History of mankind and travel. Herodotus - the first great traveler and father modern history... Arab and European travelers of the Middle Ages ...

From Masterweb

26.06.2018 14:00

The study of our planet took place over several centuries, and many people distinguished themselves, whose names and merits are captured in many historical books. All great travelers sought to escape from routine existence and look at the world with different eyes. The thirst for new knowledge, curiosity, the desire to expand the known horizons - all these qualities were inherent in each of them.

About history and travelers

The history of mankind should be understood as the history of travel. It is impossible to understand what it would be modern world if previous civilizations did not send travelers to the borders of the then unknown world. The thirst for travel is inherent in human DNA, because he has always sought to explore something and expand his own world.

The first humans began colonizing the world 100,000 years ago, migrating from Africa to Asia and Europe. In the era of the Middle Ages and modern times, travelers went to unknown countries in search of gold, fame, new lands, or they simply fled from their miserable existence and poverty. However, all great travelers possessed an impulse of power of the same nature, an endless fuel of researchers - curiosity. It is enough just something that a person does not know or does not understand how an alluring and irresistible force arises that cannot be resisted. Further in the article, the exploits of the great travelers and their discoveries are given, which had a huge impact on the process of the formation of mankind. The following personalities are noted:

• Herodotus;
• Ibn Battuta;
• Marco Polo;
• Christopher Columbus;
• Fernand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano;
• James Cook;
• Charles Darwin;
• explorers of Africa and Antarctica;
• famous Russian travelers.

Father of modern history - Herodotus

The famous Greek philosopher, Herodotus, lived in the 5th century BC. His first journey was exile, as Herodotus was accused of conspiring against the tyrant of Halicarnassus, Ligdamis. During this exile, the great traveler travels around the entire Middle East. He describes all his discoveries and knowledge gained in 9 books, thanks to which Herodotus received the nickname of the father of history. It is interesting to note that another famous historian of ancient Greece, Plutarch, gave Herodotus the nickname "Father of Lies". In his books, Herodotus talks about distant countries and about the cultures of many peoples, information about which the philosopher collected during his travels.

The stories of the great traveler are filled with political, philosophical and geographical reflections. They also contain sexual stories, myths, and crime stories. Herodotus' writing style is semi-artistic. Modern historians view the work of Herodotus as a paradigm of curiosity. Historical and geographical knowledge brought by Herodotus had a great influence on the development of Greek culture. Geographic map, which was compiled by Herodotus, and which included the limits from the Danube to the Nile, and from Iberia to India, for the next 1000 years determined the horizons of the world known at that time. Note that the scientist was very worried that the knowledge gained by him would not be lost by humanity over time, therefore he presented them in detail in his 9 books.

Ibn Battuta (1302-1368)

Like every Muslim, twenty-year-old Battuta began his pilgrimage from Tangier to Mecca on the back of a donkey. He could not even imagine that he would return to his hometown only 25 years later, with immense riches and a whole harem of wives after traveling through most of the world. If you wonder what great travelers first explored the Muslim world, then you can safely call Ibn Battuta. He traveled to all countries, from the Kingdom of Granada in Spain to China, and from Caucasus mountains to the city of Timbuktu, which is located in the Republic of Mali. This great traveler traveled 120,000 kilometers, met more than 40 sultans and emperors, was an ambassador to various sultans and survived a number of disasters. Ibn Battuta always traveled with a large retinue, and in every new place he was treated like an important person.

Modern historians note that in the first half of the 14th century, when Ibn Battuta was making his travels, the Islamic world was at the apogee of its existence, which allowed the traveler to move quickly and easily across many territories.

Like Marco Polo, Battuta did not write his book ("Travels"), but dictated his stories to the Granada scholar Ibn Khuzai. This piece reflects Battuta's thirst for enjoying life, which includes tales of sex and blood.

Marco Polo (1254 - 1324)

Marco Polo is one of the important names of great travelers. The book of the Venetian merchant Marco Polo, which tells in detail about his travels, became very popular even 2 centuries before the invention of printing. Marco Polo has traveled the world for 24 years. Upon returning to his homeland, he was imprisoned during the war between the Mediterranean trading powers: Genoa and Venice. In prison, he dictated to one of his unfortunate neighbors the stories of his travels. As a result, in 1298, a book appeared called "Description of the World Dictated by Marco".

Marco Polo, together with his father and uncle, who were famous traders in jewelry and silk, went on a journey to the Far East at the age of 17. During his trip, the great geographic traveler visited such forgotten places as Hormuz Island, the Gobi Desert, the coasts of Vietnam and India. Marko knew 5 foreign languages, was the representative of the great Mongolian khan Kublai for 17 years.

Note that Marco Polo was not the first European to visit Asia, however, he was the first to compile a detailed geographical description... His book is a mixture of truth and fiction, which is why many historians question most of its facts. On his deathbed, a priest asked that Marco Polo, who was 70 years old, confess to his lies, to which the great traveler replied that he did not say half of what he saw.

Christopher Columbus (1451 - 1506)

Speaking about the travelers of the great era of discoveries, first of all, we should name Christopher Columbus, who shifted the spine of the human economy to the west and marked the beginning of a new era in history. Historians note that when Columbus sailed to the discovery of the New World, the word "gold" is most often found in the entries of his logbook, and not the word "land".

Christopher Columbus, taking into account the information provided by Marco Polo, believed that he could achieve Of the Far East full of gold and riches, sailing west. As a result, on August 2, 1492, he sails from Spain on three ships and heads west. Travel through Atlantic Ocean lasted longer than 2 months, and on October 11, Rodrigo Triana from the ship La Pinta saw the earth. This day radically changed the lives of Europeans and Americans.

Like many great travelers of the era of great discoveries, Columbus died in 1506 in poverty in the city of Valladolid. Columbus didn't know what he discovered new continent, but thought that he managed to swim to India through the west.

Fernand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano (16th century)

One of the amazing routes of the great travelers of the Great Era Geographic Discovery, is the route of Fernand Magellan, when he was able to get through a narrow strait from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean, which Magellan named after its calm waters.

In the 16th century, there was a serious race for dominion on the seas and oceans between Portugal and Spain, historians compare this race to the race for space exploration between the United States and the USSR. As Portugal dominated the African coastline, Spain sought ways to reach the Spice Islands (modern Indonesia) and India via the west. Fernand Magellan became just a navigator who had to find a new route to the East through the West.

