Nature reserves and national parks of the mari. Welcome to Mari Chodra National Park! Mari Chodranational park
State Natural National Park "Mari Chodra" (meadow-mar. Mari Chodyra, translated as "Mari forest") is a national park in the southeastern part of the Republic of Mari El, not far from the border with Tatarstan.
It is located on the territory of the Volzhsky, Zvenigovsky, Morkinsky regions of the republic.
To Yoshkar-Ola - 60 km, to Volzhsk - 30 km. A295 Yoshkar-Ola - Zelenodolsk - the M-7 Volga highway and Railway Green Valley- Yaransk.
National park established on September 13, 1985 by the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR on the basis of the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Mari ASSR dated December 2, 1985 N 589 "On the creation of the natural national park" Mari Chodra ".
The national park is located in the southern part of the Mari-Vyatka swell. Here it breaks up into separate heights. The relief of the park is quite rugged, the soils are sandy. The network of rivers is well developed, there are many lakes.
Rivers:
The main river flowing through the Park is the Ilet. Almost all other rivers are represented by its tributaries: Yushut, Petyalka, Uba, Voncha, etc.
Lakes:
Mari Chodra is famous for its lakes.
Almost all of them are karst. All are popular objects of summer recreation among residents of Mari El, Tatarstan, Chuvashia and other, even more remote, regions of Russia.
Lakes: Yalchik, Glukhoe, Kichier, Mill, Teterkino, Mushan-Er, Konan-Er, Tot-Er, Shut-Er, Kuzh-Er, Ergezh-Er (Round), Kugu-Er and others.
Flora
The vegetation cover contains coniferous-deciduous forests. On elevated areas, oak forests with maple, linden, spruce are common, in the valleys there are mixed forests of spruce, pine, linden, oak, maple, aspen, elm, as well as floodplain oak forests.
There are pine forests with aspen, birch, and spruce. Small areas are occupied by low-lying grassy bogs. About 50 plant species are rare for the flora of the Mari Republic.
Fauna
In the fauna, elk, squirrel, chipmunk, European hare, weasel, ermine, polecat, pine marten are common, there is a beaver (re-acclimatized), an otter. There are also bears and wolves. From grouse birds grouse, wood grouse, hazel grouse nest, from day birds - buzzard, goshawk, black kite, golden eagle flies in. Mallard and teal-whistle nest on the lakes.
Scientific activity
In addition to the constant study of the park, which is carried out by staff members, with the assistance of MarSU, various expeditions are periodically carried out and ecological camps are organized (for example, "Pink Dandelion").
Recreation
Many places of the Mari Chodra National Park attract lovers of relaxation. Research shows that in some places, uncontrolled recreation is detrimental to nature, and access to these facilities should be limited.
An environmental fee is collected from vehicles at the entrances to the park.
The main resting places
Yalchik:
Yalchik is the most popular and most accessible in terms of transport (buses to the turn on the P 175 highway, railway stop. Yalchevsky and route taxis directly to the bases) resting place.
There are 11 recreation facilities on the lake: the Rubin recreation center (from the MMZ plant), children. camp Zheleznodorozhnik (from the Kazan branch of the GZD), sports. camp Polytechnic (from MarSTU), boarding house "Yalchik" children. camp them. Vali Kotika, tourist center "Yalchik", SOL "Chaika" (from the Pedagogical University), SOL "Olympian" (from MarSU), recreation center "Yalchik", etc.
Kichier:
The sanatorium "Kichier" was organized on the lake, as well as the Republican Hospital of Rehabilitation with a Children's Sanatorium Pulmonology Department (RBVL with DSPO).
Maple Mountain:
In addition to the sanatorium of the same name, this place attracts tourists with its attractions. These are Green Key, Pugachev's Oak and others.
Mushan-Er:
The road approaches the lakes good quality, there are a large number of sites suitable for "wild" recreation.
Deaf:
Also, only "wild" rest is possible.
Protected area:
The northeastern part of Mari Chodra is occupied by a specially protected protected area, to which entry and exit are prohibited. It contains Lake Shut-Er, partly the Uba River. Also, forestry workers control visits to lakes Kuzh-Er and Ergezh-Er, although they are located outside protected area.
