Colored Mountains of China (Pink Cloud) Tourists from all over the world come to the Chinese province of Gansu. The main local attraction is the Denxia (Pink Cloud) landscape. It is under this name that the colored mountains of China are known all over the world. The formation of this beauty began many millions of years ago as a result of the accumulation of large quantities of sandstone and other mineral deposits. Air and water contributed to the slow oxidation of rocks. This was the reason for such an unusual riot of colors.

Huangshan (Yellow Mountains) Mountain range in eastern China. The area is famous for its granite cliffs covered with pine trees, celebrated by Chinese artists and poets since ancient times. The height of seventy-seven peaks in this ridge exceeds 1000 m. The Huangshan District is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List and is a national park of the PRC. The mountains formed 100 million years ago. Later, the landscape was transformed by the impact of glaciers, which left rocks of various shapes. Because often the cloud level is below the level mountain peaks, interesting lighting effects are observed in this area. Hot springs gush at the foot of one of the mountains.

Kailash This mountain is located in the west of Tibet. Millions of years ago, Mount Kailash rose from the plateau from the bottom of the ocean, and then water and wind sharpened its edges, giving it a pyramidal shape. Four world religions consider Kailash to be a sacred place. Hindus believe that the mighty god Shiva lives on Kailash. From the point of view of Eastern cosmology, Mount Kailash is the center through which the axis of the universe passes. Kailash is distinguished by a pyramidal shape with a snow cap, and the edges are oriented almost exactly to the cardinal points, its slopes are crossed by fancifully located cracks that form a swastika. The exact height of the summit has not been determined, since the mountain “breathes” - its height changes by several tens of meters every year. It is believed that it is at the peak of Kailash that the entrance to the mysterious land of Shambhala is located.

Mount Roraima This unusual, inaccessible flat-topped mountain is located in Venezuela (South America). The landscapes opening from its top are impressive, since the beds of many streams are covered with quartz crystals of different colors for many kilometers. And the view of the mountain itself is breathtaking.

Grand Canyon In the northwest of Arizona is one of the most unique corners of the Earth - the Grand Canyon. The Grand Canyon is neither the largest nor the deepest in the world - it is prized for its harmonious combination of size, depth and multi-colored layers of exposed rock. This is a whole complex of canyons, waterfalls, caves, towers, ledges and ravines. Each time, the Grand Canyon looks different, and the sun and shadows from the passing clouds make the rocks constantly change shades of colors. The Grand Canyon is one of the most unusual places our planet, which represents the four geological eras of the Earth. Landslides, water and wind erosion have created in the canyon the outlines of giant pagodas, pyramids, towers, fortress walls, which are a unique sight.

Bryce Canyon This amazing canyon is part of the National Park of the same name. It is located in the southwestern part of Utah. These are thousands of geological structures formed by years of erosion under the influence of wind, water and ice. Many rocks have bizarre shapes.

Devil's Tower This mysterious mountain is located in the northeast of Wyoming (USA). Its height is 386 m. The rock was formed 65 million years ago as a result of volcanic activity, and the unusual figured sides were the result of the erosion of the surrounding soft rocks around the more durable inner ones. According to the Indian legend, the rock was created by an evil demon who beat a drum on its top, giving rise to thunder and lightning. The Indians, who believed in the dark essence of the mountain and called it the Tower of the Bad God, preferred not to settle nearby and avoided it. In the twentieth century, the mystical theories of the origin of the rock were replaced by sci-fi. So, according to one version, the summit is a site for UFO landings. This version was so popular that it was even embodied in the famous Steven Spielberg film "Close Encounters of the Third Degree".

Tsingy de Bemaraha Tsingy de Bemaraha - strange mountains resembling forests, a nature reserve located about 80 kilometers from west coast Madagascar. Most of these mountains are ridges of limestone battlements, called scurvy (to walk on tiptoe) in the Malagasy language. Tsingy de Bemaraha is almost impassable labyrinths. The Tsingy de Bemaraha Mountains were eroded by acid rain and water that dissolved the chalk strata for centuries. Over time, this led to the formation of 30-meter needles of limestone.