In September 1519, 5 ships with a total of 237 sailors set off for the West, led by Fernand Magellan. Three years later, only one ship returned with 18 sailors on board, led by Juan Sebastian Elcano. This was the first time that a person swam around the entire globe. The great traveler Fernand Magellan himself died in the Philippine Islands.

James Cook (1728-1779)

This great British traveler is considered the most famous explorer of the Pacific. He left his parents' farm and became a great captain of the Royal Navy of Great Britain. He made three great voyages from 1768 to 1779, which filled in many blank spots on the maps of the Pacific Ocean. All of Cook's travels were conducted by the UK to achieve a range of geographic and botanical destinations in Oceania, Australia and New Zealand.

Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882)

Few people know that the story of the great travelers and their discoveries must include the name of Charles Darwin, who at the age of 22 set off on a journey on the Beagle Brigantine in 1831 to explore the east coast of South America. On this journey, Charles Darwin sailed around the world in 5 years, collecting huge information about the flora and fauna of our planet, which turned out to be key for Darwin's advancement of the theory of the evolution of living organisms.

After this long journey, the scientist locked himself in his home in Kent in order to carefully study the collected material and make the right conclusions. In 1859, that is, 23 years after traveling around the world, Charles Darwin published his work "On the Origin of Species through Natural Selection", the main thesis of which was that not the strongest living organisms survive, but the most adapted to environmental conditions ...

African exploration

The great travelers who have distinguished themselves in their exploration of Africa are mostly British. One of the famous explorers of the black continent is Dr. Livingston, who excelled in research central regions Africa. Livingston owns the discovery of Victoria Falls. This man is a national hero of Great Britain.

Other famous Britons who excelled in their exploration of Africa are John Speke and Richard Francis Barton, who traveled extensively across the African continent in the second half of the 19th century. Their most famous journey is the search for the source of the Nile.

Exploration of Antarctica

Exploration of the icy southern continent - Antarctica marked a new stage in the history of mankind. Briton Robert Scott and Norwegian Roald Amundsen distinguished themselves in the conquest of the South Pole. Scott was an explorer and officer of the British Royal Navy, he led 2 expeditions to Antarctica, and on January 17, 1912, he, along with five members of his team, reached the South Pole, however, the Norwegian Amundsen was ahead of him by several weeks. The entire expedition of Robert Scott died, freezing in the icy desert of Antarctica. Amundsen, in turn, having visited the South Pole on December 14, 1911, was able to return to his homeland alive.

First woman traveler

The thirst for travel and new discoveries was characteristic not only of men, but also of women. So, the first woman traveler about whom there is reliable evidence was the Galician (northwestern part of Spain) Echeria in the 4th century AD. Her travels were associated with the holy lands and pilgrimage. So, it is known that for 3 years she visited Constantinople, Jerusalem, Sinai, Mesopotamia and Egypt. It is not known whether Echeria returned to her homeland.

Great Russian travelers who expanded the borders of Russia

Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area. Much of this glory of her is due to Russian travelers and researchers. Great travelers in the table below are given.

Russian travelers - explorers of the planet

Among them, Ivan Kruzenshtern should be noted, who was the first Russian to travel around the globe. We will also mention Nikolai Miklouho-Maclay, who was a famous navigator and explorer of Oceania and South-East Asia... We also note Nikolai Przhevalsky, who was one of the most famous researchers Central Asia in the world.

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Travel has always attracted people, but before it was not only interesting, but also extremely difficult. The territories were not explored, and, starting the journey, everyone became an explorer. Which travelers are the most famous and what exactly did each of them discover?

James Cook

The famous Englishman was one of the finest cartographers of the eighteenth century. He was born in the north of England and by the age of thirteen he began to work with his father. But the boy was unable to trade, so he decided to go sailing. In those days, all the famous travelers in the world went to distant countries on ships. James became interested in the nautical business and so quickly moved up the career ladder that he was offered to become a captain. He refused and went to the Royal Navy. Already in 1757, the talented Cook began to manage the ship himself. His first achievement was the drawing up of the channel of the river. He discovered in himself the talent of a navigator and cartographer. In the 1760s, he explored Newfoundland, which attracted the attention of the Royal Society and the Admiralty. He was entrusted with a journey across the Pacific Ocean, where he reached the shores of New Zealand. In 1770, he accomplished what other famous travelers had not previously achieved - he discovered a new mainland. Cook returned to England in 1771 as the famous pioneer of Australia. His last journey was an expedition in search of a passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Today even schoolchildren know the sad fate of Cook, who was killed by the natives-cannibals.

Christopher Columbus

Famous travelers and their discoveries have always had a significant impact on the course of history, but few are as famous as this man. Columbus became the national hero of Spain, drastically expanding the country's map. Christopher was born in 1451. The boy quickly achieved success as he was diligent and a good student. Already at the age of 14, he went to sea. In 1479, he met his love and began life in Portugal, but after the tragic death of his wife he went with his son to Spain. Having received the support of the Spanish king, he went on an expedition, the purpose of which was to find a way to Asia. Three ships sailed from the coast of Spain to the west. In October 1492, they reached Bahamas... This is how America was discovered. Christopher mistakenly decided to call the locals Indians, believing that he had reached India. His report changed history: two new continents and many islands, discovered by Columbus, became the main direction of travel of the colonialists in the next few centuries.

Vasco da Gama

Portugal's most famous traveler was born in Sines on September 29, 1460. From a young age he worked in the navy and became famous as a confident and fearless captain. In 1495, King Manuel came to power in Portugal, who dreamed of developing trade with India. For this, a sea route was needed, in search of which Vasco da Gama was to go. There were also more famous seafarers and travelers in the country, but for some reason the king chose him. In 1497, four ships sailed south, circled and sailed to Mozambique. There I had to stop for a month - half of the team by that time was sick with scurvy. After a break, Vasco da Gama reached Calcutta. In India, he established trade relations for three months, and a year later returned to Portugal, where he became a national hero. The opening of the sea route, which made it possible to get to Calcutta past the east coast of Africa, was his main achievement.

Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay

Famous Russian travelers have done a lot too important discoveries... For example, the same Nikolai Mikhlukho-Maclay, who was born in 1864 in the Novgorod province. He could not graduate from St. Petersburg University, as he was expelled for participating in student demonstrations. To continue his education, Nikolai went to Germany, where he met Haeckel, a naturalist who invited Miklouho-Maclay to his scientific expedition. Thus, the world of wandering was opened for him. His whole life was devoted to travel and scientific work. Nicholas lived in Sicily, in Australia, studied New Guinea while implementing the project of the Russian Geographical Society, he visited Indonesia, the Philippines, the Malacca Peninsula and Oceania. In 1886, the naturalist returned to Russia and proposed to the emperor to establish a Russian colony overseas. But the project with New Guinea did not receive royal support, and Miklouho-Maclay fell seriously ill and died soon after, without completing his work on a book about travels.

