Population of Madagascar: size, density, age and racial composition. Madagascar island - interesting facts Indigenous population of Madagascar
When going on a trip to distant countries, many tourists are interested in the way of life there. There are many interesting facts that should be known to everyone who is planning their vacation in this country. Here is a unique flora and fauna, rich story, originating in ancient times.
Madagascar nature
The entire island is one state located in the Indian Ocean. It is often referred to as Africa, and geographically this is true. The most interesting facts about Madagascar are as follows:
Historical Interesting Facts about the country of Madagascar
The first people appeared on the island over 2000 years ago. During this historical period, local residents have experienced a huge number of important events. The most interesting of them are:
- The island was first discovered in the 16th century by the explorer Diego Diaz from Portugal. Since that time, Madagascar has been used as an important trading hub.
- In 1896, the French conquered the country, turning it into their colony. In 1946, the island began to be considered overseas territory invaders.
- In 1960, Madagascar gained independence and gained complete freedom.
- In 1990, the rule of the Marxists ended here, and the veto on all opposition parties was lifted.
- The summit of the royal mountain Ambohimanga is considered an important historical peak on the island. It is a place of worship for Aboriginal people, which is the religious and cultural heritage of the state.
Ethnic Interesting Facts About Madagascar
The number of inhabitants in the country is almost 23 million people. They all speak among themselves in official languages x: French and Malagasy. The traditions and culture of the aborigines are quite multifaceted, the most interesting facts are:
Madagascar or Republic of Madagascar - Island state in the western part Indian Ocean, located on the island of the same name and several small islets off the east coast of Africa. The island is separated from the continent by the Mozambique Channel (400 km). The total area of the country is 587.040 sq. km. The length of the island is about 1600 km, the maximum width is over 600 km. The capital is Antananarivo.
The central part of the island is occupied by the high-mountainous plateau Anjafi, which slopes gently to the west and abruptly drops off to the lowlands of the eastern coast. Highest point Madagascar is the extinct volcano Marumukutru (2,876 m), which is located in the Tsaratanana mountain range, in the northern part of the island.
There are three large lakes in Madagascar: Alaotra, Kinkony and Ihotry.
Although Madagascar is close to Africa, the animal and vegetable world the island is unique, it contains 5% of the world's animal and plant species, 80% of which exist only in Madagascar. The most famous of these are the lemurs. Most of the species are endemic. Because of this, Madagascar is often called the "small continent".
Climate in Madagascar
Madagascar climate formed by the southeast trade wind and the South Indian anticyclone. The island has three climatic zones: a tropical monsoon climate on the east coast, a temperate maritime climate in the central highlands, and an arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. In different parts of the island, the climate can vary very noticeably.
The climate on the east coast is humid and tropical. It rains all year round. They are short-lived (less than an hour a day), and sometimes they do not stop for several days in a row. Most of the sun is in May and September. Average temperatures from January to February are 25 ° С; from March to April - 30 ° С; from May to July - from 20 to 25 ° С; from August to September - 15 ° С; from October to November - from 20 to 25 ° С; December - 30 ° С.
The climate of the west coast is arid, tropical. Rains are extremely rare. Average temperatures: from January to February - 25 ° С; from March to April - 30 ° С; from May to October - from 22 to 25 ° С; from November to December - from 30 to 32 ° С.
The climate in the south of the island is arid, tropical and hot. Average temperatures - January - 20 ° С; from February to May - 30 ° С; from June to September - 25 ° С; from October to December - from 28 to 32 ° С. The Tropic of Capricorn lies in the southern part of Madagascar.
The climate in the north of Madagascar is tropical. During the rainy season, vast areas receive abundant moisture, including the island of Nosy Be, which explains its lush vegetation. Average temperatures from January to April are from 25 to 30 ° С; from May to July - from 20 to 25 ° С; from August to September - from 15 to 20 ° С.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Population
Population of Madagascar- 22 599 098 people (2012).
The average life expectancy is 61 years for men, 65 years for women. The urban population is 29%.
Malagasy are the main ethnic group in Madagascar. The total number is about 20 million people.
Malagasy are divided into two subgroups - highlanders and coastal dwellers. The mountain peoples are Imerina (gelding), Shihanaka and Betsileu, and to the inhabitants of the coast all the rest, for example, Betsimisarak, Sakalava and Mahafali. The division into two subgroups is due to the history of human migration to the island.
In the second to fifth centuries AD, Madagascar was inhabited by immigrants from Austronesia, mainly settled in the central highlands. After some time, a second wave of migration, consisting of representatives of the Bantu tribes, came to the island from East Africa through the Mozambique Strait.
Recent studies of the mitochondrial DNA of the inhabitants of the island have confirmed the guesses of some scientists about the Austronesian origin of the population. It can be concluded that in the blood of Malagasy people there are approximately equal parts of Austronesian and African genes, with a slight admixture of Arab, European and Indian genes.
Religion
Approximately half of the country's population professes the cult of ancestors, traditional for Austronesian settlers, which emphasizes the connection between the dead and the living. The largest number of adherents of this religion live among the Merina people. They believe that every person after death joins the souls of their ancestors, and that all souls form a kind of hierarchy of "divinity."
Among Merina and Betsileu, a rather strange tradition from the point of view of Europeans is practiced, known as famadihana, which means "turning the dead". During this ritual, the remains of the deceased are taken from the crypts, wrapped in a new shroud (silk sheet) and throughout the holiday they have fun and dance next to them, sometimes even carrying the remains in their arms. At the end of the ceremony, the bodies are placed back in the crypts.
About 45% of the population is Christian, Catholic or Protestant. Most believers try to combine ancestor worship with Christian traditions. So, for example, not all Christians give up the practice of famadihan, especially Catholics. Catholic pastors can even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The Protestant Church has a very negative attitude to the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to abandon the "worship of the Devil." The Christian Church in Madagascar is a fairly influential political institution.
The rest of the population (about 7%) practices Islam, which was brought to the island by Arab traders around the 10th century. Islam is especially widespread in west coast islands thanks to the large number of harbors that were once Arab outposts. It should be noted that thanks to Islam, the Malagasy language was first written in Arabic, which, however, did not take root as the main means of writing Malagasy (now the Latin alphabet is used).
Since the 90s of the XX century, Orthodoxy began to spread on the island. Some villages in Madagascar, as a result of the missionary activities of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, fully converted to Orthodoxy. The mission is just beginning, but according to the current situation, there are already more than 10,000 Orthodox Malagasy on the island.
Language
Official languages - Malagasy, French, English.
Malagasy language is not associated with nearby African languages... It is the most western of the Malay-Polynesian languages belonging to the Austronesian family. This fact was established back in the 18th century. The Malagasy language is related to the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The closest to it are the languages spoken on the island of Borneo.
The basic vocabulary of the Malagasy language is 90% the same as the vocabulary of the Ma'anyan language in the Barito River region in southern Borneo. This means that Madagascar was inhabited by people from there. It is not known exactly why this colonization took place. Later, Indonesian settlers mingled with East Africans and Arabs.