Hanging Rock Hanging Rock is the unofficial name for Mount Diogenes in the center of the Australian state of Victoria, near Melbourne. The height of the mountain is meters above sea level and 105 meters above the level of the surrounding relief. The Hanging Rock gained fame and popularity among tourists after the release of the mystical detective Peter Weir in 1975 "Hanging Rock Picnic".

Stone Wave An amazing rock formation in Western Australia located 340 km from the city of Perth. The granite block resembles a stone tsunami. The visible part of the rock rises above the ground to a height of about 15 meters, and its length is 110 meters. According to the hypotheses of scientists, the rock-wave appeared more than 27 million years ago. Australian Aborigines noted the similarities stone wave with real water and believed that it was in this place that the forces of spirits and the forces of nature intertwined. To protect this unique mountain a dam was built from natural destruction.

Ennedy Mountain range in the Republic of Chad. It is a sandstone plateau with heights of up to 1450 m, surrounded by the sands of the Sahara. Numerous rock carvings left by ancient tribes have been discovered on the Ennedy Rocks. Annedy is nature reserve in the middle of the desert, where unique species of animals have survived: the dwarf Nile, oryx, Saharan lions.

Ben Balben This beautiful unusual mountain is located in County Sligo, in the far northwest of Ireland. Ben Balben is 527 meters high and is the symbol of the county. Initially, the mountain had a high "hump", which was cut off by a creeping glacier. Ben Balben is composed of limestone rocks and is over 320 million years old. According to Irish legends, a huge wild boar lived on this mountain, which was killed by the hero Diarmade and buried on the Leh-na-muik hill.

Cappadocia The landscape of the Cappadocia plateau in Turkey looks like a scenery for a fantastic movie. The unusually beautiful landscape, located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, resembles the moon. Such bizarre hills were formed by ancient volcanoes. From the 4th to the 13th century AD, people cut tunnels and lived in these rocks. Today, tourists from all over the world flock to Cappadocia to see this ancient world with my own eyes.

Preikestolen This giant flat-topped cliff is about 25 meters by 25 meters across the Kjerag plateau in Norway. Preikestolen literally translates as "pulpit". The cliff rises 604 meters above the fjords formed by glaciers about years ago.

Caucasus mountains.

Highest point: g. Elbrus (5642 m)

Area: 440 thousand km

Main ridge: Main Caucasian ridge (1200 km) Creation period: Alpine folding

Territory on the border of Europe and Asia, between Black. Caspian and The Azov seas... Consists of the Caucasus Mountains (mainly the Greater Caucasus) and the adjacent regions of the North and South Caucasus. The North Caucasus, lying to the north, includes the lowland (Kuban) and foothill (Ciscaucasia) lands and is entirely part of Russia.

To the south lies the South Caucasus. divided among partially recognized South Ossetia and Abkhazia as well as Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia. The absolute height is 5642 m (Mount Elbrus). There are rich oil fields.

Borders

The indisputable borders in the west and east are the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas. In the north the physical-geographical boundary is usually considered the Kumo-Manych depression, the modern administrative - northern borders Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories and Dagestan.

Borders.

Sometimes Kalmykia is conventionally referred to the Caucasus. Although historically and ethnographically most North Caucasus much closer to the southern Russian steppes and the Lower Volga region, and then the border of the Caucasus can be drawn along the Kuban rivers, the upper reaches of the Kuma, Malka and Terek. The south falls into this territory Krasnodar Territory, Adygea, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Ingushetia. Chechnya and most of Dagestan.

The situation is even more complicated with the southern border of the Caucasus (and Transcaucasia). Politically, it is now being carried out along the borders of Turkey and Iran, on the one hand, and Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan, on the other.