Fernand Magellan

Many famous sailors and travelers lived in the era of the Great Magellans is no exception. In 1480 he was born in Portugal, in the city of Sabroza. Going to serve at the court (at that time he was only 12 years old), he learned about the confrontation between his native country and Spain, about travel to the East Indies and trade routes. This is how he first became interested in the sea. In 1505, Fernand got on the ship. For seven years after that, he plowed the sea, participated in expeditions to India and Africa. In 1513 Magellan went to Morocco, where he was wounded in battle. But this did not temper the craving for travel - he planned an expedition for spices. The king rejected his request, and Magellan went to Spain, where he received all the support he needed. Thus began his journey around the world. Fernand thought that the road to India from the west might be shorter. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean, reached South America and discovered the strait that would later be named after him. became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. On it, he reached the Philippines and almost reached the goal - the Moluccas, but died in a battle with local tribes, wounded by a poisonous arrow. However, his journey opened up a new ocean to Europe and the understanding that the planet is much larger than scientists had previously thought.

Roald Amundsen

The Norwegian was born at the very end of an era in which many famous travelers became famous. Amundsen was the last of the seafarers to try to find undiscovered land. From childhood, he was distinguished by perseverance and faith in his own strength, which allowed him to conquer the South Geographic Pole. The beginning of the journey is associated with 1893, when the boy left the university and got a job as a sailor. In 1896, he became a navigator, and the following year set off on his first expedition to Antarctica. The ship got lost in the ice, the crew was sick with scurvy, but Amundsen did not give up. He took command, healed the people, remembering his medical education, and brought the ship back to Europe. Becoming a captain, in 1903 he set out in search of the Northwest Passage off Canada. Famous travelers before him had never done anything like this - in two years the team covered the path from the east of the American mainland to its west. Amundsen became known all over the world. The next expedition was a two-month hike to the South Plus, and the last venture was the search for Nobile, during which he went missing.

David Livingston

Many famous travelers are associated with sailing. he became an explorer of land, namely the African continent. The famous Scotsman was born in March 1813. At 20, he decided to become a missionary, met Robert Moffett and wished to go to African villages. In 1841, he came to Kuruman, where he taught the local people in agriculture, served as a doctor and taught literacy. There he also learned the Bechuan language, which helped him travel across Africa. Livingstone studied in detail the life and customs of local residents, wrote several books about them and went on an expedition in search of the sources of the Nile, in which he fell ill and died of a fever.

Amerigo Vespucci

The most famous travelers in the world were most often from Spain or Portugal. Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy and became one of the famous Florentines. He received a good education and trained to be a financier. From 1490 he worked in Seville, in the Medici trade office. His life was associated with sea travel, for example, he sponsored the second expedition of Columbus. Christopher inspired him with the idea of ​​trying himself as a traveler, and already in 1499 Vespucci went to Suriname. The purpose of the voyage was to study coastline... There he opened a settlement called Venezuela - Little Venice. In 1500 he returned home with 200 slaves. In 1501 and 1503. Amerigo repeated his travels, acting not only as a navigator, but also as a cartographer. He discovered the bay of Rio de Janeiro, which he himself named. Since 1505, he served the king of Castile and did not participate in campaigns, only equipping other people's expeditions.

Francis Drake

Many famous travelers and their discoveries have benefited mankind. But among them there are those who left behind and bad memory, since their names were associated with rather cruel events. The English Protestant, who sailed on a ship from the age of twelve, was no exception. He captured local residents in the Caribbean, selling them into slavery to the Spaniards, attacked ships and fought with Catholics. Perhaps no one could match Drake in the number of captured foreign ships. His campaigns were sponsored by the Queen of England. In 1577 he went to South America to destroy the Spanish settlements. During the journey, he found Tierra del Fuego and the strait, which was later named after him. Having rounded Argentina, Drake plundered the port of Valparaiso and two Spanish ships. When he reached California, he met the natives, who presented gifts of tobacco and bird feathers to the British. Drake crossed the Indian Ocean and returned to Plymouth, becoming the first British person to travel around the world. He was admitted to the House of Commons and awarded the title of Sir. In 1595 he died in the last campaign in the Caribbean.

Afanasy Nikitin

Few famous Russian travelers have achieved the same heights as this native of Tver. Afanasy Nikitin became the first European to visit India. He traveled to the Portuguese colonialists and wrote "Voyage across the Three Seas" - the most valuable literary and historical monument. The success of the expedition was ensured by the career of a merchant: Afanasy knew several languages ​​and knew how to negotiate with people. On his journey he visited Baku, lived in Persia for about two years and reached India by ship. Having visited several cities of an exotic country, he went to Parvat, where he stayed for a year and a half. After the province of Raichur, he headed to Russia, laying a route through the Arabian and Somali peninsulas. However, Afanasy Nikitin never made it home, because he fell ill and died near Smolensk, but his notes survived and ensured world fame for the merchant.

Almost every corner of the Earth has now been explored. There is no place left where a person's foot would not have gone. Even the Arctic ice gave way under his onslaught.

But it was not always so. For our ancestors, our planet was an unknown and mysterious world, and beyond the horizon hid new countries, outlandish customs and tribes.

A great contribution to the study of the Earth was made by the most famous travelers, whose names have forever remained in our memory, tk. it was they who made the world discoveries that turned the idea of ​​people about our planet upside down.

10. Francis Drake

The strait located between Antarctica and Tierra del Fuego was named after him. California has Drake Bay.

From the age of 12, Francis, the son of an ordinary farmer, became a cabin boy on the ship of his distant relative. From the age of 18 he was already a captain.

In 1567, his ship took part in an expedition. These ships were attacked by the Spaniards, most of whom they sunk. Only 2 ships survived, one of which belonged to Francis Drake... The British demanded to compensate them for all losses, but the Spaniards refused.

Then the young captain vowed that he would take everything from the king of Spain himself. In 1577 he was sent to the coast of America. By official version, he was supposed to discover new lands, but in fact the goal was more prosaic - gold. Due to the storm, Drake discovered the strait that received his name.

9. Afanasy Nikitin

The famous Russian traveler became famous for being one of the first Europeans who could get to. He had been there earlier than Portuguese travelers.