In Malagasy, there are loanwords from Bantu, Swahili, and Arabic, as well as from French (formerly the language of the colonial government of Madagascar) and English (which was spoken by pirates on the island in the 18th century).
Last changes: 18.05.2013About money
Malagasy ariary(MGA) is the currency of the state of Madagascar.
One ariari is equal to 5 iraimbilanja. In monetary circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 ariari, coins: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ariari, as well as 1 and 2 iraimbilans.
Banks are usually open Monday through Friday from 8:00 am to 3:00 pm. Currency can be exchanged at any bank branch, at the airport, at exchange offices and in some hotels. The last option is the least profitable, since a commission is charged. It is prohibited to change money on the street.
ATMs can only be found in the capital and in major tourist centers.
To travel around the province, you will have to stock up on Malagasy Ariari in small bills, since it will be almost impossible to change large bills.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Communication and communications
Phone code: 261
Internet domain: .mg
Ambulance: 211-70, fire department: 225-66, police: 229-72
Telephone area codes
Antananarivo - 22
How to call
To call from Russia to Madagascar, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 261 - 20 * - area code - subscriber's number.
To call from Madagascar to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - area code - subscriber number.
* - there are several operators operating in the country, therefore, when dialing a number after the country code, a two-digit operator code is added (20 - TELMA, 30 - Telecel, 31 - Sacel, 32 - SRR and 33 - Madacom).
Fixed connection
The communication system of Madagascar is rather outdated, but it is undergoing intensive modernization. The number of public telephones on the streets is small; they are mainly concentrated near banks, hotels and large shops. International telephone communication is available only in the main cities of the country.
Cellular communication uses the GSM-900 standard, coverage areas mainly cover only big cities and tourist areas, as well as main roads.
The local cellular operator is Orange.
Internet
Regular Internet access can be obtained in Internet cafes in the capital of the country - Antananarivo and in some other large cities.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Shopping
Shops are open Monday through Friday from 8:00 to 17: 00-17: 30, on Saturdays from 8:00 to 13:00. Most shops are closed on Sunday. In the southern and southeastern regions of the country, most retail outlets close for the afternoon siesta from 12: 00-13: 00 to 15: 00-16: 00.
You can bargain almost everywhere, but the locals themselves usually hardly bargain. Sellers rarely cheat or inflate the price when they see a foreigner, so prices are more or less adequate everywhere.
When buying emeralds, processed, cut and polished stones, ready for jewelry purposes, you should definitely take a certificate from the seller, which will be required at customs. All products from representatives of Malagasy flora and fauna (including dried flowers) also require export certificates for export, which must be obtained at the time of purchase.
It should be borne in mind that the overwhelming majority of souvenirs of this kind sold in the markets and in souvenir shops are made illegally and therefore do not have any certificates for export from the country, and the tourist who bought them may be subject to a rather large fine.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Where to stay
Categories of Madagascar hotels are designated by the usual "stars", from 1 to 5. But the rules by which these "stars" are hung are often beyond the understanding of a European: for example, some "five-stars" in terms of the range of services offered and the level of service are almost identical to "three rubles."
High-end hotels have two types of rates: one for their citizens and the other for foreigners. In addition, tourists are charged in foreign currency.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Sea and beaches
Along the entire coast of Madagascar, there are quiet lagoons with beaches from white sand surrounded by coral reefs with colorful underwater world.
In terms of tourism, the western coast of the island is most developed; sharks are more likely to appear on the east coast.
Most popular beach resort Madagascar is the island of Nosy Be.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Story
By archaeological standards, the settlement of Madagascar happened relatively recently. Madagascar was settled around 200-500 AD by colonists from the Austronesian peoples who got there by canoe. This theory is supported by many parallels between Austronesian culture and the culture of the inhabitants of Madagascar, for example, a special type of canoe or a special way of growing rice, as well as the close relationship of the Malagasy language with the language of the population of the southern part of Kalimantan and genetic studies carried out at the beginning of the 21st century. There is no evidence of Austronesian colonization of mainland Africa.
At about the same time or a little later, settlers from the Bantu tribes moved to the island through the Mozambique Strait. At the same time, the new arrivals occupied mainly coastal territories, while the descendants of the Austronesians lived in the middle of the island. Genetic studies have shown that the mixing of the Austronesian and African populations began around the 10th century, as a result of which a nationality with the self-name Malagasy was formed.
In the seventh century, with the arrival of the Arabs on the island, written records of Madagascar begin.
The name of the island was given by the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who casually mentioned in his notes about the island of untold treasures called Madeigascar. Most modern researchers believe that in fact it was not at all about the island, but about the current capital of the state of Somalia - the port of Mogadishu. However, after marking the island on Italian maps as Madagascar, the name stuck, and has not changed since then.
Despite the widespread influence of Muslim culture on the island, Islam did not take root in Madagascar. However, some signs of Arab influence, such as patriarchy and calendar names for days, months and seasons, still exist to this day.
The first European visit to Madagascar happened in 1500, when the ship of the Portuguese traveler Diogo Diaz, bound for India, deviated from the course and landed on the island. In light of the important geographical position of Madagascar for the spice traders who went around the whole of Africa, France and Britain tried to establish their outposts on the island. However, the inhospitable climate and even less hospitable aborigines made this task almost impossible.
In the 17th century, an important geographical position the islands and the virtual absence of colonial powers made Madagascar what it became famous for throughout Europe - a paradise for pirates and slave traders. Many famous pirates such as William Kidd, Robert Drury, John Bowen and others could call Madagascar their second homeland. Merchants were robbed in the direction of India (gold, silver, fabrics) and back (spices, jewelry, silk). The aborigines of the island, very warlike tribes, used the latest European achievements to wage internecine warfare, and subsequently sold their captives to slave traders. Sometimes, if the captives could not be taken, the leaders sold their own subjects.
In the early 19th century, the mountainous state of Merina, culturally isolated from the rest of Madagascar, made a successful attempt to expand to the entire island. In 1818, Radama I was declared king of Madagascar. His dynasty ruled the island until 1896, when the last king was overthrown by French forces who invaded Madagascar back in 1883.
In 1890, the French protectorate was recognized by Great Britain, in exchange for the recognition by the French of the British protectorate of what is now Tanzania (then Tanganyika and Zanzibar). In 1897, the French finally abolished the native monarchy, removing King Ranavalon III from power.
After the defeat of France by Nazi Germany in 1940, the protectorate became controlled by the Vichy regime, but after the Madagascar operation, the island was occupied by British troops, keeping it from Japanese conquest. Germany had its own views on the island: it was planned to resettle here 4 million Jews from Europe (see the plan "Madagascar").
After the transfer of Madagascar to France in 1943, revolutionary unrest broke out on the island, which resulted in the uprising for independence in 1947. The uprising was suppressed, but the French government liberated the colony from its direct control in 1958.
On October 14, 1958, the Autonomous Republic of Malagasy was proclaimed under a French protectorate.
On June 26, 1960, an independent Malagasy Republic was proclaimed on the island. The country was led by the Social Democratic Party, led by Filber Tsiranana.