As such, this border

was finally formed only in 1921 (after the transfer of Artvin to Turkey, Kars

and Ardahan), and began to take shape a century before that with the gradual annexation of the Transcaucasian khanates and kingdoms to Russia in 1805-29. It is much more difficult to draw the historical, ethnographic and linguistic border of the Caucasus: the historical lands of the Armenians stretch far to the west and south, and the Azerbaijanis still inhabit most of northwestern Iran. The most justified is the inclusion in the Caucasus of the northeastern regions of Turkey, which were once part of Georgia and Armenia - the Artvin silts. Ardahan and Kare, where Kartvelian-speaking Lazes and Georgians are still preserved

and Armenian-speaking Hemshils.

Countries and regions of the Caucasus

1.Armenia

2.Abkhazia

3.Adygea

4. Azerbaijan

5.Armenia

6 Georgia

7.Dagestan

8.Ingushetia

9.Kabardino-Balkaria

10.Karachay-Cherkessia

11.Krasnodar region

12.Nagorno-Karabakh

13.Nakhchivan

14.Rostov region

15.Stavropol Territory

16.North Ossetia

17 Chechnya

18. South Ossetia.

Territory of the Caucasus.

The Caucasus covers an area of ​​about 440 thousand km2 and consists of five main landscape regions-The Ciscaucasia, the Greater Caucasus, the Transcaucasian lowlands (Colchis and Kura-Araks), the Lesser Caucasus and the Javakheti-Armenian Highlands (northeastern part of the Armenian Highlands.

In addition, at the extreme in the southeast, the Talysh Mountains, which are part of the Iranian

highlands, and the Lankaran lowland separating them from the Caspian Sea.

The structure of the Caucasus.

Caucasus is located within Alpine-Himalayan mobile belt with active recent tectonic movements and is characterized by a variety of mountainous relief. In the center of the Ciscaucasia there is the Stavropol Upland (the highest point is Mount Strizhament, 831 m), separating the Kuban-Priazovskaya and Tersko-Kumskaya lowlands. In the south of the Ciscaucasia, between the Terek and Sunzha rivers, there are two low mountain ranges - Tersky and Sunzhensky, separated by the Alkhanchurt valley.

The mountain system of the Greater Caucasus is divided in length into Western, gradually rising from the Taman Peninsula to Elbrus (the highest point of the Caucasus, 5642 m), alpine Central (between Elbrus and Kazbek) and Eastern, descending from Kazbek to Apsheron

Slide 1

Slide 2

The absolute height - the vertical distance from sea level to a given point - is not always the most important in the characteristics of the mountains. Often more important is the relative height, which shows how much the top of the mountain rises above its foot, and not above the level of the distant sea. Closely related to this is such a concept as the depth of dismemberment. It is determined by the average values ​​of the relative heights. Many mountains are partly flooded by the sea, and then their relative height actually becomes more absolute. Such mountains with peaks barely protruding above the water are many islands in the ocean. For example, the Scandinavian mountains drop abruptly to the ocean in northern Europe. They are low: their peaks rise no more than 1000-2000 meters above sea level.

Slide 3

Mountains are not just the plural of the word "mountain", not just individual peaks, towering among flat space. Stone giants have grown together - "knee-deep", "waist-deep", "chest-high." the peaks are located as if on a powerful pedestal. During the ascent, you can make some interesting discoveries for yourself: First, the earth kind of tilted, turned, turned sideways. Second, the panorama of the mountains becomes similar to the scenery of a gigantic performance, changing hourly, every minute as you rise to the height. Third, on a mountain slope you can come into contact with the material that composes the earth's crust and on the plain is usually hidden by soil, vegetation, and asphalt.

Slide 4

The peaks are not arranged randomly, but are lined up in the form of mountain ridges, the jagged outlines of which here and there flicker on the horizon. Ridges stretching for tens of kilometers form mountain ranges. From the highest ridges there are spurs in different directions - lower ridges. Often the ridges diverge - this is a mountain knot. Several ridges following one after another, one peak dominates the surrounding ones, and from it in one direction form a mountain range, the length of which can reach several hundred kilometers. Mountainous countries, in turn, are united into even more grandiose "structures" - mountain belts. The most significant are the Alpine-Himalayan and Andean-Cordillera.