Afanasy Nikitin was born into the family of an ordinary peasant. He became a merchant, but was remembered by his descendants as a man who not only reached India and Persia, but also described it in his book "Walking the Three Seas"... Before that, in Russian literature, they wrote only about pilgrimage, and this was a description of a commercial trip, where he talked about the culture and economy of these countries, about their political structure.

8. Roald Amundsen

Norwegian traveler, famous for his polar expeditions. He was the first person to reach the South Pole, as well as the very first traveler to visit both poles of the planet.

The expedition, which was organized in 1926, is the first to claim that they have reached the North Pole. He was the owner of many state and public awards.

Roald Amundsen at the insistence of his mother, he entered the medical faculty, but as soon as she died, he left him with relief. Fateful in his life was the acquaintance with the fate of Rear Admiral John Franklin, a description of his hardships. He began to prepare for this feat at the age of 16, living a Spartan life: diet, sleep in the open air and in winter, exercise, constant skiing, etc.

His first voyage was on the Morgenen, a hunting ship, where he wanted to prepare for the title of navigator. A young polar explorer was waiting ahead interesting life full of adventure and discovery.

Most of his life was spent on expeditions, he never married, he had no children. The famous traveler died at the age of 55, while searching for the expedition of Umberto Nobile.

7. Amerigo Vespucci

Florentine traveler, after whom it got its name. He was an ordinary financier, helping to supply Christopher Columbus 2 and 3 expeditions.

In 1499, at the age of 45, he decides to go on a long journey himself. Amerigo Vespucci believed that sailing is a profitable business, so he was ready to conquer the world at his own expense.

Vespucci became one of the discoverers of the territory where Brazil later settled. The former financier was the first to figure out that the shores of Brazil are not islands, but new lands, which he called the New World. In 1507, a map appeared in France with the contours of a new continent, which was named "The land of Amerigo", and later became known as America.

6. David Livingston

He was not a researcher, but a Scottish missionary. But, fulfilling his difficult mission, at the same time he studied and told the whole world about it.

David Livingston was born into a poor family and at the age of 10 began working at a weaving factory. But this did not prevent the boy from studying independently, he studied mathematics, Latin and Greek, entered the university and became a doctor.

In 1840, Livingstone became a missionary and for the next 15 years he constantly traveled around Central and South Africa, became an ardent fighter against the slave trade, built himself a reputation as a committed Christian.

His life was difficult, but interesting, full of adventures, Africans called him "The Great Lion."

David was the first of the Europeans to cross the Kalahari Desert, after which he discovered and explored Lake Ngami. He also discovered Lake Dilolo.

Livingstone and his companions were the first to find the waterfall, which the traveler named after Queen Victoria. Now near this waterfall there is a monument to the great explorer. He spent most of his life in Africa.

5. Fernand Magellan

He was a navigator with the title "adelantado", which meant "leader of the conquistadors (conquerors)" who explored and conquered lands outside the Spanish possessions.

Fernand Magellan made the first trip around the world. He became the first European who was able to cross the sea from the Atlantic to the Pacific, while opening the strait named after him. Magellan belonged to a noble family.

In 1498, the Portuguese opened the road to India. They began to equip ships to conquer the east. On one of them was Magellan, who, along with everyone, participated in the battles. Soon he has a plan for a trip, which later made him famous.

He asks the king to send him sailing, but he refuses. Then the traveler decides to move to, where he was able to create his own expedition of 5 ships. The journey was difficult, but as a result, they found a strait, moving along which they were able to enter the ocean after 38 days.

The expedition was the first to reach the Philippine Islands, which Magellan called the archipelago of Saint Lazarus. The brave navigator died early, at the age of 40, participating in a military expedition against the Lapu-Lapu tribe of the island of Mactan, whose leader did not want to obey Spain. He never lived to see the end of the world's first circumnavigation.

4. Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay

Nikolay Miklukho-Maclay was not only a traveler, but also a biologist, anthropologist, devoted his life to the study of the population of Australia, Oceania and Asia. He was an ardent opponent of the slave trade, was against the theory popular at that time that the black races are a transitional species from ape to a man.

He is our compatriot, was born in the Novgorod province, studied at the St. Petersburg University. In 1870 he went to New Guinea, where he lived among the Papuans, studying their way of life and rituals, and later continued his observations in neighboring regions.

3. Vasco da Gama

The famous Portuguese navigator, who was the first to sail from Europe to India. Born into a family, in his youth he joined the Order of Santiago, from a young age he participated in naval battles.

In those years, the search for a sea route to India was the task of the century, since it would be of great benefit. AND Vasco da Gama was able to do this, after which he became a representative of the nobility, and over time he was awarded the title of "Admiral of the Indian Ocean".

2. James Cook

The famous navigator was born into the family of a poor Scottish farm laborer, after 5 years of school he worked on a farm.

At the age of 18, he hired a cabin boy on his first ship. Thus began his career as a sailor, which made James Cook famous.

He was at the head of 3 expeditions that explored the oceans. He paid a lot of attention to cartography, the maps he compiled were used until the second half of the 19th century. I learned how to deal with such a common disease at that time as scurvy.

He was famous friendly attitude to the indigenous inhabitants of the territories he explored, but died at the age of 50, killed by the aborigines of the Hawaiian Islands.

1. Christopher Columbus

Much has been said about the life of this famous navigator. He was the first to cross the Atlantic Ocean and visited the Caribbean, Sargasso Sea. He was the discoverer of Central and South America.

Coming from a poor Genoese family, he received a good education. Dreaming of getting to India by a short sea route, Christopher Columbus makes a lot of efforts to implement their projects, but they all turn out to be ineffectual.

Queen Isabella helped to make his dream come true, who agreed to pawn her jewelry for the sake of a great idea.

4 expeditions were organized. Columbus died at the age of 55, the enormous significance of his discoveries was recognized much later, and during his lifetime the monopoly on the discovery of new lands was canceled, moreover, he was arrested and sent to Spain in shackles.

Inhabitants of Oceania. Among the very first were travels in Oceania. Small shuttle canoes, no more than 40 feet long, were used to travel from Southeast Asia through Micronesia and the Pacific Ocean to the Marquesas Islands, the Tuamotu Archipelago and the United Islands. In 500 BC. NS. Polynesians from the United Islands traveled over 2,000 miles to Hawaii. Navigation was carried out by observing the position of the sun and stars, the waves of the ocean, clouds and the flights of birds. The problem of replenishing supplies of fresh water and food remains unsolved.

Inhabitants of the Mediterranean. In the ancient cradle of Western civilization, travel for purposes of trade, commerce, religion, healing, or education has long been. In the Old Testament, there are numerous references to the travels of merchants in caravans.