In May 1972, riots broke out among students in the capital of the country, which detonated the political crisis. The President handed over power to the military led by General Ramanantsua.
On December 31, 1974, a military group attempted to overthrow General Ramanantsua. However, the general was soon removed from power by his associates. The new prime minister, Ratsimandrava, was assassinated three days later on January 27, 1975. Power passed into the hands of the military directory. In the spring, high-profile trials against the conspirators took place in the country. In 1975, the country changed its name to The democratic republic Madagascar, a country led by Didier Ratsirak, embarked on a course of building socialism. Ties with the USSR are being strengthened. French troops are being withdrawn from the country.
Soviet Perestroika leads to similar processes in Madagascar. In 1990, a multi-party system was restored. In 1991, an anti-government demonstration was shot. In 1992, Albert Zafi became the new president of the country: the process of democratization and market reforms began in the country.
2009 began in Madagascar with protests. On January 31, at an anti-government rally, the mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelin, proclaimed himself head of state. On March 9, a group of soldiers mutinied at the central military base in Xuanieran to protest the brutal crackdown on anti-government protests. On March 13, the tanks of the rebels entered the capital of the country. On March 16, rebels captured the Ambuhitsuruhitra presidential palace in the center of the capital. President Mark Ravalomanana escaped arrest by hiding in country residence Iavulukh is 20 km from the city. On March 17, he handed over power to the military, and they handed over to the leader of the opposition and the mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelin. The next day, the constitutional court recognized the transfer of power as legal and on March 22, Rajoelina took the presidential oath. A number of countries, including the United States, condemned the coup and threatened with sanctions.
Last changes: 18.05.2013When to go to Madagascar
The best season to visit the country, the local summer is considered from April to October. Traditionally, the high season associated with the influx of tourists from Europe is July and August.
But, in general, the choice of a favorable time for a trip is determined by the places planned for visiting and the type of recreation - beach, eco-tourism, occupation aquatic species sports, watching animals, visiting national parks etc.
Last changes: 18.05.2013Helpful information
Under no circumstances should you drink raw or untested water on the island. Water used for drinking, brushing teeth or making ice must be boiled.
Safe places for swimming in the ocean are lagoons and areas protected by coral reefs. In other places, sharks are often found, and dangerous reptiles are found in river estuaries and in mangrove forests.
Malagasy are extremely hospitable and welcoming to tourists, and without the ingratiating and humiliating begging so common in African countries. There are no restrictions on the dress code here, with the exception of quite reasonable requirements with its modesty when visiting places of worship. It is not recommended to wear army-style clothing - this is not accepted and may even lead to detention by the police.
When visiting any Malagasy home or ceremony, it is recommended to make small offerings (usually a bottle of rum, cigarettes or some kind of food), especially when visiting the necropolises (you cannot give money !!). Many local taboos ("fadi") should be treated with respect as well, but since they are different in different regions of the country, this is quite difficult. It is recommended to heed the advice of the guides and guides.
Slowness is also a characteristic feature of the locals. Public transport, for example, will not move until the salon is full - regardless of the schedule and how long it takes. A meeting or event scheduled for a specific hour is likely to start half an hour later than planned, and a restaurant order will be completed with a long delay.
A pass is required to visit the reserves. Any form of logging, hunting or fishing is prohibited in the country's reserves.
Last changes: 18.05.2013How to get to Madagascar
There are no direct flights from Russia to Madagascar. You can get there through major European cities.
The easiest option is to fly with Air France with a connection in Paris. The duration of the flight from Moscow to Paris is 3 hours 55 minutes, from Paris to Antananarivo - 10 hours 15 minutes (taking into account the connection, the total travel time is about 15.5 hours). The approximate cost of a round trip is 2000-2300 USD.
Regular flights operate between Madagascar and Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, Tanzania and South Africa.
Last changes: 18.05.2013It seems to me that before the release of the cartoon "" on wide screens, no one had heard of this paradise under the same name. It was after the showing of this cartoon that crowds of tourists rushed to this island, which raised the country's economy.
For us, as for Europeans, everything is very cheap here: the standard of living is low, there are many poor and poor people. More developed and, one might say, wealthy, are resort areas islands.
Even in the capital of this state Antananarivo there is absolutely nothing to see: no attractions, no museums, no parks. Ugly and gloomy city, although very noisy. What can not be said about the flavor that he received thanks to the local population. You can imagine the standard of living of people if they can't even afford the street newspapers, which cost only $ 0.10. So people crowd around the booths, reading the headlines in order to keep abreast of world events.
But an island of such beauty, where there are wild reserves, waterfalls of extraordinary beauty, exotic flora and fauna, attracts tourists from all over the world in search of adventure, like the heroes of the aforementioned cartoon. Island almost the same size as Ukraine, washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean on all sides.
He is very unique. Only on this island you can easily meet funny striped lemurs, tame chameleons, wonder at the giants-baobabs, see strange people who observe some unusual prohibitions and worship the spirits of the dead. Pack your bags and go!
TRANSPORTATION IN MADAGASCAR
Our first acquaintance with the island begins with the airport, although all the most interesting is far beyond its borders. On the coast can be reached by tourist bus, with a ticket price of $ 4, and you can also get there by shuttle taxi for $ 0.18... There are no transport stops in the city itself, so any minibus will stop where you specify. Together with the driver of the minibus, a person works who, at each stop, notifies travelers about the route and about the availability of seats.
ACCOMMODATION ON THE ISLAND
There will be no problems at all with housing, especially with its cost, because it's very cheap here. So, for example, get ready to lay out everything $ 10-12 for a two or three star hotel. But a bungalow costs $ 5 per day.... The price, as you can see, is reasonable, and the services in the room are not bad either: a room with a fan and all the conveniences. Some hotels have WI-FI.
WHAT TO EAT IN MADAGASCAR
Previously, the French lived on the territory of this island, therefore, much of the food is prepared in the French style. Baking is popular - baguette... It, as in Europe, is used in different forms: as baked goods, as fried croutons or as croutons.
Well, in the exotic, Madagascar has no equal. After all, the Madagascarians consume everything that moves into the stomach;) And most importantly, eat everything raw. What cannot be eaten alive, they are salted and fried. On the street food menu, you can see exotic seafood, various fried beetles, plant leaves such as aloe.
Of course, for us Europeans, such food is not at all desirable and even dangerous. Especially if you eat it daily. Therefore, you better not risk it and enjoy the classic food on the island. It's not expensive at all. A serving of rice will cost you $ 2, a plate of seafood $ 10 and cheap fruit... While on the island, remember this rule: long queues at catering establishments - tasty food!
WHAT TO SEE ON THE ISLAND
As we have already mentioned, there are no attractions on the island. Here alone the main attraction is nature and its inhabitants... We advise you to visit Andringitra... This is a magnificent park of lemurs, the territory of which is more than 30 thousand hectares. It is by traveling through this park that you can feel like one of the heroes of the famous cartoon.
You will forever remember the beauty of this National park with its exotic vegetation, colorful huge flowering shrubs, and just bright flowers, as well as you can hear unreal mystical stories from local population... The entrance fee to the park is $ 12. The only thing that can be advised is not to skimp on the guide ($ 10). Otherwise, you will have to spend the night in the company of bizarre lemurs, getting lost in the park.
