New Hebrides is the modern name. New Hebrides

New Hebrides- Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the New Hebrides, the condominium also includes the Banks and Torres Islands to the north of the archipelago.

Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: North (Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maewo islands), the second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrim, Epi), the first Central (Shepherd, Efate islands), South (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneityom). The administrative center of the condominium is Port Vila (or Vila) on Fate Island.

Geographic coordinates of the New Hebrides are 13 - 21 ° S. NS. and 166 - 171 ° E. e. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, as of mid-1964, is 66 thousand people.

The large islands of the archipelago have mountainous terrain. The coastal lowlands on all islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. On the New Hebrides, lying in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are not uncommon.

The climate of the islands is equatorial. The hottest and wettest season is November - April. The season from May to October is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds prevail among the winds. The average annual temperature in Espiritu Santo is 26 °, on the island of Tanna 22 °. Annual precipitation ranges from 2000 to 3000 mm.

The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.

The New Hebrides are dominated by humid tropical vegetation. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannas. Red soil predominates among the soils.

The backbone of the New Hebrides economy is agriculture, primarily agriculture. The most important commercial crop is the coconut tree. Recently, the cultures of cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus fruits, pineapple, vanilla have been introduced, but their importance is not great. Among consumer crops, yams, taro and cassava are the most important; some role in the food ration is played by breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, millet.

Of the livestock industries, the breeding of beef cattle, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep breeding, goat breeding, pig breeding and poultry breeding are developed on a smaller scale.

In recent years, the fishing industry has also acquired significant dimensions, which is associated with the organization in the New Hebrides of a large fishing enterprise with a significant participation of Japanese capital.

The industry is only in its infancy. In some places, logging is being carried out, but its scale is currently insignificant due to the predatory felling of large tracts of valuable species. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.

New Hebrides connected with the outside world by ships and aircraft. The connection between the individual islands is maintained by small ships. Only the largest islands have good highways.

Copra is the main export item; manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports are directed mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.

It can be assumed that in the beginning some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was intensified by the relatively late migrations of the Polynesians, who can still be found on separate small islands of the archipelago.

When the Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found the primitive communal system in the archipelago, which was at the stage of decay. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still prevailed; in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, whose population has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, a rather significant stratum of tribal nobility stood out from the mass of ordinary communes.

The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Kyros in the service of Spain. However, more than 200 years have passed since the discovery of the archipelago (1606) before communications local population with the Europeans have become relatively regular. More or less strong contacts were established in the 1830s. whalers, as well as traders who procured sandalwood, which at that time was in abundance in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders have appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered enormous losses: a large number of captured islanders died in transit or during backbreaking work on the plantations.

Gradually, plantations are beginning to be organized on the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago was replaced by its import. The plantations were owned by both the British and the French, and soon a rivalry began between Britain and France for the possession of "special rights" on the islands. Struggle for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers ended with the conclusion of agreements (the last of them was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.

The establishment of the Anglo-French administration provoked opposition from the aborigines. Liberation movements began to unfold on the various islands of the New Hebrides, among which the most organized and purposeful was the movement of John Frum. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrim. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began to prepare for an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used brutal repression against the members of the movement. Nevertheless, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.

In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to be one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living in the archipelago is lower than on the other islands of Melanesia. Both ruling powers are unwilling to carry out even the scanty reforms in the condominium that they were forced to carry out in their "sole" possessions.

The rulership of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although the information on the population of the New Hebrides given by various researchers is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than it is now. So, in 1774, the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as the introduced diseases led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874 there were already only 106 - 113 thousand aborigines, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in only 42 thousand people lived in the condominium.

On a number of New Hebrides islands, depopulation has become even more significant. So, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - has decreased in over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of Aneityum Island has decreased over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939) by 27 times. Only after the Second World War a more or less stable population growth began to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached the 1910 level.

It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since there have never been any general population censuses in the New Hebrides.

The country does not have a regular record of the indigenous population, as a result of which the birth rate, death rate and natural increase are unknown.

Immigration to the New Hebrides- This is primarily the import of workers into the archipelago for plantations owned by Europeans. Previously, mainly Vietnamese were imported as contracted workers, while in recent years the main flow of immigrants came from the islands of Wallis, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.