The park was founded in 1985 to preserve the standard natural complexes of the Republic of Mari El. Translated from the Mari language "Mari Chodra" means "Mari forest". The entire territory of the park is covered with beautiful pine forests and coniferous-deciduous forests. The park is decorated with clean and beautiful karst lakes, many of which are declared natural monuments. The attractiveness of the park is also in the abundance of mineral springs. The largest of these is the Green Spring, which water is used for healing.
Relief
The territory of the park is formed by the southern spurs of the Mari-Vyatka Uval. The southwestern part of the park is adjacent to the r. Volga. Most of the territory belongs to the Iletskiy high-flat southern taiga region with the development of modern karst, a smaller part - to the Polesskiy valley-terrace lake region of mixed forests. The area of the park is a slightly undulating plain with island heights (Kerebeliakskaya, Klenovogorskaya), with absolute heights of 75–125 m above sea level. m. The highest absolute mark of the territory - the top of the Maple Mountain - 196.0 m above sea level. The active manifestation of the karst process led to the development of karst landforms - numerous craters, up to 50-60 m in diameter, and sinkhole-type lakes, up to 35-40 m deep.
Hydrology
Lakes. A significant number of picturesque lakes of karst origin are located in the park. Most of them are declared natural monuments, Glukhoe, Kichier, Yalchik, Ergezh-Er, Shut-Er, Kuzh-Er, Shungaldan. They are round or oblong in shape, up to 40 m deep, with a silt bottom. The lakes are fed by springs or small rivers and streams. Some of them have an underground connection with neighboring rivers.
Lake Glukhoe is located 4 km east of the village. Yalchinsky. The shores of the lake are relatively high, steep, overgrown with forest. The area of the lake is 22.0 hectares, the maximum depth is 23 m, the length is 2140 m, the width is 100 m. The water is dark, brownish in color. The bottom of the lake is dense, partly sandy or limestone.
Lake Kichier is located in the Yalchinsky forestry. The shores are gentle, sandy, in places slightly swampy. The area of the lake is 46.0 hectares, the maximum depth is 16 m, and the total length is 3 km. Consists of three interconnected pools. The water is dark. The bottom is muddy. Silt is dark, black, with the smell of hydrogen sulfide.
Lake Yalchik is located in the Yalchinsky forestry. It consists of a central large basin and three adjacent ones, connected to it by narrow and shallow straits. The shores of the lake are mostly sandy and silty in places. The highest and steepest are the eastern and northern shores. The lake is surrounded on almost all sides by a mixed forest with a predominance of pine. The area of the lake is about 150 hectares, the maximum depth is 35 m. The water is clear. The bottom is sandy.
Lake Ergezh-Er (translated from the Mari as Round). Located in the Kerebeliak forestry. It is part of the system of karst lakes located at the foot of the Kerebeliak Uplands. The area of the lake is 4.5 hectares, the maximum depth is 13 m, the length is 350 m, the width is 150 m. The water is clear. Bottom sediments are insignificant.
Lake Shut-Er (translated from the Mari, Black). Located in the Kerebeliak forestry. It is included in the system of karst lakes located at the foot of the Kerebeliak Uplands ledge along its eastern steep slope. The area of the lake is 28.9 hectares, the maximum depth is 17.5 m, the length is 1550 m, the width is 300 m. The water is dark in color. Bottom sediments are insignificant. Food is mixed (groundwater, springs, swamps). The banks are high, but not steep.
Lake Kuzh-Er (translated from the Mari Long). Located in the Kerebeliak forestry. It is included in the system of karst lakes located at the foot of the Kerebeliak Uplands ledge along its eastern steep slope. The area of the lake is 25.0 hectares, the maximum depth is 26.5 m, the length is 1300 m, the width is 200 m. The transparency of the water is 4 m. It is fed from underground waters, partly from the springs of the western shore. Bottom sediments are insignificant. Northern and south coast swampy. The western bank is high (about 40 m). From the northern corner of the lake flows a channel that flows into the lake. Ergezh Er.
