group is chaired by Lord Hollick and is looking at the constraints to R&D investment. All groups include representatives from the banking community, joint capital and firms in the manufacturing and service sectors. Thus, scientific and technical programs have been developed and are being implemented, aimed at solving pressing problems of industry and society, which include: the creation of a promising vehicle of the future; reduction of pollution level major cities country; creation of promising materials for industry; genetic and ecological balance of human health; an integrated approach to aging. And the role of science in Great Britain is very significant.

8.Rest and tourism

For most visits to the UK, a multiple-entry visitor visa is issued, valid for 6 months. In some cases, a visitor visa may be issued for a single visit. Russian citizens, thanks to the concession under the Immigration Rules of the United Kingdom, may not receive a transit visa and leave transit zone airport if your stay in the UK is no more than 24 hours. In cooking, the British are as committed to tradition as they are in many other things. For centuries, the English day begins with a traditional breakfast: scrambled eggs and fried bacon, fried tomatoes, mushrooms, sausages and blood sausage. Nowadays, oatmeal and cornflakes are more commonly served. After breakfast, you will definitely have tea and toasted toast with orange jam. Lunch, or lunch, is served at half past one, followed by tea or light lunch at 5 o'clock and dinner at 7. Snacks and sandwiches are very popular - triangular sandwiches have become one of the many English traditions. Of the first courses, puree soups and broths are common, but they are rarely served, they are not an integral part of the daily meal. Spices and herbs are rarely used. The British eat a lot of meat: beef, veal, lamb, pork. It is baked whole with blood or cut into steaks and fried in a pan. Meat is always served with gravy, baked vegetables (usually potatoes) and pickles. Among the intoxicating drinks, beer is especially popular - black ale and porter, and draft beer, as well as whiskey, gin, brandy, rum, and port are especially appreciated. Placements in the UK are divided into three types:

• Hotel - a hotel where a full accommodation service is provided;
• B&B and Inn - guest accommodation providing the necessary service for overnight stay and breakfast;
• Motel - Budget or roadside hotels, informal accommodation options with a very limited range of services. are run by private entrepreneurs and have limited business opportunities.

In addition to the star rating, the hotels (Hotel) can be given specific names. MetroHotel (metro hotel). Does not offer guests hot meals, but must be within walking distance of catering facilities. CountryHouseHotel (country home hotel). The hotel should have a small park or garden - secluded and quiet. SmallHotel (mini-hotel). The maximum number of rooms is 20. Usually these hotels are run by private entrepreneurs and have limited opportunities for businessmen. The main attractions of England and the whole of Great Britain are located, of course, in London, where, for example, in the City area, tradition and modernity are combined. And also in the capital of Scotland - Edinburgh. Big Ben ( Appendix 1) - This is a huge clock that stands on the tower of St. Stephen. This clock, located on the tower of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, is recognized by sound and heard all over the world, because their fight is broadcast on the BBC radio every hour. Tourists are not allowed to enter Big Ben; you can get to the very top of the ninety-six-meter tower by a very narrow spiral staircase. After passing all three hundred and thirty-four steps, you can get to a small open area, it is here that the legendary bell is located. Big Ben is one bell. It is over two meters high and three meters in diameter. British museum(Appendix 2) - British Library, the reading room of the British Museum, which is a huge cylindrical room. All the walls of this room are lined with books. Buckingham Palace(Appendix 3) - Buckingham Palace is located opposite the marble gilded monument to Queen Victoria across from Pal Mall. If the Queen is in the palace, then the royal flag flies on the roof of the palace. At the request of the Queen's ancestor, King George IV, the palace was built according to the architectural design of John Nash. The cost of construction has reached seven hundred pounds due to the mass of excesses of this kind, such as, for example, the five hundred marble blocks with veins from Carrara. Edinburgh castle(Appendix 4) Edinburgh Castle is located in the very center of the city, so it is visible from everywhere. None of the passing tourists can pass by. Because the castle has a huge height. But besides being spectacular, it attracts with its age and historical significance. Stonehenge. A giant structure in the center of Europe - Stonehenge - is a stone mystery. In general, Stonehenge is giant structure, which includes 82 five-ton megaliths, 30 stone blocks of 25 tons and 5 huge triliths weighing 50 tons. The stone blocks are stacked in the form of arches pointing to the cardinal points. Until recently, scientists believed that this structure was erected in 3100 BC by tribes of the British Isles for the purpose of observing the Sun and Moon. But recently, this idea has been revised. London parks- This is a special attraction, which is a green spot in the very center of the city, with an area of ​​more than three hundred hectares. The enormous size of the parks, their length create the illusion of an untouched landscape of nature, creating an atmosphere that contrasts with the super-urban landscape of the city. The importance of parks in restoring the atmosphere of central London is enormous, which is why they are called "the lungs of London". Freud Museum. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, has lived in this house since 1938 with his family after fleeing Austria from the Nazi regime. Until 1982, Freud's youngest daughter, also a psychoanalyst, lived here. Now it houses both a museum and a research center. Tower of London. In a book dedicated to the 900th anniversary of the Tower, the Duke of Edinburgh wrote: “Throughout its history, the Tower of London has been a fortress, a palace, a repository of royal jewels, an arsenal, a mint, a prison, an observatory, a zoo, and a place that attracts tourists ". Ferris wheel(LondonEye) is a large, tallest Ferris wheel in the world. Such a gift to Londoners and guests of the city was made by 2000. The Ferris wheel has 32 cabins, each of which is designed for 25 people, a full revolution of the wheel is completed in half an hour. The construction of the huge Ferris wheel was funded by British Airways. From a height of one hundred and thirty-five meters, a wonderful view of London opens; in favorable weather, you can see the city and its surroundings within a radius of forty kilometers. Saint's cathedral Paul- This is the seat of the Bishop of London, as well as the spiritual center of the City. Architect Sir Christopher Wren supervised the construction of the cathedral from the windows of his house, which was located on the opposite bank of the river. From there he could see the work at the top of Ludgate Hill. The construction of this masterpiece lasted thirty-five years. Sherlock Holmes House built in 1815. The British government declared it an architectural and historical monument of the second category. From 1860 to 1934, the house was a private property, there was a boarding house, but with the acquisition of the building by the International Society, it became the home of Sherlock Holmes. Windsor palace- this castle, which is visible from the side of Windsor Park, great people found very romantic. To his left is the Round Tower. The architect Jeffrey Whitewill was awarded the knighthood for his creation in 1828. Westminster Abbey – its beauty has been painstakingly created by different generations of royalty, starting with Edward the Confessor, who ascended the throne in 1040. It is a pity that the church erected by him was consecrated only in 1065, when the king became weak and could not attend the consecration ceremony. The next year, on Christmas Day, the coronation of William the Conqueror took place in the church. Thus, in Great Britain, tradition and modernity, tradition in cooking, religion and cultural values, and modernity in education, upbringing of young generations and in social development have been combined.