In order to explore new territories, ancient Greek scientists (Herodotus, 5th century BC) and explorers of other countries (Pytheas, 4th century BC) went on long journeys.

Since 776 BC NS. Thousands of sports and art lovers not only from Hellas, but also from other Mediterranean states flocked to the Olympic Games every year. The construction of special large houses, in which athletes and spectators could stay and relax, also belongs to this period.

The geographic data on various countries accumulated by the beginning of our era were most fully described by the ancient geographers Strabo (63 BC - 20 AD) and Claudius Ptolemy (90-168 AD).

Ancient Rome contributed to the history of tourism: wealth, abundance and vast territories of the empire were the primary ingredients for tourism. The Romans built a magnificent network of roads that they could travel on horseback for over 100 miles a day to see famous temples in the Mediterranean region, especially the pyramids and monuments of Egypt. During the heyday of the Roman Empire, for the Romans from wealthy families, a trip to Greece was often associated with the need to supplement their education. Later, travel to Greece began to acquire an entertainment character: the country attracted tourists with festivals, athletic competitions and other forms of entertainment and entertainment. The movement of wealthy travelers required an appropriate organization of their rest. Places with warm mineral springs were especially willingly visited.

Back in the 1st century. BC NS. in the Roman Empire, state inns arose, located one day from each other on horseback. They were located in cities and on the main roads used by couriers and government officials from Rome to Asia Minor and Gaul.

During the reign of Alexander the Great (from 334 BC), the city of Ephesus in Turkey became an important trade center and one of the main cities in the ancient world, where tourists flocked to admire the acrobats, jugglers, wizards who filled its streets.

However, the decline of the Roman Empire (1st century AD) was accompanied by a decline in tourism. The flow of wealthy travelers declined, the roads fell into disrepair, the country began to fill with bandits, thieves, who made travel unsafe. During the following centuries and until the middle of the 15th century, the main type of travel was the pilgrimage of Europeans, who traveled to the holy places of the continent.

Europeans. The most massive movement of people in medieval Europe took place during the crusades, which were undertaken by European knights and merchants who followed them in order to seize other people's wealth and territories. Priests and pilgrims followed them to the East, accompanied by countless crowds of vagabonds and the disadvantaged. Representatives of the privileged classes traveled to healing springs in the Middle Ages. However, despite the different goals of hiking and travel, they all objectively expanded the geographical knowledge of a person. Detailed descriptions of the rivers, seas, continents and countries they saw were left by Afanasy Nikitin, Marco Polo, Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus and others.

The prerequisites were created for the great geographical discoveries of the late 15th - second half of the 17th century, the number of undiscovered geographical places on the world map was steadily decreasing.

Americans. In the 16th century, the vast continent of North America was explored by the Spaniards, who used horses for their travels.

The first American travels around the country were carried out on foot or on horseback, later small boats and canoes began to be used. As roads were built, postage carriage rides became common. The construction of railways throughout the country has further increased the popularity of travel. In 1850, American Express was founded and pioneered the use of travelers' checks (1891) and various travel services.

One of the most important events in the history of American travel is the travels made during World War II: more than 12 million Americans served the military from 1941 to 1945.

Introduction

1 the great travelers of antiquity

1.1 Travelers Ancient Greece

1.1 Herodotus

1.3 Eudox

1.4 Alexander the Great

1.5 Strabo

1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome

1.2.1 Enei (mythology)

2.2 Apostle Paul

2.3 Pausanias

2.4 Hippalus

Conclusion

Introduction

People have traveled at all times. As mankind developed, it discovered new lands, improved means of transportation. There is practically no culture in which the history of travel has not been intertwined.

It is impossible to imagine the development of human civilization without travel. Thanks to travel, there was an opportunity to come into contact with other peoples, to overcome the isolation of their culture. In other words, travel is the main vehicle for the dissemination and interpenetration of cultures.

Among scientists who study the cultures of different peoples, there are those who believe that the similarity of cultures on different continents associated with the travels of ancient people. These scholars believe that the history of world culture depends on the "traveling man".

That is why the study of the history of ancient travel is of great importance.

The purpose of this work is to study the most famous travelers of the ancient era.

Within the framework of the goal, the following tasks have been set:

.Examine the material on the research topic

.Expand the research topic based on the studied material.

1.Great travelers of antiquity

In its most general sense, the word "antique" means "ancient". But there is also a narrower and at the same time more widely accepted meaning: when they talk about antiquity, they mean belonging to the ancient Greek or ancient Roman culture (civilization), which have a long history: from the first centuries of the 1st millennium BC. and up to the 5th century A.D. Geographical knowledge of the Greeks and Romans was at a very high level. It is extremely important for modern historians of geography that among all ancient civilizations, the ancient ones offer the most complete set of sources by which one can judge geographical knowledge as a real system, and not just a collection of disparate information.

1.1 Travelers of Ancient Greece

The era of antiquity includes several periods: the archaic period (Cretan-Mycenaean culture); the period of the beginning of the development of the civilization of Ancient Greece; Hellenistic period (the heyday and decline of the civilization of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome). The very word "antiquity" in translation from Latin means "antiquity", "antiquity".

The Minoan culture, which emerged in the middle of the 3rd millennium BC on the island of Crete, reached its heyday by the 17th - 16th centuries. BC. During this time, the Cretan fleet dominated the Eastern Mediterranean. XIV - XII centuries BC. were the flowering of the Mycenaean culture. From Egyptian sources it is known that the Achaeans raided Egypt, Asia Minor and other countries. The Dorian tribes who came from the north of the Balkan Peninsula became the cause of the death of the Mycenaean culture. They laid the foundations of the ancient Greek civilization. And the Cretan-Mycenaean culture disappeared. Only its fragments have survived to this day.

Since the XII century. BC. we can talk about the origin of the civilization of Ancient Greece. Moreover, from the XII to the VIII centuries. BC historians call the "dark period" of the development of this era. During this time, all memories of the Cretan-Mycenaean culture were erased. Neither Thucyditus, nor Herodotus, nor Aristotle even mention her in their writings. And only Homer in the 7th century. BC. in his poems he vaguely hinted at some mysterious culture of the past. Homer described the history of the Trojan War, which was fought in the 12th century. BC. Thanks to the discoveries of Heinrich Schliemann and Arthur Evans, mankind was surprised to discover that the siege of Ilion by the Achaean army led by the Mycenaean king Agamemnon is not the fruit of Homeric invention, but a real historical fact.

Greek scholars call Homer the "father of geography", who lived in the 9th-8th centuries. BC.