Internal migrations in the New Hebrides are also associated primarily with plantation farming: there is a constant influx of local labor to the plantation areas.

The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per square kilometer. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islets located near Efate and Malekula. Eromanga Island in the southern part of the New Hebrides and Vanua Lava Island in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, 1 sq. km not even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.), significant inland areas are completely devoid of population.

Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages that vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.

In the New Hebrides, there is a sharp disproportion in sex composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. Data on age composition there is no population.

The vast majority of the condominium's population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.

The colonial authorities release extremely meager funds for the needs of education, and most of the New Hebrids are illiterate.

The group of aborigines distinguished by statistics is overwhelmingly composed of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be summarized in two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.

The first complex, in addition to the natives of the northern part of the archipelago, also includes the population of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks the same language. In fact, it already represents one group. The population of the Banks Islands is more significant in number, there are also more dialectal differences in the language. However, for a relatively long time, the island dialects are gradually being replaced by Mota (the language of the island of the same name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous in linguistic and ethnic terms.

The population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more fractional in ethnic terms. True, most of its languages ​​(except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still a long way off. In the coastal areas of the island, the pidgin-english function is the lingua franca.

The ethnic composition of the population of Malekula Island is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, there are also significant cultural differences between the individual groups of the population of this island. The best known among the tribal and territorial groups of Malekula are the “great nambas”, which are settled in the northern part of the island.

The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks one language (subdivided into a number of dialects - Valurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maewo, the small population also speaks one language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the dialects that were previously widespread here. In the south of this island live people from neighboring Pentecost. The ethnic composition of the population of Pentecost itself, or Raga, is somewhat more complex. Three territorial groups are distinguished here: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maewo), speaking the Lamalanga language, is linguistically close to the population of Aoba, Maewo, Banks and Torres islands. The central and especially the southern (Ponorvol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the people of Ambrim. The population of Ambrim is very homogeneous, except for the extreme southeast of the island, whose inhabitants (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrim.

A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population of the neighboring islands of Paama and Lopevi.

The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of the Epi population speaks the same language (left); there is a tendency to switch to this language and foreign language groups.

The most linguistically and culturally homogeneous region is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna Tongoa language and dialects close to it are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Buckinga, a somewhat different language (makura) is spoken.

There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to only one linguistic side, but can be traced in culture and social organization.

Of the three large islands The southern New Hebrides are the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous island of Aneityum, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (Anityum). A certain unity in linguistic and cultural relations is also represented by the population of the island of Eromanga. True, there is one group, somewhat linguistically isolated, here, but its numbers are insignificant. Linguistic differences are much more significant on the island of Tanna. However, during the movement of John Froom, the population of the island was so closely rallied that now all the islanders consider themselves to be one.

While emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time fail to notice the commonality that unites the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and the Banks Islands. It was already indicated above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This "transition" from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural closeness of all territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the common goals in the struggle against the colonial regime.

The process of convergence in the south of the archipelago is much slower. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also among themselves. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides is much less clear-cut.

The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - "outliers", settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of futuna (western) and aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close groups of phila and mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on the south coast of Efate (melted due to overpopulation of the island were recently relocated to Efate) and, finally, the Mahe group living in the eastern part of Emae Island, or Three Hills (one of the Shepherd islands). Note that mahe language is quite different from other New Hebrides "outliers". By now, the Fila, Mele and Mahe groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of the Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.

In addition to the Aboriginal Polynesians in the New Hebrides, there is an alien Polynesian population. These are the Uveans, Futunans, Tahitians who came to the archipelago as contracted workers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, as a significant group of them come to the New Hebrides every year.

Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is also a small group of Micronesian Gilbertans who were brought in as contract workers and employed in fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.

The Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared in the New Hebrides as recruited workers. Back in the early 60s, there were more than 2 thousand Vietnamese, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them repatriated to Democratic Republic Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in craft or trade. The overwhelming majority of New Hebrides Chinese are also engaged in trade.