SOMETHING ABOUT LEMURS
As you know, lemurs are symbol of Madagascar... Among the most unique are lemurs indri, singing lemurs (although it is very difficult to call them singing, because they scream loudly). In addition, here they are also considered sacred animals. Locals say that the spirit of their ancestors lives in them. These lemurs are very large, about 6 kg in weight. And you can find them in eastern Madagascar, in the mountain forests. They are vegetarians. They prefer leaves, flowers and fruits.
HOW BEST TO KNOW THE COUNTRY
Do you know what is the best way to get to know the country? These are walks. It doesn't matter: on foot, on a moped or bicycle, or in a rented car. You need to walk a lot! Here in Madagascar, the best way to travel is hitch-hiking... Of course, this is not the most popular way here. But, we, "white-skinned people" are always welcome here, tk. locals know that if a European comes, he always has money.
INDIGENOUS POPULATION OF MADAGASCAR
The people themselves are very good-natured and welcoming. After all, the population is very poor and money has not yet been spoiled. People worship the spirits of their ancestors, believe in them, perform various rituals, especially those that relate to sacrifices, honor their traditions. There are settlements on the island, according to the laws of which there are many taboos: a ban on foreigners in the house, the entrance to the room where the sister lives is also prohibited, and most importantly, it is forbidden to kill lemurs on the island.
This is an island where there are two worlds - the rich and the poor. For us, tourists, this is primarily a unique paradise, with delightful bungalows, impenetrable jungle, with a crystal azure coast Indian Ocean and such exotic cuisine. Yes, the climate here is such that you will get tired of the stuffiness and heat. But the flavor of the country, its population and lemurs will be remembered by you for the rest of your life.
WE WISH YOU A PLEASANT REST AND UNFORGETTABLE EXPERIENCES FROM TRAVELING!
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Madagascar is independent state located on the island of the same name in the Indian Ocean. Its area is 578 thousand km 2. In the ranking of the largest islands in the world, it occupies the fourth position. The population of Madagascar is about 24.2 million people. The capital of the state is the city of Antananarivo.
Historical information
Madagascar is one of the largest states located on the territory of one island. According to scientists, the settlement of these lands took place at a time when the period of the early Middle Ages operated on the territory of Europe. The Malagasy (as the indigenous population of Madagascar is called) had close cooperation with the Arab peoples and borrowed the Surab alphabet from them. In 1500, Europeans learned about the island, after Portuguese ships moored on its shores.
In the 18-19 centuries, a kingdom called Imerina was created on the territory of the present state. But in 1897, these lands were colonized by the French Empire. In the period from 1940 to 1943, the island fell under British occupation and only in 1960 it gained independence. Despite the liberation from the colonists, the population of Madagascar remained below the poverty line. All this happened due to the instability of the economic and political component of the country. Various military groups came to power, which tried to maneuver between the European states and the countries of the socialist camp during the Cold War. After the end of this confrontation, the process of democratization began on the island of Madagascar.
Population
Today, Madagascar is home to more than 24 million people, and according to some sources, this figure has already exceeded 25 million. Over the past century, population growth has increased tenfold. The main percentage of citizens are children and the young generation of Malagasy, whose age does not exceed 20 years. There are 60% of them.
According to demographers, the number of females and males is practically the same, the difference in numbers is less than 100 thousand.
Interesting fact! Since the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, when the population of Madagascar was 600 thousand people, by 1900 it had reached 2.5 million.
According to preliminary estimates, if the birth rate in the country rises at the same rapid rate as now, by 2100 the number of the island's citizens will increase to 70 million.
The population density of Madagascar (according to 2015 data) is 41.3 people. per km 2.
official languages
There are two official languages on the territory of Madagascar: French and Malagasy. The first of them is the legacy of colonialism, but the second is considered to be indigenous. The Malagasy language belongs to the Malay-Polynesian group. During its existence, it has combined dialects from Malay and Polynesian. It contains Arabic, Amharic and Creole words, as well as many things borrowed from the Swahili and Bantu languages.
Linguists studying the Malagasy language have found echoes of Sanskrit (the ancient language of the Hindus) in it, which indicates that immigrants from Malaysia and India arrived on the island more than 2,000 years ago.
Indigenous dialects are poorly understood. But since it has much in common with other languages of the Malay-Polynesian group, the Malagasy people will be able to understand the inhabitants of Java and Sumatra, the Visayas and Tagals living in the Philippines.
Age indicator
The age structure of the population of Madagascar, according to 2015, looks like this:
- children from 0 to 14 years old - more than 40%;
- young people from 15 to 24 years old - 20.53%;
- persons 25-54 years old - 31.56%;
- elderly people (55-64 years old) - just over 4%;
- elderly people 65 and above - 3.22%.
Surprisingly, the birth rate is much higher than the death rate. According to 2015 statistics, there were 6.81 deaths and 32.61 births per 1000 people.
The island of Madagascar has a very high infant mortality rate, but this does not in any way affect the decline in the number of citizens of the country. The thing is that the state has a very high birth rate. Fertility is 5.1 children per woman. As a rule, in urban families 2-3 children are brought up, but in rural areas, the number of children can reach 5 and more.
Religious preferences
The religious composition of the population of Madagascar is very diverse. Most of the country's citizens follow the traditional religion of the indigenous people. The main doctrine of the ancestor cult is the connection between the realm of the dead and the living. Most of the adherents of this religious movement are found among the Imerin people.
In total, about 52% of the total population of Madagascar believe in the cult of the ancestors. They believe that all the souls of dead people join the forefathers and form a kind of "divine" hierarchy. In this religion there is a very strange rite, which for Europeans will seem savage. The ritual ceremony (fimadihana) means "turning over the dead." During the traditional ceremony, the believers take out the bodies of the departed and wrap them in a new silk sheet (shroud). During the festival, people have fun and dance. They can carry the dead in their arms during the ceremony, and then place them back in the crypt.
The Christian population of Madagascar is approximately 41%. Most of them belong to the Roman Catholic Church. There are slightly fewer Protestant denominations on the island, including Lutherans, Adventists, Anglicans and others.
The rest of the country's citizens, and this is 7%, are adherents of Islam. Most of all, the teachings of the Koran are spread on the west coast of the island.
Racial makeup of Madagascar population
The bulk of the island's inhabitants are Malagasy. They make up 98% of the total population. Interestingly, Malagasy are not a separate nation, but a collection of 20 ethnic groups. They all boil down to the Malay-Indonesian peoples. The indigenous population is divided into two subgroups:
- Mountain tribes. These include betsileu, gelding, shihanaka, mikea and others.
- The peoples of the coast. This group includes antanusi, sakalava, antakarana, betsemisaraka, tsimikheti, mahafali and others.