According to tradition, the first who introduced the Greeks to the poems of Homer was the Spartan king Lycurgus. Their recording and final editing were made in Athens by a special commission appointed by the tyrant Peisistratus (6th century BC). It was also established that they must be read to the whole people during the festivities in honor of the goddess Athena - Panathena. These works were included in all school curricula of numerous ancient Greek policies: city-states. Plato even expressed this thought: "Homer educated all of Greece." Dante Alighieri called Homer "the king of poets". The artistic culture of all subsequent eras, from antiquity to the present, is saturated with images of Homeric heroes.

The Iliad is dedicated to the Trojan War (c. 1200 BC), and The Odyssey tells about the return to his homeland after the end of this war of the king of Ithaca, Odysseus.

There is every reason to believe that the "Odyssey" describes the real journey of sailors in the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

There are many similarities in the wanderings of the Argonauts and Odysseus. They describe the well-known, but not yet fully studied oecumene, the outskirts of which are "inhabited" by all kinds of monsters and wizards. Therefore, only such heroes as Jason, Odysseus can visit there (even having visited Hades, like the Argonaut Orpheus or Odysseus) and return to their homeland. Travels of this rank were perceived by the Greeks as heroic deeds.

In ancient Greece, travel reached its greatest rise in the 5th - 4th centuries. BC. The same period is the flourishing of philosophy, art, mathematics, astronomy, cosmology and other sciences. The civilization centers were the Asia Minor cities - Miletus, Ephesus and Colophon. But the center of attraction was Athens.

With the aim of knowing the world, sages, natural philosophers and poets went to all ends of the world. Almost all major ancient Greek philosophers made long journeys. The sage and philosopher Thales of Miletus studied in Egypt for over twenty years. The philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, the legislator Solon, visited the Nile Valley in order to gain knowledge. The philosopher Plato, having made a long journey, on his return home, founded a philosophical school. Xenophanes of Colophon was an itinerant poet-rhapsodist.

But it was not only knowledge that attracted travelers to these countries. They were attracted by the grandiose ancient monuments of architecture. So ancient that Pythagoras, in comparison with them, is perceived as our contemporary. When visiting Egyptian monuments, travelers often left short notes on their walls - "graffiti", which means "scrawled" in Italian. Only at the tombs of the pharaohs in Thebes, the Egyptologist J. Bayeux discovered more than two thousand similar inscriptions dating back to the times of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

1.1.1 Herodotus

One of the first learned travelers was Herodotus, who, in the words of Cicero, is the "father of history". Herodotus was born around 484 BC in the Asia Minor city of Halicarnassus. He came from a wealthy and noble family with extensive trade connections. At a young age, due to political turmoil, he left his hometown and lived on the island of Samos. Disappointed in politics, Herodotus began to take an interest in the history of his people and, above all, in mythology. Many researchers believe that it was the desire to visit the places where Hercules performed his exploits that prompted Herodotus to travel. Coming from a wealthy family, Herodotus did not feel the need for money.

He traveled all over Greece and Asia Minor, then sailed to the Phoenician city of Tire. Most of all, Herodotus was attracted by the East and its rich cultural heritage... Herodotus traveled to Libya, visited Babylon, but he was especially struck by Egypt, where he stayed for three months. In Egypt, he asked to translate the inscriptions for him, asking the priests about the history of this state. He was interested not only in the life of the pharaohs, but also visited the workshops of embalmers. He measured the length of the perimeter of the base of the pyramids in steps, making specific mathematical calculations. Returning to Greece, Herodotus shared his knowledge with his compatriots. This was his first trip.

The second journey of Herodotus passed through Asia Minor, from where he arrived by ship to the Northern Black Sea region, through Gelespont to the Milesian colony of Olbia at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. There he met with the nomadic tribes of the Scythians, observed their customs, rituals, studied their social structure.

Herodotus devoted his third journey to the study of the Balkan Peninsula. He traveled the Peloponnese, islands Aegean(Delos, Pharos, Zakif and others), then traveled around Southern Italy and the north of the Balkan Peninsula.

Herodotus traveled for 10 years (from 455 to 445 BC), and stated all his observations in 9 books, each of which was named after one of the muses. In his famous work "History" Herodotus described not only the history of many peoples, but also ethnographic signs, i.e. description of facial features, skin color, type of clothing, everyday life, rituals, folk signs, general lifestyle, etc.

In the "History" of Herodotus, his personal observations, real information about distant countries, obtained in wanderings, are bizarrely combined with a retelling of mythological events. Herodotus is suspicious of stories about people with goats' legs or werewolves from the Neuro tribe, but he quite seriously describes the giant ants-gold miners from the Indian desert. Herodotus also did not believe the testimony of the Phoenicians, who circled the African continent, that during the voyage the sun turned out to be on their right side.

Despite the existing inaccuracies, it is difficult to overestimate the importance of the work of Herodotus. He collected many ancient ideas about the world, described the geography of many countries, the life of different peoples.

Only fragments of his writings have come down to us, but the main thing is that Herodotus belongs to the glory of the first Greek tourist, since, unlike his predecessors, he wandered not for the sake of achieving some other goals, but for the sake of the journey itself, i.e. for pleasure, satisfaction of their own curiosity and curiosity.

Herodotus believed that the Etruscans, or, as the Greeks called them, Tyrrhenians or Tyrsenians, came from the state of Lydia, located in Asia Minor, are the brightest example of a traveler people. The name of the legendary Etruscan prince Tirsen is preserved in the name of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Returning as a young man to his homeland, in Halicarnassus, the famous traveler took part in the popular movement against the tyrant Ligdamis and contributed to his overthrow. In 444 BC, Herodotus attended the Panathenaean festivals and read excerpts from his travels there, causing general delight. At the end of his life, he retired to Italy, to Turium, where he died around 425 BC, leaving behind the glory of a famous traveler and even more famous historian.

traveler tourism geography regional studies

1.1.2 Pytheas

In the VII-VI centuries. BC NS. Etruscan civilization reached its peak. By this time, she was compared in its influence on the sea with such great maritime powers as the Hellenic and Carthage.

During this era, travel was carried out mainly for economic, political and military purposes. One of the examples of travel for economic purposes was the travel of the Greek merchant Pytheas. The aggravation of the competition between the Greek city-states, on the one hand, and Phenicia and Carthage, on the other, for dominance in trade in the Western Mediterranean basin, which led to local military conflicts, and forced Pytheas to go to independent searches new Western European markets.

