What does travel really give a person? The most famous travelers and their discoveries Map out important travels and geographical discoveries.
Routes of the most important travels GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, a conventional term adopted mainly in historical literature, denoting the largest geographical discoveries of European travelers in the 15th to mid-17th centuries. In foreign literature, the period of the Great Geographical Discoveries is usually limited to the middle of the 15th to the middle of the 16th century. Great geographical discoveries
The caravel is a symbol of the great geographical discoveries. The great geographical discoveries became possible thanks to the successes of European science and technology. By the 15th century, sailing ships (caravels), sufficiently reliable for ocean navigation, were created, the Great Geographical Discoveries
Tusk of the Walrus New trade routes also forced the search for Turkish conquests, which cut off the traditional merchant ties with the East through the Mediterranean Sea. V overseas lands Europeans hoped to find wealth: precious stones and metals, exotic goods and spices, ivory and walrus tusks. Great geographical discoveries
Coat of arms of Portugal The first systematic expeditions in the Atlantic Ocean were started by the Portuguese. Portugal's activity at sea was predetermined by her geographic location in the extreme west of Europe and the historical conditions that developed after the end of the Portuguese Reconquista. Great geographical discoveries
Heinrich (Enrique) Navigator Traditionally, the success of Portugal at sea is associated with the name of Prince Henry the Navigator (). He was not only the organizer of sea expeditions, but also seriously engaged in the development of open lands.
Azores In 1416, the Portuguese sailor G. Velho, following south along Africa, discovered Canary Islands, in 1419 the Portuguese nobles Zarco and Vaz Teixeira discovered the islands of Madeira and Porto Santo, in 1431 V. Cabral Azores. Great geographical discoveries
Diogo Caen in the Congo During the 15th century, Portuguese caravels mastered the sea route along west coast Africa, reaching more and more southern latitudes. In the years Diogo Kan (Cao) crossed the equator, opened the mouth of the Congo River and went along the coast of Africa to Cape Cross. Kahn discovered the Namibian deserts, thereby refuting the legend of the impassability of the tropics, which existed since the time of Ptolemy. Great geographical discoveries
CHRISTOPHOR COLUMBUS, portrait of an unknown artist, 16th century In 1492, after the capture of Granada and the completion of the reconquest, the Spanish king Ferdinand and Queen Isabella accepted the project of the Genoese navigator Christopher Columbus () to reach the shores of India by sailing west.
Columbus Profile Columbus Coin The Columbus project had many opponents, but he received the support of scientists from the University of Salaman, the most famous in Spain, and, no less importantly, among the business people of Seville.
Christopher Columbus (yy) From the Canary Islands, Columbus headed west. On October 12, 1492, after a month's voyage in the open ocean, the fleet approached a small island from the group of the Bahamas, later named San Salvador.
The second expedition Subsequently, Columbus made three more voyages to America in years, years, during which part of the Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Jamaica, Trinidad, and others were discovered; part of the Atlantic coast of Central and South America was surveyed.
Columbus with an anchor and his noble coat of arms Columbus for his great discoveries was granted by the Spanish monarch a noble coat of arms, on which "the castle of Castile and the lion of Leon coexisted with images of the islands discovered by him, as well as anchors of the symbols of the admiral's title." Personal coat of arms of Columbus
Vasco da Gama Returning to Portugal in September 1499, Vasco da Gama was greeted with great honor, received a large monetary award and the title of "Admiral of the Indian Ocean", as well as the title of Don and the cities of Sines and Vila Nova de Milfontes in the fiefdom. In 1519 he received the title of Count of Vidigueira.
PORTRAIT OF VASCO YES GAMA Later I was in India twice more. Died in Cochin (India) on December 24th The ashes were transported to Portugal and buried in the small church of Quinta do Carmo in Alentejo. In 1880 the ashes were transferred to the Monastery of the Jeronimites in Lisbon.