This division is due to the historical migration of people who arrived on the island. The settlement of Madagascar by Austronesians took place in the period from the 2nd to the 5th century. They settled in areas of the central highlands. Years later, the second wave of migration began, when residents of the eastern part of Africa, mainly belonging to the Bantu people, began to come to the island. These settlers settled on the practically free lands of the coastal zone. According to some reports, the Bantu came to the island as a result of human trafficking.
But there are other no less interesting versions about the settlement of the island. Some scholars argue that the Negroid race was the first in Madagascar, and the resettlement of the Austronesians happened much later.
Differences between indigenous ethnic groups
People who have lived in this country for a long time, and the indigenous inhabitants of the island, have learned perfectly how to distinguish between ethnic tribes. Among themselves, the Malagasy call each other "gashi". All ethnic groups have differences, although not very noticeable for visiting guests. They have different linguistic dialects, types of dwellings, etc. They also differ in appearance: skin color and face shape. Almost all groups have different greetings.
The adverbs and dialects of the local population are non-written. In educational institutions, the official state Malagasy language is used. More than 80% of the entire population speaks it.
Largest cities of the island
The largest and most populous city in Madagascar is the capital of the state, Antananarivo. According to 2010 data, about 1 million 688 thousand people lived on the territory of this metropolis. There are no more million-plus cities on the island.
- Tuamasina... This city is located in the province of the same name and is its center. More than 225 thousand people lived here in 2010. Given the rapid demographic growth in the country, it can be assumed that this figure has increased significantly over 7 years. The city is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and is considered one of the main ports in the country. Export goods are transported from here: spices (cloves, peppers, vanilla), coffee, graphite. And from other countries, food products, textiles, equipment and machines for various purposes are delivered.
- Antsirabe... Today, this city has up to 250 thousand people. Since it is located in a hilly area, at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, the climatic conditions are colder than in other regions. Antsirabe is famous for its warm springs and hot baths. Not far from the city there is another attraction - Lake Tritriva, which is of volcanic origin.
- Fianarantsoa... The location of the settlement is the province of the same name. According to 2010 data, 184 thousand people lived here. The main part of the city was built in the 1920s. It is conventionally divided into three parts: the upper, middle and lower city. There is a motorway leading to the city of Ambusitroi (from the north) and to Ambalavao (from the south). Air traffic has also been established. In the areas adjacent to the city, coffee beans, tomatoes, rice and tobacco are grown. There are also numerous vineyards.
- Mahajanga. Locality located in the gray-western part of the island. It is the main administrative unit in the district of the same name. The population of the city is more than 166 thousand people (2010 data). Here it is sea port, but since the depth in the harbor is not too great, small-sized vessels carrying cargoes up to 150 tons come here. The most important commodity exported from Mahajang is frozen shrimp. The city has an airport. Local beaches are very picturesque and attract many tourists to these places.
In recent years, many rural residents have moved to live in cities, but their number is still greater. According to statistics, 30% of Malagasy are urban dwellers, and the remaining 70% are hinterland dwellers.
Every year the difference between fertility and mortality increases in favor of the former, due to which the population of Madagascar increases.
Description of the country's economy
The island's economy is developing. At the end of 2007, the country's GDP amounted to over 18 billion US dollars, which brought the country to 116th position in the world ranking. The per capita income is one of the lowest (157th place) at $ 1,068.
The main components of Madagascar's economy are agriculture, fishing and tourism. The country is an exporter of various spices and herbs, coffee, vanilla, and for cocoa, rice, granulated sugar, legumes, peanuts and bananas, it occupies a leading position in the world market.
Tourism in Madagascar is one of the country's main sources of income. Natural wealth attracts many people to this exotic place. About 80% of flora and fauna are considered endemic.
Slavery in the 21st century?
It is rumored that even now on the island, some people are held in slavery. Of course, it has a slightly different form than in ancient times, and does not have an official status. Since a large mass of people live below the poverty line, they have to borrow from more prosperous fellow villagers or relatives. Unable to pay off, they are forced to work off the loan. At the same time, he did not receive a dime for his labor. Many young people and even children work for food and shelter. For many years the population of Madagascar was poorly educated, but today the picture has changed significantly.
Education
Although Madagascar is a third world country, educational standards are very high here. Primary school is the norm for Malagasy people. The educational reform launched by President Ratsiraki has contributed to an increase in the level of knowledge and the number of students. New educational institutions were opened, and primary education became compulsory.
About 35% of all children who graduate from the first stage go to high school... And only 5% go to universities. All subjects are studied in the state Malagasy language. The gelding is considered the most educated ethnic group.
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Option 1
Explanation.
Main problems:
1. The problem of the significance of the human spirit in the war of the era of technical progress. (Which is stronger: a fighting machine or a warrior spirit? Could the heroism of a warrior, the strength of the human spirit be the decisive factor in victory?)
2. The problem of the role of our country in the Great Patriotic War. (What role did our country play in World War II?)
3. The problem of the negative consequences of technical progress. (Can technological progress lead to negative consequences? Do new inventions in the field of technology always bring benefit to mankind?)
4. The problem of comprehending the lessons of war. (What is the lesson of the war?)
1. The inner strength of a person, his courage, the desire to defend his homeland is stronger than any weapon. The victory of our country in the Great Patriotic War was brought not so much by excellent weapons and equipment as by the courage of the soldiers.
2. Our country was able to stop the enemy, before the technical power of which the whole of Europe was numb. She proved the triumph of the human spirit, gave a great lesson in world history.
3. Unfortunately, technological progress, which initially aims to improve people's lives, has a negative side: inventions can be used as a means of destroying people.
№ p / pAnswer
but
having undertaken
representative
go
62831
fruitful
whitewashed
picky
cry
impassable
afterwards insolently
1234
1234
134
8745
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TRAINING WORK
IN RUSSIAN
IN RUSSIAN
FOR STUDENTS OF 11 CLASSES
Option 1
Part 1
(1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide eyes, the word “poppies”, while the modern name “lemur” was given by Europeans. (2) B Ancient rome lemurs were called souls of the dead, who did not find rest in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, mystical lemurs fell into oblivion,<...>, when in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave poppies their own
a proper name that stuck.
1 HOME
1) The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs, returning at night to the world of the living and bringing misfortune and death.
2) The Europeans, having met animals with glowing eyes in the dark in Madagascar, called them lemurs, and this name stuck.
3) Europeans, who came to Madagascar in the 16th century, first met there harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes - lemurs, or "poppies" as the aborigines called them.
4) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs - animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark - the word "poppies".
5) Having got to Madagascar in the 16th century, Europeans met there lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes, which the locals called "poppies".
Answer: .
Finally,
but
So
Probably
for instance
3. Read the glossary entry for the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
OWN , th, th.
1. Belonging to someone else. by ownership.S. house.
2. Your own, personal.See with my own eyes. Into your own hands. Self-esteem (feeling of respect for oneself).At your own request.
3. Being in direct control, command, subordination of someone else.S. Correspondent.
4. Literal, real.V. in the proper sense of the word.
5. Peculiar only to someone else, without extraneous additions (special).C. body weight.
6. Actually, introductory. More precisely, in essence.I, in fact, do not argue.
7. the particle itself. Expresses limitation: without something, other, outsider.The Volga system is made up of the Volga itself and its tributaries.