The Phoenicians did not allow foreign merchants to cross the Strait of Gibraltar, the movement through which was controlled by special garrisons located in Gadis (Cadiz) and Tingis (Tangier) on both sides of the strait. The Phoenicians were monopolists for such goods as tin, amber, a number of varieties of expensive furs, which they supplied to the Mediterranean countries from British isles and the Nordic countries.

In 325 (according to other sources in 320) BC. Pytheas sailed on one ship from his hometown Messalia (now Marseille), to the Mediterranean. He sailed through Gibraltar and, having rounded the Iberian Peninsula, entered the Bay of Biscay. Then he sailed along the coast of the country of the Celts and reached the English Channel. There he landed on the island of Albion, which means "White", named because of the frequent fogs. On this island Pytheas learned from the inhabitants that to the north of them lies the land "Tule", which in translation from the local dialect means "edge", "limit".

Pytheas skirted the British Peninsula from the west, and through the North Channel between Britain and Ireland entered the Atlantic Ocean. Pytheas tried to reach the land of "Thule" (now the island of Iceland). He sailed the Orkney and Shetland Islands and, reaching the Ferrers, went further, to 61 ° north latitude. None of the ancient Greeks or even the Romans went so far north. But the further swimming of Pytheas was prevented by impenetrable fogs that form from hitting northern ice into the warm Gulf Stream. Pytheas was forced to turn south towards the shores of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

Later, in his notes, Pytheas will call the land of Tule "the last limit", which in Latin sounds like "ultima tule".

But Pytheas's journey did not end there. Pytheas sailed to the east and arrived at the mouth of the Rhine, where the Ostions lived, and then the Germans. From there he sailed to the mouth of the Elbe and returned to Messalia.

Information about the travels of Pytheas is contradictory. Some ancient authors believe that Pytheas sailed further east on the way back, entered the Baltic Sea and further along the Dniester descended into the Black Sea (Pontus Euxine) and through the Bosphorus and Dardanelles entered the Mediterranean Sea and returned home. However, many ancient Greek historians disbelieve such descriptions. But Pytheas' northern journey and his achievements are indisputable.

1.3 Eudox

The interests of the ancient Greeks were very diverse. They turned their gaze to all ends of the world. The primacy of Europeans in sailing to the shores of India belongs to the ancient Greeks. But, in fairness, I must say that the Greeks used the information they received from Egyptian travelers.

For example, the Greek navigator Eudoxus of Kyzikos, by order of Pharaoh Ptolemy III, undertook a voyage to the shores of India, sailing from Egypt, accompanied by an Indian guide. The sailors have successfully reached the desired goal.

The second expedition to India was made by Eudoxus on the instructions of Queen Cleopatra for a load of incense. But on the way back, the winds carried the ship south of Ethiopia, and Eudoxus was forced to move along the coast of Africa.

During his third voyage (120 - 115 BC), he sailed around Africa, as the Phoenicians did, but died at the end of the journey.

1.4 Alexander the Great

Considering the travels of the Hellenistic era, one cannot fail to note the military campaigns of Alexander the Great, which lasted for 10 years. In the ancient world, these campaigns were considered an unheard-of, almost legendary feat. The fame of the brilliant military victories of the great Alexander was reflected in the folk legends of the entire Middle Ages.

In 330 BC. the troops of Alexander the Great, defeating the Persian kingdom, reached southern Afghanistan. Then, through modern Kandahar and Ghazni, they were poisoned to Kabkl. From there, passing the Khavak pass (3,548 m) in the Hindu Kush mountain range, we arrived in Northern Afghanistan. After that, the Macedonian king made his trip to the Syrdarya and reached modern Khujand (until 1991 - Leninabad). Then the army turned south and invaded the Punjab, where, due to the discontent of the soldiers, heat and illness, Alexander was forced to go back, during which he was overtaken by death.

Without going into the military details of this campaign, we can safely say that it ended for the Greeks, and then for the Romans, by opening the way to India. Thanks to this campaign, the Greeks and Macedonians got acquainted with little-known, if not completely unknown before, peoples, their culture, way of life, and traditions. Alexander the Great was personally interested in the study of Asia. Alexander was surrounded not only by warriors, but also by outstanding scientists and artists. In their works, they described in detail everything they saw, heard and studied during this campaign.

This campaign marked the beginning of museology. Alexander, after defeating the Persians, sent money to his teacher Aristotle. With this money, Aristotle founded a natural science museum. Aristotle asked his royal pupil to send him samples of unknown plants and skins or stuffed animals of unusual animals, which was done at the behest of Alexander.

During the voyage of Nearchus, not only a map of the coast was drawn up, but also a study of natural phenomena, in particular monsoon winds, was carried out, knowledge of botany and zoology was expanded. Nearchus got acquainted with many tribes and peoples, learned their customs and laws.

Thus, the campaign of Alexander the Great can also be considered a "scientific expedition", since the conqueror surrounded himself with natural scientists, mathematicians, historians, philosophers, botanists and artists.

1.1.5 Strabo

Geographical representations of Herodotus were expanded by the ancient Greek scientist and traveler Strabo, who was born in the 1st century BC. BC. in the southeastern part of the Asia Minor Peninsula. Strabo, coming from a noble and wealthy family, received an excellent education and was able to travel to various parts of the Roman Empire. He visited Italy, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Rome itself; in his distant wanderings, Strabo reached Armenia and the borders of Ethiopia.

As a result of these travels, he collected extensive historical and geographical material, which was later used in two major works: "Historical Notes" and "Geography", consisting of 17 books. The fates of these two works of Strabo are completely opposite: if the first is almost completely lost, then the second has come down to our days almost entirely and brought this scientist fame, which has already a thousand-year history.

"Geography" tells about Spain, Italy, Greece, India, Egypt, Central and Eastern Europe, Central, Central and Asia Minor. Strabo not only describes nature and people, but also makes historical excursions, mentioning some facts not known to any other sources.

Strabo considered geography to be a part of philosophy, interpreting it from the standpoint of the stoic ideas of Posidonius. He considered Homer to be a completely reliable source of geographical information. Strabo had no idea of ​​mathematical geography, limiting himself to descriptive, hence his often unfair criticism of his predecessors, in particular Eratosthenes. Strabo's descriptions are accurate, and some to this day seem to be the main source of our knowledge, for example, descriptions of the Nile delta and Alexandria. Strabo also paid attention to the history, and in particular, the history of the culture of the described countries. He addressed his work to a wide circle of readers; in it he also expressed a kind of admiration for the power of Rome. According to Strabo, Earth was an island washed by the Ocean, which created 4 gulfs: the Caspian Sea, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea and the Persian Gulf. He was the first to express the idea of ​​the gradual dismemberment of the land. He divided the inhabited world into Europe, Asia and Libya, that is, Africa. "Geography" by Strabo is the largest geographical work that has come down to us from antiquity. Along with the work of Claudius Ptolemy, it is the source of our information about ancient geography. Strabo wrote simply and concisely, without rhetorical embellishments. The composition of Strabo was little known until the 5th century. AD Then it became a classic work on geography, and Strabo was simply called the Geographer.