John Cabot In Spain and Portugal, sea expeditions were equipped annually, which made overseas voyages and discovered new lands. Interested in overseas countries and other European states. In the years England equipped expeditions led by the Italian navigator John Cabot, who reached the shores North America in the area of the island of Newfoundland. Great geographical discoveries
Pedro Alvares Cabral In 1500, a Portuguese squadron under the command of Pedro Cabral, heading for India, due to the equatorial current deviated greatly and reached Brazil, which Cabral took for an island. Then he continued his voyage, circled Africa and proceeded through the Mozambique Strait to India. Like previous travelers, Cabral considered the land he discovered in the west as part of Asia. Great geographical discoveries
Alonso de Ojeda On an engraving from the 18th century. The travels of the navigator Amerigo Vespucci were of great importance for understanding the essence of the discovery of Christopher Columbus. In the years he made four voyages to the shores of America, first as part of a Spanish expedition led by Alonso Ojeda, and then under the Portuguese flag. Great geographical discoveries
Amerigo Vespucci Comparing the data obtained, and the Spanish and Portuguese navigators discovered the entire northern coast of South America and its eastern coast up to 25 ° south latitude, Vespucci came to the conclusion that the open lands are not Asia, but a new continent, and proposed to call it the New World ".
John Cabot's research in North America was continued by his son Sebastian Cabot. In years, leading British expeditions, he tried to find the so-called Northwest Passage to India and managed to get out into Hudson Bay. Finding no shortcut to India, England showed little interest in open lands overseas. Hudson Bay Great Geographical Discoveries
Fernand Magellan finally confirmed the difference between America and Asia, who carried out the first circumnavigation (), which became practical evidence of the sphericity of the Earth. Fernand Magellan
A ship from the Magellan fleet. Image of 1523 An expedition led by Magellan surveyed the south eastern part South America, opened the strait between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans (Strait of Magellan) and sailed across the South Pacific. Great geographical discoveries
Cordoba, Calahorra Tower In the years, the Spanish conquistadors J. Ponce de Leon, F. Cordova, H. Grihalva discovered the entire eastern coast of South and Central America, the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, the Florida Peninsula. Great geographical discoveries
Campaign map Expedition to Mexico Great geographical discoveries
California map of the 17th century. The territory is depicted as an island. The search for gold, the mythical country of El Dorado, led the conquistadors far into the interior of the American continent. In the years that passed to the Spanish service Sebastian Cabot, explored the lower course of the Parana River and discovered the lower course of the Paraguay River.
Francisco Orellana sailed across the Amazon from the Andes to the mouth in 1542. By 1552, the Spaniards explored the entire Pacific coast of South America, discovered the largest rivers of the continent (Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, Paraguay), explored the Andes from 10 ° north latitude to 40 ° south latitude. Francisco de Orellana, depicted by the artist of our day.
ERNANDO DE SOTO In the second quarter of the 16th century, French navigators also achieved significant success. G. Verrazano (1524) and J. Cartier () discovered the eastern coast of North America and the St. Lawrence River. In the years, the Spaniards E. Soto and F. Coronado traveled to the Southern Appalachians and the Southern Rocky Mountains, to the basins of the Colorado and Mississippi rivers.
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America. Russian explorers surveyed the northern coast of the Ob, Yenisei and Lena and mapped outlines north coast Asia. In 1642, Yakutsk was founded, which became the base for expeditions to the Arctic Ocean. Great geographical discoveries
Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev, who discovered the strait between the Asian continent and America. Great geographical discoveries In 1648, Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev (ok) left the Kolyma and bypassed the Chukotka peninsula, proving that the Asian mainland was separated from America by the strait. Outlines have been refined and mapped northeast the coast of Asia (1667, "Drawing of the Siberian land").