Answer: ___________________________.
Caterpillar
resident
undertaking
no flint
rampant
Answer: ___________________________.
Otters are extraordinarily intelligent and REASONING creatures.
At the mouth of the river were the DEFINITIVE outline of the ship.
A very REPRESENTATIVE jury selected artists for participation in the competition.
Knowing my father's hot, EXPLOSIVE nature, we didn't want to bother him.
He disregarded the rules of etiquette and was a complete IGNORANCE.
Answer: ___________________________.
SIXTY textbooks
RIDE forward
ripe apricots
HARDER than wood
new TOWELS
Answer: ___________________________.
A) violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnoverB) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
D) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
E) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
1) I wanted to know how to breed and care for primroses at home.
2) According to the plan, as a final work, we wrote a review of a recently read book.
3) In March, those who have reached the age of 18 participated in the elections of the President of the Russian Federation.
4) Orchids, having appeared on Earth along with other flowering plants, began to actively develop 40 million years ago.
5) Some orchids have developed false baits based on food instincts.
6) Each programmer is assigned to a specific computer that monitors its state.
7) Thanks to language, we can get acquainted with those ideas that were expressed long before our birth.
8) There are many interesting biographies in the "Lives of Remarkable People" encyclopedia.
9) At the beginning of work on a work, the author can calculate the course of events in different ways, determine the fate of the heroes.
AIdentify the word missing the unstressed vowel of the root, checked by stress. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.
s..tyrical
extinct
k..sitting
appendix.
pl .. nice
Answer: ___________________________.
and .. spend, and .. quiet;
pr..laud, pr..muffle;
d .. white, not .. gripping;
pre..history, inter..institutional;
not .. discretion, pr .. Slavic.
Answer: ___________________________.
nitpick ... out
treat ...
nut ... to
hall ... last
intend to ... intend
Answer: ___________________________.
Write down the word in which the letter U is written at the place of the pass.
endure..t
crying ...
treat
anxious ... anxious
stinging
Answer: ___________________________.
There was still (un) mowed grass in the meadows.
(Not) hearing the sounds of bullets squealing from all sides, Pierre drove up to the field.
In Russia (not) there was that middle class that in Europe "united" the aristocracy and the common people.
The Saxon army skillfully hid in the (in) passable forests and swamps.
The cannonball whirred and flew over them, (not) doing any harm.
Answer: ___________________________.
(B) CONSEQUENCES the doorway was bricked up, and the windows (ON) were BLINDLY boarded up.
LIKE his father, Yevgeny was a professional violinist, WHEN (THAT) many believed that in the art of playing he was superior to his father.
Our water supplies were (AT) EXODUS, but the guide ON (CUT) refused to deviate from the route and reach the river.
(BY) AS WELL as the guests arrived, there was less space in the living room, (BY) THIS I went out onto the terrace.
Answer: ___________________________.
The main action of the picture unfolds in the background: in a bright crying room (1) a lady with a child in her arms looks with entreaty at the invited (2) doctor in gilt (3) pince-nez.
Answer: ___________________________.
1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.
2) And the years passed quickly and silently and took these memories with them.
3) The themes of war and peace of forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.
4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.
5) On the same lilac bush, I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.
Answer: ___________________________.
The swimmer (1) who decided on such a night (2) to set off across the strait (3) to a distance of twenty miles was brave, and there must be an important reason (4) that prompted him to do this!
Answer: ___________________________.
specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
I was (1) understandably (2) happy too,
When I fell in love and loved
Or the noisy youth
He found his own recognition.
You (3) happiness (4) still appeared to me,
When not immediately, for a reason
Before the boy opened
Forests and arable lands (5) beauty.
I was also quite happy
Not every day, but every year
When at the feast of the drinking,
Like a bell in a bell tower
The people hummed solemnly.
( Yaroslav Smelyakov )
Answer: ___________________________.
Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
In deep silence my brother and I sat on the fence under the shade of a thick silvery poplar and held in our hands fishing rods (1) rusty hooks (2) of which (3) were lowered (4) into a huge bucket of rotten water.
Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
Some new ideas came to my mind (1) and (2) if you come (3) I will gladly tell you about (4) what worries me now.
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of the flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: "Be proud - a man flies like a bird!" (4) Many years later I saw the Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow ...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into a weapon of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People were happy to think: we will go in a car out of town. (10) Hitler decided: having heard the sound of a motor, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day it was time to check. (12) At first, the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Greece. (15) The Junkers crippled seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the mountains of the Caucasus, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) Here a hitch happened: machines did not break the will of a person. (18) There is a lot of grief in war, a lot of destruction, war is not a road of progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought a great lesson to humanity: man's revenge.
(21) The Hitlerites tried to replace the heart of the soldier with a motor, and the soldier's endurance with armor. (22) However Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23) ... The battery of senior lieutenant Bykov repulsed a tank attack. (24) Skirting a birch grove, fifty tanks were advancing on our battle formations. (25) "Don't miss it!" - was Bykov's team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remnants of twenty-six German tanks turned black on the battlefield. (28) According to the plan of the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) Near a birch grove ...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank rifles. (33) Seaman Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks for a long time seemed like a boa constrictor, in front of which Europe was numb, trembling like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov's armor-piercing rifle "the golden gun". (40) But how to forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless soldier, which the enemy feared no less than a large shell? (41) How to forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg *)
Ilya Grigorievich Ehrenburg (1891-1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.
1) Fascist tanks fired at London.
2) The soldiers called Simonov's armor-piercing rifle "golden".
3) Colonel Bykov's battery destroyed more than twenty tanks.
4) The defense of Sevastopol lasted more than a year.
5) The storyteller got his first vivid impressions of airplanes as a teenager.
Answer: ___________________________.
1) Sentences 13-15 reveal the content of sentence 12.
2) Sentences 16–17 contain a description.
3) Proposals 18–20 present the reasoning.
4) Sentences 31–33 are narrative.
5) Sentences 38 and 39 are contrasted in content.
Answer: ___________________________.
One of the following sentences contains antonyms. Write down the number of this sentence.
Answer: ___________________________.
Among sentences 23-30, find the one (s) that are related to the previous one using the demonstrative pronoun and word forms. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).
Answer: ___________________________.
Read the snippet of the text-based review
which you analyzed by completing tasks 20–23.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text.
Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.
Write down the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM № 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional symbols.
Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.
“The main technique of artistic expression that I. Ehrenburg uses throughout the entire text is ________ (A) (for example, sentences 7–8, 9–10). It is thanks to this technique that the author's idea becomes obvious. And such a syntactic means of expressiveness as ________ (B) (sentences 4, 14,16) helps to enhance the effect.
In turn, such lexical means as ________ (B) ("triumphed," "broke," "courage") and ________ (D) ("fearless fighter", "mighty, courageous heart of a warrior") saturate the text with moderate patriotic pathos, thereby helping to express the feelings of the author. "
List of terms:
1) syntactic parallelism
2) contextual synonyms
3) impersonation
4) book vocabulary
5) epithets
6) phraseological units
7) rows of homogeneous members
8) antithesis
9) hyperbole
Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
A
Part 2
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
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Option 2
Explanation.