Ancient Greek culture has enriched humanity with knowledge about the world around it, raising travel to the rank of a mass phenomenon, but we can talk about the initial stages of the tourism industry since the era of Ancient Rome.

1.2 Travelers of Ancient Rome

2.1 Enei (mythology)

Travel is at the heart of the civilization of ancient Rome. The ancestor of Rome is considered one of the main defenders of Troy during the Trojan War - Aeneas. After the defeat, Aeneas was forced, saving his family, to flee from the city captured by the Achaeans.

Virgil dedicated the poem "Aeneid" to this journey. The path of Aeneas' small fleet lay across the Aegean Sea, then, circling the Peloponnese across the Adriatic Sea, the travelers arrived in Epirus, located on the western coast of the Balkans, from where they proceeded to Sicily. Suddenly, a storm that flew in threw their ships to north coast Africa, and only the intervention of Neptune himself saved them from inevitable death.

In Carthage, Aeneas was struck by the love spell and hospitality of the dowager queen Dido. But the supreme god of the Romans, Jupiter, sent Mercury (later the patron saint of wanderers) to Aeneas to remind him of the need to continue the journey.

Aeneas resumes his journey. The Trojans arrive on the Apennine Peninsula, where they initially stop at the city of Cuma, and then, after the prophetess Sibyl gave Aeneas an "excursion" to the Kingdom of the Dead, where the ghost of his deceased father told him about the future great destiny of Rome, they continue their journey, which ends at the banks of the Tiber. And five centuries later, Rome was founded there.

The Trojans faced many more trials. Local population- the Latins - start wars against them. And only the marriage of Aeneas with the daughter of the king of the Latins Lavinia ended this bloody conflict. But in order to appease the local gods, in particular Juno, they pledged to adopt the language and traditions of the Latins.

Emperor Octavian Augustus played an important role in editing and spreading the myth of Aeneas. This allowed the Roman aristocrats to trace their ancestry to the Trojans.

The history of the formation and spread of Christianity is directly related to the journey of both Jesus himself and his apostles.

2.2 Apostle Paul

The most prominent preacher of the new religion was the apostle Paul. He embraced the new faith after having a vision while traveling to Damascus in which Jesus spoke to him. Paul traveled extensively during his missionary work. He visited Asia Minor, Greece, Syria, Palestine. Paul returned to Jerusalem after three long journeys in eastern part Roman Empire, where he was arrested and sent to Rome. This was the last journey of the apostle: in 64 A.D. NS. Paul was executed on the outskirts of Rome for his active missionary work and the development of Christian theology. The Christian faith in the Roman Empire was persecuted until the 4th century. n. NS.

2.3 Pausanias

The first traveler of our era, whose name was preserved in history, was the Greek writer Pausanias. He lived in Rome and traveled extensively in the Greek and Roman provinces. Description of his travels, compiled in the form of a guide ("Description of Hellas"), he published in ten books around 180 AD. In particular, Pausanias described Attica (the southeastern part of central Greece) and Athens. From Attica, he moved on to Corinth and explored the islands of the Aegean Sea. He then gave a description of Laconia and Sparta, listing the names of all the roads and provinces.

2.4 Hippalus

The journey of the merchant Hippalus in 14 -37 years was of great importance for the development of trade. AD He set out from East Africa and reached the Indus Delta. He established the regularity of the movement of monsoons in Indian Ocean, sailed from Cape Fartak to the Indus Delta. Hippalus wrote the book Sailing Around the Eritrean Sea. This essay describes the coast of Africa from Cape Guardafui to the island of Zanzibar. The southern coast of Arabia and most of west coast India.

"Description of the journey through Pontus Euxine" (Black Sea) belongs to the pen of the Greek historian Arrian, who lived in the II century. n. NS. In his work, Arrian tries to characterize the countries and peoples living along the shores of this sea. Truly encyclopedic works were " The World History"Polybius and Geography" by Claudius Ptolemy.

Travelers were in Ancient rome apostles and emperors (Trajan, Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius), generals and scientists. The military campaigns of the Romans, such as Caesar to Gaul, Claudius to Britain, Scipio to Africa, led to the expansion of reliable geographical knowledge. The Romans build roads, lay fortresses, some of them will eventually become the capitals of European states: Singidunkum (Belgrade); Aquincum (Buda, later merged with the left-bank Pest); Vindobona (Vienna).

Even a philosophy of tourism is emerging. Lucius Annei Seneca in "Letters to Lucilius" substantiates the idea that for tourism it is necessary "to choose places that are healthy not only for the body, but also for morals." Because, says Seneca, "and the area, no doubt, is not devoid of the ability to corrupt." As dens of all vices, he cites such famous resorts like Canopic and Bailly.

But at the same time, the philosopher asserts that "it is not the sky that needs to be changed, but the soul", because "everywhere you come, your vices will follow you." In support of this thesis, Seneca quotes the statement of Socrates: "Is it strange that you have no benefit from wandering if you carry yourself everywhere?" To get the maximum benefit and pleasure, one must travel with a pure soul, ancient scientists believed.

Conclusion

Travelers of antiquity made a huge contribution both to the history of the development of tourism, geography and culture, regional studies, ethnography, various sciences and teachings, and to world history as a whole.

Travelers throughout the history of mankind obtained important information that served as a valuable source of knowledge of various sciences. On the basis of the collected materials, scientists built up various concepts explaining the historical development of a particular country. They resorted to their help when they tried to prove or disprove any hypotheses and ideas.

Thus, thanks to the travelers of antiquity, new lands and peoples were discovered, and rich geographical material was accumulated, which contributed to further travel and discoveries.

List of used literature

1.M. V. Belkin, O. Plakhotskaya. Dictionary "Ancient Writers". Access mode:

Makarenko S.N., Saak A.E. History of tourism. Access mode:

Sokolova M.V. History of Tourism: A Study Guide for Students of Higher Education Institutions. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2006.

Encyclopedia for Children: Vol. 3 (Geography). - Comp. S.T. Ismailova. - M .: Avanta +, 1994.