In recent years, in connection with the establishment of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese have emerged.
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New Hebrides

(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides), an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia. Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. The area is 14.8 thousand km2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population is local, speaking the languages ​​of various branches of the Austronesna family. Anthropologically b. including them belong to the Melanesians, a small group - to the Polynesians. There is also an alien population - the French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, and others. By religion, the majority of the population is Christians (mostly Prosbyterians). The administrative center and port is Vila (Efate island).

The islands are mountainous (height up to 1810 m), composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 are active, many are solfataras, fumaroles, hot springs. Deposits of sulfur, manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures are from 20 to 27 С. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. On the windward eastern slopes there are tropical rainforests, on the western slopes there are light forests. Plantations coconut tree, cocoa, sugar cane, coffee, and cotton are also cultivated. Breeding cattle. Harvesting valuable tree species (agathis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774 the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N.G. for the mountainous view of the coast, reminiscent of the Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finalized in 1906. It is administered by a joint administration, which includes the British and French high commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, an Advisory Council of 30 members (12 Melanesians, the rest were British and French) was created as a local self-government body.

Condominium (joint ownership) of Great Britain and France in central Melanesia. In addition to the New Hebrides, the condominium also includes the Banks and Torres Islands to the north of the archipelago.

Administratively, the New Hebrides are divided into four districts: North (Banks, Torres, Espiritu Santo, Aoba, Maewo islands), the second Central (Malekula, Pentecost, Ambrim, Epi), the first Central (Shepherd, Efate islands), South (Eromanga , Mystery, Aneityom). The administrative center of the condominium is Port Vila (or Vila) on Fate Island.

Geographic coordinates of the New Hebrides are 13 - 21 ° S. NS. and 166 - 171 ° E. e. Area - 14,763 sq. km, including Espiritu Santo - 3.9 thousand, Malekula - 1.2 thousand, Eromanga - 0.9 thousand, Efate - 0.8 thousand. The population of the condominium, as of mid-1964, is 66 thousand people.

The large islands of the archipelago have mountainous terrain. The coastal lowlands on all islands, with the exception of Espiritu Santo, are very narrow. On the New Hebrides, lying in a seismically active zone, earthquakes are not uncommon.

The climate of the islands is equatorial. The hottest and wettest season is November - April. The season from May to October is cooler and drier. During this period, trade winds prevail among the winds. The average annual temperature in Espiritu Santo is 26 °, on the island of Tanna 22 °. Annual precipitation ranges from 2000 to 3000 mm.

The hydrographic network on the islands is quite well developed, but the length of the rivers is small.

The New Hebrides are dominated by humid tropical vegetation. In some places, in drier places, forests give way to savannas. Red soil predominates among the soils.

The backbone of the New Hebrides economy is agriculture, primarily agriculture. The most important commercial crop is the coconut tree. Recently, the cultures of cocoa, coffee, banana, citrus fruits, pineapple, vanilla have been introduced, but their importance is not great. Among consumer crops, yams, taro and cassava are the most important; some role in the food ration is played by breadfruit, sago palm, papaya, mango, sweet potato, corn, millet.

Of the livestock industries, the breeding of beef cattle, which has developed on the islands of Efate and Espiritu Santo, is of commercial importance. Sheep breeding, goat breeding, pig breeding and poultry breeding are developed on a smaller scale.

In recent years, the fishing industry has also acquired significant dimensions, which is associated with the organization in the New Hebrides of a large fishing enterprise with a significant participation of Japanese capital.

The industry is only in its infancy. In some places, logging is being carried out, but its scale is currently insignificant due to the predatory felling of large tracts of valuable species. Manganese ore is mined in small quantities.

New Hebrides connected with the outside world by ships and aircraft. The connection between the individual islands is maintained by small ships. Only the largest islands have good highways.

Copra is the main export item; manganese ore and frozen fish are also of some importance in export. Exports are directed mainly to France, while Australia ranks first in imports.

It can be assumed that in the beginning some Papuan-speaking peoples lived in the New Hebrides, who were then assimilated by the Melanesian population. The complexity of the ethnic and anthropological picture of the New Hebrides was intensified by the relatively late migrations of the Polynesians, who can still be found on separate small islands of the archipelago.