Cape Dezhnev But Dezhnev's report on the discovery of the strait lay for 80 years in the Yakut archive and was published only in 1758. The strait opened by Dezhnev was named after the Danish navigator in the Russian service Vitus Bering, who in 1728 reopened the strait. In 1898, in memory of Dezhnev, a cape of the northeastern tip of Asia was named after him. Great geographical discoveries
Henry Hudson made four expeditions to North America in years. He passed the strait between Labrador and Baffin Land into a vast bay deep in North America. Later, both the strait and the bay were named after the Hudson. A river in the east of North America, at the mouth of which the city of New York later arose, was named after him. The Hudson's fate ended tragically, in the spring of 1611 the mutinous crew of his ship landed him with his teenage son in a boat in the middle of the ocean, where they disappeared without a trace. HENRY GOODSON
In years John Davis spent three voyages in the waters of the North Atlantic, discovered the strait between Greenland and America (Davis Strait), explored the coast of the Labrador Peninsula. John Davis The Great Geographical Discoveries
Portrait of William Baffin by Hendrik van der Borcht William Baffin sailed in the Arctic waters in years: he made expeditions to the shores of Spitsbergen, explored the Hudson Bay and the sea, later named after him, discovered a number of islands in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, moving along the western coast of Greenland, reaching 78 ° north latitude. Samuel de Champlain In the first quarter of the 17th century. Europeans begin to explore North America. At first, France was the most successful in this region. The first governor of Canada, Samuel Champlain in the years. explored part of the east coast of North America, traveled inland: discovered the Northern Appalachians, climbed up the St. Lawrence River to the Great Lakes and reached Lake Huron. By 1648, the French had discovered all five of the Great Lakes.
At the same time, at the beginning of the 17th century, European sailors penetrated the most distant part of the world from Europe, areas located south of South-East Asia... Spaniard Luis Torres discovered in 1606 South coast New Guinea and passed through the strait dividing Asia and Australia (Torres Strait). Torres Strait Map Great Geographical Discoveries
Abel Janszon Tasman In the years. Dutchman Abel Tasman discovered Tasmania, New Zealand, Fiji, part of the coast of Northern and Western Australia. Tasman identified Australia as a single land mass and called it New Holland. But Holland did not have enough resources, to develop a new continent, and a century later it had to be rediscovered. Great geographical discoveries
Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were not explored, and, starting the journey, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?
James Cook
The famous Englishman was one of the finest cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen he began to work with his father. But the boy was unable to trade, so he decided to go sailing. In those days, everyone famous travelers the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in the sea business and so quickly moved up the career ladder that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to manage the ship himself. His first achievement was the drawing up of the channel of the river. He discovered in himself the talent of a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s, he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished what other famous travelers had not previously achieved - he discovered a new mainland. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by the natives-cannibals.
Christopher Columbus
Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant impact on the course of history, but few are as famous as this man. Columbus became the national hero of Spain, drastically expanding the country's map. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success as he was diligent and a good student. At the age of 14, he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife he went with his son to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he went on an expedition, the purpose of which was to find a way to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492, they reached Bahamas... This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the locals Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: two new continents and many islands, discovered by Columbus, became the main direction of travel of the colonialists in the next few centuries.
Vasco da Gama
Portugal's most famous traveler was born in Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama was to go. There were also more famous sailors and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, rounded and sailed to Mozambique. There I had to stop for a month - half of the team by that time was sick with scurvy. After a break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The opening of the sea route, which made it possible to get to Calcutta past the east coast of Africa, was his main achievement.
Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay
Famous Russian travelers also made many important discoveries. For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, who was born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He could not graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a naturalist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. Thus, the world of wandering was opened for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nicholas lived in Sicily, in Australia, studied New Guinea while implementing the project of the Russian Geographical Society, he visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to establish a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay fell seriously ill and soon died without completing his work on a book about travels.
Fernand Magellan
Many famous sailors and travelers lived in the era of the Great Magellans is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabroza. Going to serve at the court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about travel to the East Indies and trade routes. So he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on the ship. For seven years after that, he plowed the sea, participated in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513 Magellan went to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not temper the craving for travel - he planned an expedition for the spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the support he needed. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that the route to India from the west might be shorter. He crossed Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and discovered the strait, which would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. On it, he reached the Philippines and almost reached the goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey opened up a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet is much larger than scientists had previously thought.