Main problems:
1. The problem of the dramatic fate of an extraordinary personality. (What was the drama of the fate of an intelligent, sincere person in an era of stagnation?)
2. The problem of conservation best qualities souls. (What helps a person maintain the integrity of their soul in dramatic circumstances?)
3. The problem of homesickness. (How does a person feel when they are far from their homeland? What helps a person to experience homesickness?)
4. The problem of memory of the teacher. (What memory does the teacher leave in the student's soul?)
1. Personality, distinguished by intelligence and independence of judgment, in the era of stagnation was doomed to misunderstanding in the professional sphere.
2. In the most difficult circumstances, a person helps to withstand loyalty to his vocation, love for people and for his work; man also draws strength from the great classics.
3. In a foreign country, a person begins to experience a feeling of loneliness, an aching longing for the homeland, which helps to experience communication with loved ones who have remained in their home country, native language and literature.
4. A teacher who has given all the strength of his soul to his students evokes a feeling of gratitude, deepest respect and sincere love.
№ p / pAnswer
Such
quarter
economical
get well
74926
criterion
interesting
get upset
sign
disliked
first to
123
124
1234
124
in fact
8346
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TRAINING WORK
IN RUSSIAN
IN THE FORMAT OF THE UNIFIED STATE EXAM
IN RUSSIAN
FOR STUDENTS OF 11 CLASSES
Option 2
Part 1
Answers to tasks 1–24 are a digit (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers). Write down the answer in the answer field in the text of the work, and then transfer it to ANSWER FORM № 1 to the right of the task number, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional characters. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form.
Read the text and complete assignments 1-3.
(1) Hardening is training and improvement of thermoregulatory mechanisms, strengthening the body's ability to quickly adapt to temperature fluctuations and other changing climatic factors. (2) Hardening ensures the body's resistance to colds, strengthens health and increases efficiency. (3)<...>procedures should be gradual, systematic and continuous (daily), individual for each, active and conscious.
1 Indicate two sentences in which correctly conveyedHOME information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) Hardening procedures that help a person to keep their skin clean should be gradual, systematic and continuous, individual for everyone.
2) Hardening is a systematic active training of the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms, strengthening its ability to quickly adapt to changing climatic factors in order to increase efficiency and resistance to colds.
3) Trainings are carried out in order to balance the processes of formation and release of heat in the human body.
4) Hardening procedures should be gradual, continuous (daily), individual for everyone.
5) To increase efficiency and resistance to colds, the human body needs hardening, that is, systematic active training of the body's thermoregulatory mechanisms and strengthening its ability to quickly adapt to changing climatic factors.
Answer: .
What word (combination of words) should be in place of the gap in the third (3) sentence?
In other words,
Exactly
So
Moreover,
Such
Answer: ___________________________.
3. Read the fragment of the dictionary entry that describes the meanings of the word CONSCIOUS. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
CONSCIOUS , th, th; -len, -lna.
1. Possessing consciousness (in 2 meanings).Man is a conscious being.
2. Correctly evaluating, fully understanding the environment.Conscious attitude to something.
3. Intentional, perfect on reflection, deliberate.C. deception. Do something. consciously
Answer: ___________________________.
In one of the words below, a mistake was made in the formulation of stress: the letter denoting a stressed vowel sound is WRONGLY highlighted. Write this word down.
lack of time
squinting (at him)
with X
include
quarter
Answer: ___________________________.
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word WRONG. Correct the lexical error by matching the highlighted word with a paronym. Write down the chosen word.
ECONOMIC distribution of money in the family helps to make large purchases.
ELIMINATION competition is scheduled for March.
Masha with such a clear and grateful look went to meet the guest that his heart beat with joy.
The products of this well-known company enjoy a constant CUSTOMER
in demand.
We were amazed at the plight of our new neighbors.
Answer: ___________________________.
In one of the words highlighted below, a mistake was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and spell the word correctly.
several SCISSORS
skilful chefs
WILL RECOVER FAST
in one and a half hours
FIVE young ladies
Answer: ___________________________.
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position of the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
A) violation of the construction of a sentence with participial turnoverB) violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
D) an error in the construction of a sentence with homogeneous members
E) violation in the construction of a complex sentence
1) The partisans had not only rifles, but also machine guns and grenades.
2) The lecture was listened to not only attentively, but also recorded.
3) Growing up, children participate in the performance of parental functions: this is household work, and taking care of the younger ones, and any help to parents.
4) A flamingo walked around the park, which has now become part of the reserve.
5) Sockeye salmon persistently overcome all obstacles, swimming many hundreds of kilometers until they reach the place.
6) We asked if we could do one project work together.
7) Children of employees with any diseases receive preferential vouchers to the sanatorium.
8) The memories of Ilya Rutetsky are dedicated to his youth, which he spent working at a large machine-building plant - ZIL.
9) In 1992 the State national park « Belovezhskaya Pushcha»Included in the List World heritage humanity.
Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
AB
V
G
D
Identify the word missing the unstressed unchecked vowel of the root. Write this word by inserting the missing letter.
credited
cr..terium
r..vnina
get ready
stab..lick
Answer: ___________________________.
Determine the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write these words by inserting the missing letter.
no ... good, no ... reliable
o..screw, to..joke
pr..interesting, pr..sech
over .. tear, ave .. grandmother
ra..vesti, un..precedented
Answer: ___________________________.
Write down the word in which the letter I is written at the place of the pass.
upset ... be upset
take possession
dance..to dance
lily of the valley ...
siren ... out
Answer: ___________________________.
Write down the word in which the letter E is written at the place of the pass.
hung .. my
mark ... in
kind .. my
sign ... sign
gon ... you
Answer: ___________________________.
Define a sentence in which NOT with a word is written LITTLE. Expand the parentheses and write out this word.
All (not) happy faces.
An old man who has not been sleeping for a long time.
The rain (did not) stop during the day.
(Not) she loved me at first sight.
The novel is (not) read.
Answer: ___________________________.
Define a sentence in which both highlighted words are spelled LITTLE. Expand the brackets and write out these two words.
Whatever the guest said, Katerina watched the SAME sternly, as before.
Only with the confession of Ilya Ilyich to Olga (AT) IN THE BEGINNING of the second part of "Oblomov" there is a plot, and (FOR) THAT and the action of the novel, which was absent in the first chapters.
(C) BEGINNING Marina was insecure in the village and even, seeing Lena in the distance, went into the tall thick rye overgrown with cornflowers, WHAT (WOULD) not catch the eye of her neighbor.
Oblomov draws to Stolz his ideal of family life with reference to spiritual requests unknown to his ancestors, but (B) IN GENERAL maintaining the patriarchal-idyllic spirit: walking (IN) TWO after a hearty breakfast, leisurely conversations with friends.
WHERE (THAT) a prolonged howl was heard in the forest, however, (NONE) of the hunters did not even flinch.
Answer: ___________________________.
Indicate all the numbers in the place of which НН is written.