Lake Shungaldan is located 1.5 km from the Zeleny Klyuch mineral spring, on the left bank of the river. Ilet. The lake is oval in shape, failed in origin, with swampy shores. In water, the content of hydrogen sulfide reaches 50-75 mg per 1 liter, which gives water valuable medicinal properties for external use in the form of baths.
Mineral spring Zeleny Klyuch is located at the foot of Klenovaya Gora, 1.8 km from the mouth of the river. Yushut. The spring water rises from the bottom of the funnel, the diameter of which is about 2 m, and partially flows out from under the base of Klenovaya Gora, joining into one stream, up to 6 m wide and 0.7–0.8 m deep. Ilet. Water consumption from 1000 to 1540 l / s. The water temperature is constant throughout the year at 6.5 ° C. In terms of chemical composition, the water is sulphate-calcium.
Rivers. Main river Ilet Park crosses it from northeast to southwest and flows into the Volga. Its left-bank tributaries - r. Yushut, Arbaika, Uba. On the right, the river flows into it. Petyalka. Ilet flows along a plain with slightly undulating relief, covered with mixed forests, its speed is 0.2–0.8 m / s. In winter, the river does not freeze. The river bed is meandering, composed of limestones and sands, subject to deformation, the banks are gentle, in places swampy. The channel width reaches 20–40 m.
The floodplain of the Ilet 'river is two-sided, up to 500 m wide, overgrown with bushes and mixed forests. There are about 200 oxbow lakes in its floodplain and tributaries, where beavers, minks, muskrats, otters live, waterfowl nests, and fish are found. Many of the old women are rich in curative mud. During the warm period of the year, the water content of the river allows tourist boats to pass.
Soil
The soil cover is varied due to differences in topography and underlying rocks. The most common soils (81% of the park area) are podzolic and soddy-podzolic soils.
Climate
The climate of the park territory is moderately continental. It is characterized by relatively hot summers and frosty winters with a stable snow cover. The average temperature of the warmest month of July is 18.6 ° C. The absolute minimum air temperature in winter reaches -52 C. The average duration of the warm season with temperatures above 0 ° C is about 200 days.
The territory of the park belongs to the zone of unstable moisture: there are years with sufficient, sometimes excessive moisture, but there are also dry years. During the year, precipitation falls unevenly: the largest amount is observed in the summer, the least - in the winter. During the year, an average of about 500 mm of precipitation falls. The largest monthly amount of precipitation is observed in July - 60–70 mm. The intrusion of cold air masses from the polar basin with northerly, northwestern and northeasterly winds causes a sharp drop in temperature in winter, and frosts in spring and autumn. Often, continental air masses invade the park from the southeast. In spring or summer, they cause dry conditions, in winter - clear, frosty weather.
Location and history of the Mari Chodra National Park
National Park " Mari Chodra"in 1985 on the territory of the Republic of Mari El. The national park is located in the southeast of the Republic of Mari El, in its most economically developed part, on the territory of three administrative districts: Morkinsky, Zvenigovsky, Volzhsky. There are 5 settlements, where about 15 thousand people live.
The area of the national park is 36.6 thousand hectares, all land is provided to the national park. Forest lands occupy 34.0 thousand hectares (92.9% of the park's territory), incl. covered with forest - 33.5 thousand hectares (91.5%).
Non-forest land occupies only 7.1% of the park's territory, among them: hayfields, pastures, arable land - 1%, water - 2%, swamps - 1%, roads and glades - 2%, the rest are farmsteads and other lands. The national park is located at a distance of 60 km from the city of Yoshkar-Ola and 30 km from the city of Volzhsk. Its territory is crossed by the Yoshkar-Ola-Moscow railway and the Yoshkar-Ola-Kazan highway of republican significance.
Nature of the national park "Mari Chodra"
The flora and vegetation of the park are diverse. Its territory is located at the southern boundary of the coniferous-deciduous forests of the subtaiga zone, and in floristic terms - at the junction of the European and West Siberian provinces of the Euro-Siberian floristic region. The flora of this limited area includes 774 species and subspecies from 363 genera of 93 families, which is more than 67%. A number of taiga species, both European (European spruce) and Siberian (Siberian fir), are found here with elements of forest-steppe (summer oak) and steppes (feather grass).