Roald Amundsen
The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen was the last of the seafarers to try to find undiscovered lands. From childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and faith in his own strength, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is associated with 1893, when the boy left the university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896, he became a navigator, and the following year set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship got lost in the ice, the crew was sick with scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, healed the people, remembering his medical education, and brought the ship back to Europe. Becoming a captain, in 1903 he set out in search of the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American mainland to its west. Amundsen became known all over the world. The next expedition was a two-month hike to the South Plus, and the last venture was the search for Nobile, during which he disappeared without a trace.
David Livingston
Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. he became an explorer of land, namely the African continent. The famous Scotsman was born in March 1813. At the age of 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wished to go to African villages. In 1841, he came to Kuruman, where he taught the local people in agriculture, served as a doctor and taught literacy. There he also learned the Bechuan language, which helped him travel across Africa. Livingston studied in detail the life and customs of local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.
Amerigo Vespucci
The most famous travelers in the world were most often from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained to be a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade mission. His life was associated with sea travel, for example, he sponsored the second expedition of Columbus. Christopher inspired him with the idea of trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to study coastline... There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - Little Venice. In 1500 he returned home with 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503. Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, which he himself named. Since 1505, he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only outfitted other people's expeditions.
Francis Drake
Many famous travelers and their discoveries have benefited mankind. But there are also those among them who left an unkind memory in themselves, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured local residents in the Caribbean, selling them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577 he went to South America to destroy the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and the strait, which was later named after him. Having rounded Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. When he reached California, he met the natives, who presented the English gifts of tobacco and bird feathers. Drake crossed Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to travel around the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died in the last campaign in the Caribbean.
Afanasy Nikitin
Few famous travelers of Russia have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He made a trip to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote "Voyage across the Three Seas" - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey, he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. Having visited several cities of an exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, laying a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes were preserved and ensured world fame for the merchant.
Today I have a small anniversary - exactly two years of non-stop travel. For this date, I have prepared a short article, the main ideas of which have formed into a list. A list of wonderful moments from travel will be experienced by every person who only decides on this act: to leave everything and everyone and leave to get to know himself and, as a result, see how the peoples of other countries of the world live and enjoy the unreal beauty of natural wonders around. If each person steps over internal questions, in the style: "How can I be without my family and friends?", "But what about my office work?" (“What about my pension?” A question from the same opera), “How can I save up for an apartment / car?” and an endless list of questions, it will open wonderful world, which is called - travel.
Here are my 12 reasons why people just need to travel!
1. Travel teaches what you never knew
First of all, it is geography :) If I had been asked 2 years ago which city is the capital, or I would have had to bashfully go to Google. But now I know even more, due to constant dreams and planning to see this or that country. Secondly, it is the culture and traditions of the peoples of the world. Imagine people who look at life in a completely different way, who have strange and, at times, terrifying traditions and a completely different religion. All this inspires and awakens in you curiosity in relation to everything that you see and feel.
Travel is always about research!
2. Learn to be tolerant
A useful thing in society. If you are tolerant, it means that you are educated and generally a normal person. Going on a trip, expect that people in another country will be different: they differ in skin color and eye shape, traditions and religion, outlook on life and everyday life. Therefore, you must always respect the state of affairs that is different from yours and understand that you are not at home. In another country you are a guest and you must take into account their peculiarities.
Traveling is what makes us better!
3. Learn to be independent
While traveling, you never depend on anyone, completely surrender to yourself and rely only on yourself. Therefore, this is, first of all, self-knowledge and the disclosure of one's abilities and capabilities.
Traveling is independence!
4. Traveling is fun and always a great adventure
If you are not going abroad on a hot ticket to some all inclusive hotel for a week, and you do everything yourself, right down to drawing up an entertainment program, then adventure will surely find you. It has been checked more than once, especially when you suddenly deviate from the plan of your program, choose a different route from your usual one, or, at worst, decide to go to some crammed cafe on the outskirts of the city. Life just has to provide something like that! Traveling is always fun! Either you are bargaining at the local market for some trifle and, then, having snatched this very trifle for mere pennies, you feel like a hero and smile from ear to ear all day. Or you went to a restaurant to taste khinkali, and there a Georgian ensemble sings in full swing - and your mood has improved! Or boys play football outside the house in the yard, and as soon as they see you, they run up to say hello and shake hands. Or when on your way in the mountains you meet many different pets, you immediately run to squeeze and stroke them (I'm not talking about a million photos on your phone).