Slide 5

There is mountainous countries, which have a special name - highlands. It is used when both the ridges and the depressions separating them are located on a pedestal. Often, the highlands are fenced off from the surrounding plains and seas by even higher mountain ranges. All together it resembles a city on a hill, fortified by fortress walls. The Upland is a closed, isolated world, in which life flows according to its own laws.

Slide 6

Mountains with absolute heights of peaks of 500-1500 m are referred to as low, and the massifs, ridges and chains formed by them are called low mountains. They are often scattered singly or in scattered groups within the vast plains. Low mountains often form the bottom step of the "mountain ladder", which is located at the foot of a higher massif. These can be low ridges or flat-topped counters, or huge ramparts with gentle slopes - adyrs.

Slide 7

High mountains are usually difficult to access. If the peaks rise to 4000-6000 m or more, such relative heights are called high mountains. The natural belts in the high mountains do not correspond exactly to the nature of the northern territories. It is not forests, meadows, or ice that dominate this world, but rocks and stone debris. Life huddles along crevices among rocks, on slopes and on rare flat areas in river valleys. Glaciers in long narrow tongues slide down the valleys 1000, 2000, sometimes 3000 m below the eternal snow.

Slide 8

The relief of the planet, in essence, consists of many slopes. Mountain slopes differ in their steepness, height and length. Which one is cool, which one is flat? There are different ways to answer this question. Climbing a mountain slope, the steepness of which is more than 10 °, is impossible for a heavily loaded vehicle; if the slope is steeper than 25 °, the loaded horse stops. On a slope steeper than 35 ° a person has to climb with the help of his hands, on a slope steeper than 45 ° it is better for an unprepared person not to climb at all. To understand the characteristic features of mountain slopes, it is necessary to consider their profile. If the steepness gradually increases from the base to the top, the profile forms a concave arc - this is a concave slope. At a convex slope, the steepness towards the top decreases accordingly. If flat areas on a slope alternate with steep ledges, it is called a stepped one.

What are mountains?

• The mountains- a positive form of relief, raised above the plains. Mountains represent dissected areas of the earth's surface with significant elevation differences(from several tens of meters to several kilometers).

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Mountains of different continents

Mountains of africa

Mountains of Eurasia

The mountains North America

The mountains South America

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Mountains of australia

Mountains of antarctica

end the show

Kilimanjaro

• Kilimanjaro - mountain range in the north-east of Tanzania, the highest point in Africa above sea level - 5895m. Kilimanjaro rises above the Masai Plateau, which is located at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level.

In 2003, scientists came to the conclusion that molten lava is just 400 meters below the crater main peak Kibo... While no other activity is predicted other than the current gas emissions, there are fears that the volcano could collapse, leading to a major eruption.

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Chomolungma

• Chomolungma - highest peak Globe height according to various sources from 8844 to 8852 m. Located in the Himalayas. Located on the border of Nepal and China, the peak itself lies on the territory of China. Has the shape of a pyramid. The southern slope is steeper. Glaciers flow down from the massif in all directions, ending at an altitude of about 5 thousand meters. On the southern slope and edges of the pyramid, snow and firn are not retained, as a result of which they are exposed.

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McKinley

• McKinley- two-headed mountain in Alaska, highest mountain North America. Located in the center national park Denali. During the period of Russian colonization, Alaska was simply called Big Mountain.

The relative height is 6138 m.

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Aconcagua

• Aconcagua is the world's tallest extinct volcano. Height 6962 m. highest point American continent, South America, western and southern hemispheres.

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Kostsyushko

• Kostsyushko- the highest peak of the Australian continent. Height 2228 m. Located in the Australian Alps. The first person to climb its summit was the Pole Pavel Edmund Strzelecki, who gave the mountain its name in honor of the Polish-American military leader Tadeusz Kosciuszko .