Pine forests grow mainly on sandy and sandy loam soils and account for 27.7% of forests. Pure green moss pine forests prevail among them, often with the participation of aspen, birch, and sometimes spruce. A special place belongs to sphagnum pine forests. Although their area is only about 600 hectares, they are an important component of the natural complex of the park. Spruce forests are represented in a mosaic pattern and occupy only 3.3% of the forest area. They may include pine, birch, aspen.
The flora of the park includes about 50 rare species, which is 1/4 of the list of rare and endangered species of local flora. Of the species listed in the Red Book of the USSR (1984), there is a real slipper and a red pollen head. Relic plants can be seen on sphagnum bogs: marsh hamarbia, magellanic and string-root sedges, white wildcat, multifilament cotton grass, sundew. Some plant species have become extinct as a result of the disappearance of plant communities. For example, from marsh - marsh dremlik, single-leaved pulp, compressed stream, Lapland willow, and from field - common cockle. As a result of increased exploitation, the endangered species include sandy cmin, pure white water lily, curly lily, Siberian iris, etc.
Animals of the national park "Mari Chodra"
The park is inhabited by many animal strips of mixed forests of the European part of Russia. This is due to the ecological and trophic diversity of habitat conditions, as well as to geographic location park at the junction natural areas... The fauna of the republic is well studied. However, a systematic study of the fauna of the national park has not yet been carried out. But if we exclude the species that live in ecotopes that are unusual for the park (the forest-steppe part of the republic, the Volga valley, the Cheboksary reservoir), then it should be assumed that about 50 species of mammals, about 100 - birds and 29 species of fish live in its lands.
Among mammals, the most numerous order of rodents. In the forests of the park, from the family of squirrels, there are squirrels and chipmunks, a recent eastern alien; from the family of mice - wood mouse, bank vole, yellow-throated mouse, etc. From the order of hares, the white hare is not uncommon, and the brown hare is occasionally found along the borders with fields. The order of carnivores is represented by the weasel family: weasel, ermine, polecat, pine marten, European and, possibly, American mink - all are relatively few in number. The otter, noted according to Yushut, is especially rare. Interestingly, mink sometimes hunts birds, in particular hazel grouse, by voice. Of the felines, the lynx appears to come in. Elk are common in the forests. Another representative of the artiodactyl order, the wild boar, is less common. In the lands of Mari-Chodra, especially in the Ileta floodplain, in overmature forests in hollows, many bats live. Specially protected species include the otter and beaver, which were brought from the Voronezh nature reserve and released into the republic’s lands in 1947. It is interesting that beavers were previously found on the Irovka, a tributary of the Ileta, but were exterminated.
The most widespread are birds of the passerine order, whose life is associated with forests: jay, magpie, oriole, crossbills, pika, nuthatch, titmouse, etc. This should also include birds from the order of woodpeckers: great and small variegated woodpeckers, woodpeckers. In mixed forests with a varied and dense undergrowth, representatives of the thrush family are common: the field thrush, the miser's, the blackbird. Among the forest birds that lead nocturnal and twilight life, although less common, should be called the long-eared owl, the hawk owl, the fur-legged owl and the largest of the owl family - the eagle owl. The common nightjar is common. Of the grouse birds, taiga species live in the park: wood grouse (unfortunately, sharply reduced its numbers) and hazel grouse. A resident of the forest-steppe and deciduous forests - the black grouse - keeps on cutting down and young stands. Of the family of snipe, the woodcock is common, less common due to the limited meadow-marsh spaces of the snipe and great snipe. The family of pigeons is represented by wood pigeon, klintukh and turtledove. The first two live in old oak forests on Maple Mountain and feed on acorns. Of the daytime birds of prey, the most common are the buzzard, the goshawk, and the black kite.