We saw only the foaming (1) crests of the furious (2) waves and heard the cries of the (3) birds in alarm, madly (4) about rushing over the sea.
Answer: ___________________________.
Arrange punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma.
1) Before lunch, mothers and grandmothers leaned out of the windows and called the children home.
2) The next day, grandmother woke up before dawn.
3) On the table you could always see sheets of paper or an open notebook or folder with a manuscript.
4) The driver either did not hear my words or did not pay attention to them.
5) In moments of melancholy, the formidable general became more helpless than a child and many rushed to take out their grievances on him.
Answer: ___________________________.
Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
I saw around one boundless azure sea (1) all covered with small ripples of golden scales, and above my head the same boundless, the same azure sky - and across it (2) triumphant (3) and, as if laughing (4), the gentle sun rolled.
Answer: ___________________________.
Arrange any missing punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
My friends (1) what's the use of that?
Perhaps (2) by the will of heaven,
I will cease to be a poet
A new demon will move into me
And, Phoebus, disdaining threats,
I will humble myself to humble prose;
Then the romance in the old way
Will take my merry sunset.
Do not torment secret villainy
I will portray menacingly in it,
But (3) I'll just (4) tell you
Legends of the Russian family,
Love's captivating dreams
Yes, the customs of our old times.
Answer: ___________________________.
Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
In "Fatalist" (1) Pechorin tells about the incident (2) the witness (3) of which (4) he was.
Arrange all punctuation marks: specify the number (s), in the place of which (s) in the sentence should be a comma (s).
It smells more strongly of fog (1) and (2) when we step into the meadow (3) the smell of mown, still damp grass (4) covers the smell of grass (4) although signs of its first wilting are already visible.
Answer: ___________________________ .
Read the text and complete assignments 20–25.
(1) The story of Marina Golubitskaya “That's all love” was published in the March and April issues of the Ural magazine for 2004. (2) It is dedicated to the Perm literature teacher, famous in the 70-80s, Elena Nikolaevna (the surname in the story has been changed, but the name and patronymic are not).
(3) And I knew Elena Nikolaevna well. (4) Under Soviet rule, she was survived from the elite school: they did not love then, so that the person stood out with intelligence and sincerity - oh, how they did not love! (5) And she went to work in a school for working youth, where I just served as a librarian.
(6) In fact, it only seemed to me that I knew Elena Nikolaevna well! (7) I knew, but I did not know! (8) The story contains letters from Elena Nikolaevna, many of her wonderful letters. (9) Deep, vivid letters, in which her love for her students, her memory of each of them so amazed me!
(10) I cried for a long time when I finished reading the story, and these were enlightened, grateful tears. (11) I felt happy both because Marina Golubitskaya wrote this wonderful story about a wonderful man, and because this man - Elena Nikolaevna - lived in Perm, my city! (12) And most of all I was pleased with the thought thatin fact "Time is an honest man." (13) How the teacher loved her students! (14) And they reciprocated her! (15) When Elena Nikolaevna ended up abroad, where she suffered from nostalgia, loneliness and illness, the students wrote, came, helped, wrote again, came again ...
(16) I remember how once, at a school for working youth, we had a long conversation with Elena Nikolaevna about "The Cherry Orchard". (17) She said: "Lopakhin has the ability to live, but there is no culture, and Ranevskaya has a culture, but absolutely no ability to live."
- (18) Will there be a time in Russia when all this will fit into one person? I asked.
(19) I remember how ironically she looked back at me ...
(20) But how she longed for this Russia! (21) I reread my favorite authors, wrote wonderful letters to students who remained in their homeland. (22) There is a famous saying: "Patience is beautiful." (23) Her patience was beautiful.
(24) And yet, when she got sick and ended up in a nursing home ... she suddenly refused to take her medicine and died a month later. (25) Like Gogol. (26) But that's what I think. (27) We will never know why what happened at the end happened ...
(28) But disciples remained — many disciples. (29) And everyone remembers her lessons, her thoughts, her kindness and the breadth of her views. (30) And the same Marina Golubitskaya dreams someday - there - to meet with Elena Nikolaevna again and sit with her on the bench, as it happened, to talk to her heart ...
(According to N. Gorlanova *)
* Nina Viktorovna Gorlanova (born in 1947) - Russian writer, published since 1980.
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Enter the answer numbers.
1) The memoirs of the author of the text, Nina Gorlanova, are reflected in her story "That's all love."
2) Elena Nikolaevna, finding herself abroad, received support and help from her students.
3) The author of the text is proud of the fact that she studied in the class where Elena Nikolaevna taught.
4) Feeling the teacher's sincere love, students reciprocate.
5) Elena Nikolaevna believed that the ability to live and culture can be combined in one person.
Answer: ___________________________.
Which of the following statements are true? Enter the answer numbers.
1) sentence 15 confirms the judgment expressed in sentence 14 of the text.
2) Sentences 8-9 of the text contain a descriptive fragment.
3) Sentences 11-13 are narrative.
4) Sentence 24 lists the events taking place one after another.
5) Sentence 20 clarifies sentence 19.
Answer: ___________________________.
Write out a phraseological unit from sentence 6.
Answer: ___________________________.
Among sentences 10-15, find the one (s) that is (s) connected with the previous one using a union and two personal pronouns. Write the number (s) of this offer (s).
Answer: ___________________________.
Read the review excerpt based on the text you analyzed in assignments 20–23.
This fragment examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the places of the gaps (A, B, C, D). Write down the corresponding number in the table under each letter.
Write down the sequence of numbers in the ANSWER FORM № 1 to the right of the task number 24, starting from the first cell, without spaces, commas and other additional symbols. Write each number in accordance with the samples given in the form.
Read the excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some of the terms used in the review are missing. Insert the numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list in the spaces of the blanks.
“In creating the image of a wonderful teacher, the author uses such syntactic tools as (A) _____ (in sentences 15, 29) and (B) _____ (for example, sentences 13, 20), as well as such a technique as (C) _____ (in Proposals 17, 22). The sincerity and depth of feeling experienced by N. Gorlanova when she read a book about Elena Nikolaevna is shown using such a path as (D) _____ (enlightened, grateful tears in sentence 10). "
List of terms:
1) comparative turnover
2) term
3) exclamation points
4) quoting
5) rhetorical question
6) epithet
7) parceling
8) rows of homogeneous members
9) hyperbole
Write down the numbers in the answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
AB
V
G
Do not forget to transfer all answers to answer form No. 1 in accordance with the instructions for the work
Part 2
Use ANSWER FORM # 2 to answer this task.
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Please comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important to understanding the problem in the original text (avoid overquoting).
Formulate the position of the author (narrator). Write whether you agree or disagree with the point of view of the author of the read text. Explain why. Argue your opinion, relying primarily on the reader's experience, as well as on knowledge and life observations (the first two arguments are taken into account).
The length of the essay is at least 150 words.
A work written without reference to the text read (not according to this text) is not evaluated. If the essay is a retelling or completely rewritten of the original text without any comments, then such a work is scored zero points. MBOU ________________________________________________________________
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Find material for any lesson,