When the Europeans penetrated the New Hebrides, they found the primitive communal system in the archipelago, which was at the stage of decay. In the northern part of the New Hebrides, matriarchal orders still prevailed; in the central and southern parts, matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. On the islands of the southern group, whose population has reached the highest level of socio-economic development, a rather significant stratum of tribal nobility stood out from the mass of ordinary communes.

The first European to visit the New Hebrides was the navigator Kyros in the service of Spain. However, more than 200 years have passed since the discovery of the archipelago (1606) before the contacts of the local population with the Europeans became relatively regular. More or less strong contacts were established in the 1830s. whalers, as well as traders who procured sandalwood, which at that time was in abundance in the New Hebrides. Since 1864, slave traders have appeared on the archipelago, supplying labor to the plantations of Queensland and Fiji. As a result of the activities of these adventurers, the population of the New Hebrides suffered enormous losses: a large number of captured islanders died in transit or during backbreaking work on the plantations.

Gradually, plantations are beginning to be organized on the New Hebrides themselves. The export of labor from the archipelago was replaced by its import. The plantations were owned by both the British and the French, and soon a rivalry began between Britain and France for the possession of "special rights" on the islands. Struggle for the New Hebrides between these two colonial powers ended with the conclusion of agreements (the last of them was signed in 1906), as a result of which the islands were placed under the joint control of France and Great Britain.

The establishment of the Anglo-French administration provoked opposition from the aborigines. Liberation movements began to unfold on the various islands of the New Hebrides, among which the most organized and purposeful was the movement of John Frum. It arose in 1940 on Tanna, one of the most populated and socio-economically developed islands of the New Hebrides, and subsequently spread to the islands of Malekula and Ambrim. The leaders of the John Frum movement put forward the slogan of liberating the country from the colonialists and began to prepare for an armed uprising. The Anglo-French authorities used brutal repression against the members of the movement. Nevertheless, the colonial powers failed to completely suppress the liberation struggle.

In the meantime, the New Hebrides continue to be one of the most backward colonies in Oceania. The standard of living in the archipelago is lower than on the other islands of Melanesia. Both ruling powers are unwilling to carry out even the scanty reforms in the condominium that they were forced to carry out in their "sole" possessions.

The rulership of the colonialists caused a sharp depopulation of the New Hebrides. Although the information on the population of the New Hebrides given by various researchers is very approximate, there is no doubt that in the archipelago at the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries. there was a much larger population than it is now. So, in 1774, the population of the New Hebrides was estimated at 200 thousand. However, the slave trade, as well as the introduced diseases led to the fact that the population of the islands began to decline rapidly. In 1874 there were already only 106 - 113 thousand aborigines, in 1890 - 75 - 80 thousand, in 1910 - 65 thousand, in 1920 - 59 thousand. According to the wife of 1936, in only 42 thousand people lived in the condominium.

On a number of New Hebrides islands, depopulation has become even more significant. So, the population of one of the main islands of the archipelago - Efate - has decreased in over 60 years (1848 - 1910) by more than 10 times, and the population of Aneityum Island has decreased over a 100-year period (1839 - 1939) by 27 times. Only after the Second World War a more or less stable population growth began to be observed. However, it was not until 1962 that the population of the New Hebrides reached the 1910 level.

It should be noted that all the figures given are very approximate, since there have never been any general population censuses in the New Hebrides.

The country does not have a regular record of the indigenous population, as a result of which the birth rate, death rate and natural increase are unknown.

Immigration to the New Hebrides- This is primarily the import of workers into the archipelago for plantations owned by Europeans. Previously, mainly Vietnamese were imported as contracted workers, while in recent years the main flow of immigrants came from the islands of Wallis, Futuna and Tahiti. In turn, small groups of New Hebrides leave their native islands from time to time, heading to work in New Caledonia.

Internal migrations in the New Hebrides are also associated primarily with plantation farming: there is a constant influx of local labor to the plantation areas.

The average population density of the New Hebrides in 1964 was 4.5 people per square kilometer. km. The most densely populated islands are Paama and Tongoa and a number of small islets located near Efate and Malekula. Eromanga Island in the southern part of the New Hebrides and Vanua Lava Island in the Banks group have the lowest population density. On these islands, 1 sq. km not even one person. It should be noted that on the large islands (Espiritu Santo, Malekula, Efate, etc.), significant inland areas are completely devoid of population.