No nesting eagles found. But flights of the golden eagle - the largest eagle - are possible. Another rare feathered predator - the osprey - was recorded along the river. Ilet, a little south of the park. Until recently, gray herons lived in the park: two pairs of herons nested on huge pines on the banks of the Ileta. Currently they are not. Of waterfowl nesting birds in floodplain lakes and swampy channels, the mallard duck and the teal-whistle are common; they are less common on reservoirs of failed origin. Possibly habitat of gogol - a typical forest duck, arranging nests in hollows. Seasonal concentrations of birds are small. In autumn, diving ducks stop temporarily on the lakes, and in spring the passage over the flooded rivers is more lively. In autumn and winter, bullfinches, waxwings, sometimes nutcrackers, etc. migrate.
Birds: woodcock, spotted woodpecker, spotted woodpecker, clintuch, black kite, osprey, owl
Mammals: marten, elk, forest mouse, European mink, forest ferret
Insects: forest ant
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National Park "Mari Chodra" - "Mari Forest"
Address: 425090 Republic of Mari El, Zvenigovsky district, pos. Krasnogorskiy - train Moscow-Yoshkar-Ola and motorway Moscow - Yoshkar-Ola - Kazan.
National Park Mari Chodra, in Morkinsky Morkinsky, Zvenigovsky and Volzhsky districts of the Republic of Mari-El was created in 1995. Its area is 36.6 thousand hectares
The park is located in the basin of the Ilet River, a left tributary of the Volga River, not far from the border with Tatarstan - 30 km from the city of Volzhsk and 60 km from the city of Yoshkar-Ola.
Mari Chodra is famous for its rivers (tributaries of the Ilet-river) Yushut, Petyalka, Uba, Voncha, as well as numerous picturesque lakes. Many lakes contain fango.
Karst Lake Tot-Er
Lake Yalchik
Other lakes: Kichier, Melnichnoe, Teterkino, Mushan-Er, Konan-Er, Shut-Er, Kuzh-Er, Ergezh-Er (Round), Kugu-Er, etc.
National Park "Mari Chodra" - Photo
Boiling Square and Green Key r. Ilet
An ice-free mineral spring on the Yushut river
Maple mountain
At the foot of the Maple Mountain Shungaltan Hydrogen Sulphide Lake
Lake Long Kuzh-Er
Teal Whistle - Anas crecca
Lake Okunevo
The park includes a part of the Mari-Vyatka swell, highlands (Klenovaya, Kerebeliakskaya mountains, etc.) and serves as a resting place for residents of Chuvashia, Tatarstan and Mari El.
The vegetation cover is sub-taiga coniferous-deciduous forests.
On a hill, there are areas of oak forests with an admixture of maple, linden, and spruce; in the valleys there are mixed forests of spruce, pine, linden, oak, maple, aspen, elm and floodplain oak forests.
There is pine forests with an admixture of aspen, birch, spruce. Some small areas are occupied by eutrophic grass bogs.
Birch mane
Old Kazan (Galitsky) tract
Pugachev Fields
Lake Gryazovoe - floodplain of the Ilet river
Deaf lake - a landmark of the national park "Mari Chodra"
The flora is taiga, forest-steppe and steppe species. About 50 plants are rare for the Mari El flora.
Common to the life of animals of the protected area are elk, squirrel, chipmunk, European hare, least, weasel, ermine, European ferret, marten; among the inhabitants of the mammal are the beaver (reacclimatized) and the otter.
Inhabitants, grouse birds (Tetraonidae) include black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouse; from birds of prey - buzzard, goshawk, kite; sometimes a golden eagle appears. On floodplain lakes - mallard and European teal.
On the reservoirs, it is possible for the gogol to live - a typical forest duck, which makes nests in hollows.
Deryaba - Turdidae
Thrush-fieldfare - Turdus pilaris
Linnet - Cannabina cannabina
Bullfinch - Pyrrhula
Waxwing - Bombycilla
Seasonal concentrations of birds are small. In autumn, diving ducks temporarily stop on the lakes.
And the spring flight over the flooded rivers is more lively. In autumn and winter, bullfinches, waxwings, and sometimes nutcrackers migrate.