9.Protection of the environment and ecological problems

To date, a three-year project to create a database of building materials is at the last stage of implementation. The project is supported by 24 trade organizations involved in the production and supply of building materials, and is aimed at improving their quality, operating life and checking how they meet the principles of energy conservation, environmental protection and human health. Recent sociological studies show about 70% of respondents believe that the state of the environment in their living quarters needs improvement. Therefore, the Institute for Construction is going to issue recommendations for construction companies on how they can improve the quality of buildings under construction and their compliance with environmental requirements. In order to encourage construction firms to participate in this vital endeavor, the institute plans to publish the book Environment. Competition. Profit, which will include data on all firms that are serious about environmental protection. The UK is committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. ... According to the commitments under the Kyoto Protocol, the country has already reduced emissions by 12.5% ​​compared to 1990 and plans to reach 20% in 2010. It is planned that by 2015, 33% of household waste will be recycled or used as fertilizer. During the period from 1999 to 2000, the processing of household waste increased from 8.8% to 10.3%. Great Britain has ratified such international agreements: "on environmental protection", "on air pollution" (nitrogen oxides, sulfur, organic compounds), "on the protection of the natural environment of Antarctica", "on the conservation of Antarctic marine resources." The Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Kyoto Protocol on Desertification, Hazardous Waste, the Maritime Convention, the ban on nuclear weapons testing, the protection of whales and others. Thus, by signing the above treaties and agreements, the UK seeks to reduce and partially eliminate the environmental problem.

Conclusion

This essay was written using four sources, after studying which I can conclude that now Great Britain is a highly developed state, one of the leading world powers. In terms of industrial production, it ranks fifth in the world after the USA, Japan, Germany and France. But I haven't done it yet. In Britain, minerals are being mined, new methods of extracting the latter are being developed. Due to the fact that Britain is an island state, it remains one of the largest maritime powers today. Due to its economic and geographical location, there are still development options in the UK. This country can only develop and improve its position in the world.

Annex 1

1-1976 year; 2-1998; 3-2004 year; 4-2005 year; 5-2007 year; 6-2009 year

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

Appendix 5

Bibliography:

1.Internet "Great Soviet Encyclopedia". Chief editor S. I. Vavilov. State Scientific Publishing House "Great Soviet Encyclopedia". Volume number 7. 1951.2. Internet Reference book "Countries of the World". 1976. Moscow. Publishing house of political literature. 3.InternetEncyclopedia for children. "Avanta +". Volume 13. “Countries. Peoples. Civilizations ". 1999.

Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. - M .: Soviet encyclopedia
1979.- p.204.