Almost the entire population of the New Hebrides lives in villages that vary in size, but in most cases do not exceed 200 people. Two "urban" settlements - Port Vila (Efate Island) and Luganville (Espiritu Santo Island) are actually large villages. The population of Port Vila is only about 4 thousand people.

In the New Hebrides, there is a sharp disproportion in sex composition. Men make up, according to very rough estimates, 55% of the population, women - 45%. There is no data on the age composition of the population.

The vast majority of the condominium's population is engaged in agriculture. The recently developed fishing and mining industries employ only a small percentage of the population.

The colonial authorities release extremely meager funds for the needs of education, and most of the New Hebrids are illiterate.

The group of aborigines distinguished by statistics is overwhelmingly composed of Melanesians, who in the New Hebrides do not represent a single ethnic community, but form a number of small tribal and ethno-territorial groups. All these groups can be summarized in two very different ethnic territorial complexes: the Melanesians of the northern New Hebrides and the Melanesians of the southern New Hebrides.

The first complex, in addition to the natives of the northern part of the archipelago, also includes the population of the Banks Islands and the Torres Islands. The population of the Torres Islands, which is currently very small, speaks the same language. In fact, it already represents one group. The population of the Banks Islands is more significant in number, there are also more dialectal differences in the language. However, for a relatively long time, the island dialects are gradually being replaced by Mota (the language of the island of the same name), and the population of the Banks Islands is now relatively homogeneous in linguistic and ethnic terms.

The population of the largest island, Espiritu Santo, is much more fractional in ethnic terms. True, most of its languages ​​(except for the language of the Sakau tribe living in the northeastern part of the island) are quite close to each other, but the ethnic consolidation of various territorial groups is still a long way off. In the coastal areas of the island, the pidgin-english function is the lingua franca.

The ethnic composition of the population of Malekula Island is very complex. Here you can find very different languages, there are also significant cultural differences between the individual groups of the population of this island. The best known among the tribal and territorial groups of Malekula are the “great nambas”, which are settled in the northern part of the island.

The population of the islands located east of Espiritu Santo and Malekula is much more homogeneous. On the island of Aoba (Omba), the entire population speaks one language (subdivided into a number of dialects - Valurigi, etc.) and actually forms a single territorial group. In the northern part of the island of Maewo, the small population also speaks one language (tanoriki), which has almost completely replaced the dialects that were previously widespread here. In the south of this island live people from neighboring Pentecost. The ethnic composition of the population of Pentecost itself, or Raga, is somewhat more complex. Three territorial groups are distinguished here: northern, central and southern. The northern group (part of which moved to Maewo), speaking the Lamalanga language, is linguistically close to the population of Aoba, Maewo, Banks and Torres islands. The central and especially the southern (Ponorvol) groups are linguistically and ethnically related to the people of Ambrim. The population of Ambrim is very homogeneous, except for the extreme southeast of the island, whose inhabitants (taviak) are closer to the inhabitants of the island of Paama than to the inhabitants of the rest of Ambrim.

A separate territorial group (paama) is formed by the population of the neighboring islands of Paama and Lopevi.

The ethnic and linguistic picture is more complex on the island of Epi, where there are seven languages. However, 80% of the Epi population speaks the same language (left); there is a tendency to switch to this language and foreign language groups.

The most linguistically and culturally homogeneous region is the central part of the New Hebrides (Shepherd Islands, Efate Island and adjacent islets). In most of this territory, the Nguna Tongoa language and dialects close to it are spoken. Only on the islands of Makura, Tongoa, the islands of Tongariki and Buckinga, a somewhat different language (makura) is spoken.

There are significant differences between the Melanesians of the northern and southern New Hebrides, which are not limited to only one linguistic side, but can be traced in culture and social organization.

Of the three large islands in the southern New Hebrides, the most ethnically and linguistically homogeneous is Aneityum, where there is a single ethnic group and one language (Anityum). A certain unity in linguistic and cultural relations is also represented by the population of the island of Eromanga. True, there is one group, somewhat linguistically isolated, here, but its numbers are insignificant. Linguistic differences are much more significant on the island of Tanna. However, during the movement of John Froom, the population of the island was so closely rallied that now all the islanders consider themselves to be one.