Traveling is fun!
5. Good language practice
In my case, English. Everyone should know at least basic things on English language so that you can explain yourself at least at the level of a first grader. But since the study of the language at home is passive, then on a journey without active practice, nowhere. If you communicate every day among native speakers or at least those who are the same as you, but when communicating in your native languages you do not understand each other, then the awkwardness and embarrassment gradually go away, the level of the language improves and there is less misunderstanding with other people. Better than sitting at home and knowing the language only in theory.
6. See what you can or cannot live without
One of the meanings of life is to find for yourself what only you need and define your comfort zone. Staying far outside your country, you begin to understand the true value of things, for example, you rethink communication with family and friends, the need for universal approval. And you completely forget about everyday things, such as the presence of a microwave oven, TV, hot water.
Travel is a choice!
7. Know your abilities outside your comfort zone
Leaving far from home, you understand that your soft bed with a pillow will no longer please you, the always clean bathroom will be replaced by the one that has already passed hundreds of people through itself, and in the kitchen everything will not be as you want it to be. But it's always nice to expand your comfort zone, to understand that you could survive everywhere and with minimal waste of nerve cells.
8. Understand what you would like from life and find inspiration
If it seems to you that life has lost its meaning and you have no strength to do anything - plan a trip! Even for a week. This will give you time to get distracted by thoughts, relax and be inspired for new achievements and projects.
Travel is inspiration!
9. Make new acquaintances
Probably the most pleasant thing about traveling is meeting new people and interesting personalities... Through meeting local people, you can learn more about the country, city, traditions and religion. Since they are local, neither Wikipedia nor any other blog will tell you about it. They will show you the places where you can dine without harming your health, they will show you where they buy fruits / vegetables, so that they are tasty and inexpensive! They will show you how to spend their leisure time and how to have fun and advise better than any guide what to see in the city.
10. Taste the cuisine of different countries of the world
It is unlikely that you will be able to try real Adjarian khachapuri, Georgian khinkali, and Dal Bat rice, Thai Tom Yam soup and Vietnamese spring rolls at home. People even came up with a new branch of travel - food tours. Simply put, when you go abroad, just eat and get drunk :)
Traveling is always delicious!
11. The ability to help people
Volunteering is not such a new direction in tourism. People go to poor countries to help both physically and financially. It’s not for me to tell you that a person gets extraordinary satisfaction from helping others. For example, in, after the largest earthquake in history in 2015, a lot of buildings, both ordinary residential buildings and objects, were destroyed. cultural heritage... Without tourism and volunteers, the city would take a very long time to recover. The owner of a house in Nepal, from whom we rented an apartment, is engaged in a large project to rebuild from scratch the only school high in the mountains, which was completely destroyed by an earthquake. He actively seeks sponsors and collects cash to rebuild the Yangrima school. To make the construction go faster, you can help at this link.
12. Creating new pleasant memories that you will never forget
And finally, these are memories. Probably the most expensive thing we can have. We ourselves are the creators of the moments: both pleasant and not very pleasant. But all the same, later it will be cool to remember and in some places to understand how you have changed. The main thing is not to forget to live in the here and now, enjoy life and not look for any reasons to travel. Just open
A1. The area of Africa with islands is equal to one million square meters. km .:A) 54 B) 9 C) 30 D) 18
A) Nile B) Congo C) Amazon D) Cupid
A3. The relief of Africa is dominated by:
A) lowlands (0 - 200m) B) high mountains (from 2500m)
C) high plains (200 - 1000m) D) depressions (below sea level)
A4. In the basin of the Congo River, on both sides of the equator, there is a natural zone:
A) deserts B) equatorial forests
C) savannah D) taiga
A5. The Sahara Desert is home to:
A) pygmies B) bushmen
C) Berbers D) Russians
A6. Driest continent:
A) Africa B) Australia C) Madagascar D) Antarctica
A) Kostsyushko (2230m) B) Kilimanjaro (5895m)
C) Fujiyama (3776m) D) Elbrus (5033)
A) Amazon B) Volga
C) Murray D) Congo
A9. The most primitive mammals live in Australia:
A) echidna and platypus B) zebra and elephant
C) parrots and kangaroos D) koala and emu
A10. The capital of Australia:
A) Sydney B) Melbourne C) Canberra D) Cairo
IN 1. Indicate the capitals of African states:
A. Egypt 1. Algeria
B. Algeria 2. Cairo
B. Nigeria 3. Addis Ababa
G. Ethiopia 4. Abuja
Fill in the answer in the table.
A
B
V
G
IN 2. Please indicate compliance:
A. Madagascar 1. river
B. Congo 2.Island
B. Tasmania 3.lake
D. Eyre North
C1. Why is Australia the driest continent?
C2. Describe natural areas Africa.
(Thank you)
rivers do not freeze, are deep in winter, and become very shallow in summer: what type of climate?
rivers do not freeze, they often dry up in summer: what type of climate?
rivers do not freeze, warm winters, rain floods and floods in the summer season: what type of climate?
rivers can partially freeze, winters are cool or cold, rainfall floods and floods in summer: what type of climate?
rivers freeze in winter, overflow in spring, shallow in summer: what type of climate?
Why do people travel? Is it really just to take a 2-week break from work, spend the money accumulated over six months and create the illusion that “they can afford it”?
You have been going for a long time. But work-home-family-responsibilities-loans and other excuses don't even let you breathe out to understand the kind of change you need. You keep running at your usual crazy pace of life without doing anything.
Stop!
Think, look at your life from a different angle, determine what you are missing now and what prevents you from living in harmony with yourself. Does not work? Then here's a working tip for you: get out of the house and go a little further than your usual home-work-shop-home route.
Leaving the familiar environment, even for a short time, turn your life into a journey full of uncertainty, and you will be able to know yourself from the most unexpected sides.
Why travel if it's good at home too
Does the unknown frighten you? This is fine. Fear of the new is an ordinary phenomenon in the life of every person. But weigh the benefits of travel and your fears - are they on the same scale? Let's figure out what travel teaches us and whether it is worth so actively looking for excuses to defend our fears.
What travel can teach
1. You will come off the couch.
Thinking about the upcoming voyage, we begin to worry about the difficulties that lie in wait for tourists. We are worried that we will not find a place to sleep, we will not be able to communicate with the residents of another country in our broken English. What does travel teach? The fact that all of the above fears are in vain. Gather your courage, focus on your goal and hit the road. It is a mistake to think that travel is either “around the world”, when you burn all the bridges, or a package vacation, which limits you to an “all-inclusive” system. How much do you know about the surroundings of your city? About the life of the inhabitants of neighboring villages? Surely, there are many interesting things near you. Start discovering the world small.
2. Travel changes the worldview.
The first thing he learns after visiting different states is that exotic places not as dangerous as it seems. You can feel comfortable in any city. This rule also applies wildlife: observing basic safety rules, you are guaranteed to avoid trouble. Moreover, in a metropolis, a person is more likely to die (for example, being hit by a car) than in a desert or forest.
3. You will constantly broaden your horizons.
What is travel for? To get to know the world and get to know the culture of other peoples. Do not worry about the friendliness of the people: the natives always treat travelers with courtesy and try to help them. If you are not from the category of "Tagil" fans, do not spoil their heritage and do not laugh at the culture of the country in which you are a guest, then travel will certainly bring you new acquaintances and faith in people. Many people will gladly provide you with an overnight stay, show you the way, and tell you about the interesting sights of their country.