While emphasizing the differences between the territorial groups of each ethno-territorial complex, one cannot at the same time fail to notice the commonality that unites the entire complex into a single whole. This is especially true of the ethnic complex of the northern New Hebrides and the Banks Islands. It was already indicated above that neighboring territorial groups are often very close to each other. This "transition" from group to group facilitates ethnic rapprochement. The process of consolidation is facilitated by the cultural closeness of all territorial groups of the northern New Hebrides and the common goals in the struggle against the colonial regime.

The process of convergence in the south of the archipelago is much slower. All southern territorial groups differ not only from the population of the northern part of the archipelago, but also among themselves. As a result, the ethnic complex of the southern New Hebrides is much less clear-cut.

The aboriginal population of the condominium also includes small groups of Polynesians - "outliers", settled on different islands of the archipelago. These are related groups of futuna (western) and aniva, occupying the islands of Erronan and Aniva in the southern part of the New Hebrides, very close groups of phila and mele - the population of two islets of the same name in the harbor of Vila on the south coast of Efate (melted due to overpopulation of the island were recently relocated to Efate) and, finally, the Mahe group living in the eastern part of Emae Island, or Three Hills (one of the Shepherd islands). Note that mahe language is quite different from other New Hebrides "outliers". By now, the Fila, Mele and Mahe groups have already undergone partial linguistic assimilation: along with their native language, they use the Melanesian language of the Efate Island and the Shepherd Islands.

In addition to the Aboriginal Polynesians in the New Hebrides, there is an alien Polynesian population. These are the Uveans, Futunans, Tahitians who came to the archipelago as contracted workers. The number of Uveans is constantly increasing, as a significant group of them come to the New Hebrides every year.

Of the other Oceanians in the New Hebrides, there is also a small group of Micronesian Gilbertans who were brought in as contract workers and employed in fisheries organized by the Japanese on the island of Espiritu Santo.

The Vietnamese and Chinese also appeared in the New Hebrides as recruited workers. Back in the early 60s, there were more than 2 thousand Vietnamese, but now there are very few left, since in 1963 the bulk of them repatriated to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The remaining Vietnamese are engaged in craft or trade. The overwhelming majority of New Hebrides Chinese are also engaged in trade.

In recent years, in connection with the establishment of a fishing enterprise in the New Hebrides, a small group of Japanese have emerged.
...

(French Nouvelles Hebrides, English New Hebrides)

an archipelago of 80 islands (of which 12 are large, including Espiritu Santo, Ambrim, Efate) in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, in Melanesia (See Melanesia). Joint ownership (condominium) of Great Britain and France. Area 14.8 thous. km 2. Population 90 thousand people. (1972). About 93% of the population is local, speaking the languages ​​of various branches of the Austronesna family. Anthropologically b. including them belong to the Melanesians, a small group - to the Polynesians. There is also an immigrant population - the French, Anglo-Australians, Tahitians, Uvea, Futuna, and others. By religion, the majority of the population is Christians (mostly Prosbyterians). The administrative center and port is Vila (Efate island).

The islands are mountainous (altitude up to 1810 m), composed of volcanic rocks, have about 60 volcanoes, of which 10 are active, many solfataras, fumaroles, hot springs. Deposits of sulfur, manganese (under development). The climate is tropical humid. Average monthly temperatures are from 20 to 27 ° C. Precipitation up to 1000 mm in year. On the windward eastern slopes - humid tropical forests, on the western - light forests. Coconut palm plantations, cocoa, sugar cane, coffee, cotton are also cultivated. Breeding cattle. Harvesting valuable tree species (agathis, etc.). Discovered in 1606 by the Portuguese navigator P. Quiros. In 1774 the islands were explored by J. Cook and named by him N.G. for the mountainous view of the coast, reminiscent of the Hebrides in Europe. The condominium was finalized in 1906. It is administered by a joint administration, which includes the British and French high commissioners on equal terms. In 1957, an Advisory Council of 30 members (12 Melanesians, the rest British and French) was created as a local self-government body.

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"New Hebrides" in the books

CHAPTER 3 New Circumstances, New People, New Commitments