4. You don't have to be a millionaire to see the world.
Travel more and you will find that you do not need to spend millions for this. Big money is needed only for those who dream of sea cruise on exotic islands... Although, if you make friends with the locals, these expenses can be easily avoided. When organizing trips on your own, you only need to have a small amount of cash to buy food, pay for transport and hotel rooms or places in hostels. Accommodation in the latter, by the way, despite its cheapness, can give you a huge baggage of experience and impressions.
How can I travel if I have a modest budget?
Rest on a grand scale, which the Russian soul requires, in fact turns out to be completely superfluous: without wasting money, you will spend your time much more interesting than buying and ordering whatever you want. And the main trophy will be the emotions and discoveries that you make for yourself. A two-day backpacking hike in the woods will do more good than you won't get by spending two weeks in a five-star hotel with an "all-inclusive".
5. Things are just things.
Newbie tourists consider it their duty to take on the road 10 suitcases with outfits for all occasions and full equipment in case of the end of the world. But over time, travel teaches that the abundance of luggage only gets in the way. A person on the road (as in life) needs a minimum of clothes, two pairs of shoes, hygiene products, money and documents.
You can't decide which of the two T-shirts you have with you, and you end up putting both in your backpack. Why do you voluntarily complicate your life? Learn to make choices starting with these little things.
Starting to travel, you will realize that you absolutely do not need most of the available things, and you can painlessly get rid of them, freeing up space in the closet. The same applies to unnecessary emotions, unnecessary worries, uninteresting people and habitual obligations - getting rid of such "rubbish", you will make room for something new.
6. Learn how a tourist differs from a traveler.
Travelers and tourists are not the same thing. The first ones communicate with local residents, get acquainted with traditions, make new acquaintances, change their worldview and improve their lives. The second fearfully glance at everything that happens from the windows of the bus. Local tourists are "bred" for money, and with travelers they share food and shelter. Traveling changes people and teaches them that you need to be simpler and not be afraid to learn new things, teach them to be open with others and appreciate every person who appears in life.
7. Travel is not a vacation.
You've probably heard more than once how travel changes many people, making them stronger and more resilient. And you yourself actively travel to Cyprus and Turkey, but you do not notice any changes ... And this is not because hiking in the mountains or the tundra with a heavy backpack is a training of the body. Not because in the most innocuous resort city you can be left without money or find yourself in a difficult situation. It's just that when you travel, you don't aim to “lie down” under a palm tree, relieving stress from work or family. You are changing your lifestyle from the familiar to an improved version of it. Traveling can be physically demanding, but mind-unloading. Therefore, they do not seek physical relief, they provide much more than relaxed muscles.
8. You are your best friend and travel companion.
Can't find fellow travelers to go on the road with a fun company? It only plays into your hands. There is no better way to understand yourself, the world, and develop fortitude than solo travel. Traveling alone is an incomparable experience. Relying only on your own strengths, you will begin to believe in yourself more and learn to make responsible decisions on your own. This will help you more easily connect with new people, try unfamiliar things and try on unfamiliar roles, since you will not have to look back at anyone and not be afraid of anyone's judgment.
The heroine Reese Witherspoon set off on a similar journey in the film "Wild" after the upheavals in her life: overcoming the difficulties of the route in a solo journey, she was able to rid herself of mental suffering. If you cannot deal with, perhaps, a solitary trip - what will help you now?
9. The world is small.
Long journeys have changed the opinion of millions of people that our planet is immense. It only seems like this when you watch other countries on TV. In reality, it is possible that you will meet your friends when you leave for Cambodia, India or Kamchatka. Or, in a quiet, remote corner of the world, meet someone from your hometown.
Travel more and do not be afraid to communicate with people, search. Perhaps one of the billions of people who will change your life will meet you where you did not know.
10. The joy of returning.
No matter how good the journey is, returning home is a joyous moment for everyone. Arriving in native city, you will be glad to meet with loved ones, work colleagues. And those changes that happen to you on the journey will certainly affect your life. And if you want to change your life now, try to start with at least a short trip to an unfamiliar place.