Western Samoa. Island State of Samoa

Samoa is an island state in the South Pacific Ocean, occupying the western part of the archipelago of the same name. The state consists of two large islands - Savaii and Upolu, two small ones - Manono and Apolim and several more small islands.

Samoa has a humid tropical climate. The average annual temperature is + 26 ° C, its fluctuations do not exceed 2 ° C. The year can be divided into two seasons: wet, from November to April, and drier, from May to October, at this time there are southeastern trade winds on the islands. On the plains, the average annual precipitation is 2000-3000 mm, at an altitude - 5000-7000 mm. The country is often affected by tropical cyclones.

History

Samoans New Year meet one of the last on our planet: near the borders of the state there is a conditional line of changing calendar dates, numbers, days of the week, months, years ...

This line on the globe runs along the meridian 180 ° from Greenwich, between Asia and America across the Pacific Ocean, bypassing land. The Samoans are proud of their role as guardians at the "gates of time", albeit conditional. But they also have reasons for unconditionally high self-esteem. Most of the world's ethnographers believe that it is this small archipelago, the very core around which the entire Polynesian culture has grown: myths, customs, traditions, way of life, ideas of beauty.

Archaeologists date the traces of the first human settlements on the islands of Upolu, Apolim, Savaya and Manono from two to two and a half thousand years. However, other scholars believe that these were not the ancestors of the present Samoans at all, but some other Austronesian tribes. Their real ancestors came in the 5th century. from the Bismarck Islands in Western Melanesia, and they were representatives of the Lapita culture. However, there is very little reliable information about the life of the Samoa archipelago before the arrival of Europeans here; the same archaeological excavations were carried out here only sporadically and not widely. But if we take the legends and traditions of Samoa, Fiji and Tonga (with reservations, of course) as a source of information, then it turns out according to them, and here all the legends agree with each other that it was the inhabitants of Samoa who were distinguished among all Polynesians by their special belligerence. As many historical examples confirm, it is on the shoulders of the victorious warriors that customs and traditions often come to the lands they conquered, in this case to the nearby Pacific islands and atolls. In this regard, linguistic versions of the origin of the name Samoa are also interesting. According to one of them, “Samoa” is an abbreviation of Sa-ia-Moa (“sacred to Moa”), and Moa was the son of the god of the Tagaloa universe. According to another version, more common among the islanders themselves, Samoa is something other than the "sacred center of the universe." Indeed, in Samoan, one of the meanings of the word "moa" is "center." It also translates as ... "chicken" (more precisely, one of the local species of this poultry on some islands). But what does the chicken have to do with it? And besides, the Samoans answer, that where the chicken is, there is a house. It is truth too.

XVII century. provides more accurate evidence of the role of Samoa in Polynesia. By this time, the archipelago, the geographic center of Polynesia, became a bustling crossroads of trade and exchange in the region. From time to time, merchants-sailors from more distant countries began to look into the port of Apia. The discoverer of the islands among the Europeans, however, is not a merchant, but a Dutch traveler Jacob Roggeven (1722). The Frenchman Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who arrived here in 1768, christened the archipelago the Seafarers' Islands. His more famous compatriot, Jean-Francois La Perouse (1741-1788), also visited this place. They were all amazed at how the seemingly wild islanders live: they are clean, practical, and their handicrafts are simply excellent - both beautiful and durable.

In 1830, English missionary preachers John Williams and James Harris landed on Samoa. The Samoans greeted the reverend fathers amicably, and were baptized willingly and in large groups. This was unexpected: the missionaries met a completely different reception on other islands of the Pacific Ocean, let us clarify that both of them were eaten by cannibals in 1839 on the Eromanga island of the New Hebrides archipelago (Vanuatu). It is believed that the Samoans were so loyal because in their myths their gods always told them: the day will come when a new faith will come to you, which must be accepted with humility. And so it happened. And Samoa in the world began to be called the "Bible Belt of the Pacific".

Germany, Great Britain and the United States looked at Samoa not as an outpost of Christianity in Oceania, but as a stronghold of their future influence in the region. On March 16, 1899, ships of all three countries entered the Apia harbor almost simultaneously. And then you can't figure it out on purpose - the elements intervened in the plans of the colonialists: under the blows of an unexpectedly flying strong typhoon, only the British frigate "Calliope" survived. Well, the Americans and the Germans declared cynically, but promptly: you, gentlemen, have no losses, therefore, you do not need any compensation. For some reason, the British did not mind. Thus, the islands of Samoa were divided between Germany and the United States. Their western part, now the Independent State of Samoa, went to Germany, and the eastern part, now American Samoa, to the United States (unorganized and not part of the country). With the outbreak of the First World War (1914-1918), Germany had no time for Samoa, and in 1914 the former German Samoa was occupied by New Zealand, then, in 1920, with the sanction of the League of Nations, it made Western Samoa its protectorate. In 1961, the UN, being the legal successor of the League of Nations, terminates this mandate. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became an independent state, since 1997 it is not only a status, but also a name - the Independent State of Samoa. And not a kingdom at all, despite the fact that its first person is a monarch. Here begins the peculiarity of the state and social system of Samoa, at first glance, quite chaotic. But this is not at all the case; on the contrary, it is very slender, because it is based on local unshakable traditions.

Samoa landmarks

Apia is a beautiful city that is the capital of Samoa. One of the most famous landmark of Apia is old catholic church, which was built in the western area of ​​the capital of Samoa. This church is a truly magnificent building, it makes people come to it, look at it, admire it. The height of the church is approximately ninety meters. Also, tourists are attracted by its facing - Gothic columns and vaults, as well as stucco molding, which in the entire existence of the church was restored only five or six times! Also, tourists love the large windows of this church, the dimensions of which are so large that two adults can stand in full height if they are placed on top of each other.

Another attraction is Christian church, in which the relics of John Williams, a reverend and missionary, who was one of the first to come to the islands, rest. The Christian church is also very beautiful, but alas, photographing it is prohibited, both outside and inside. But you can buy photographs with her image in any shop selling souvenirs.

On the main island of the archipelago - Upolu, you can visit the Stevenson Museum, Center for Traditional Polynesian Art, Samoan Village Museum, Paradise Beach, go scuba diving, take part in ocean fishing or get up close and personal with the nature of the island's interior.

On the outskirts of Apia - Vallima(4 km. Along Beach Road) is the estate of the famous English writer RL Stevenson. The tombstone of the famous writer lying in the back of the estate looks like a look at the town, the snow-white edge of the reef and the distant horizon. After the writer's death, the islanders worked 24 hours non-stop, carving a path to the top of the hill so that the body of their beloved "tusitala" ("narrator", as they respectfully called Stevenson) could be buried the next day with full ceremonial honors. Stevenson's elegy is engraved on the tombstone, his favorite two lines: "The sailor's house is in the sea. And the hunter's house is in the hills."

Papasaa Sliding Rock("Papassea Moving the Rock") - five-meter waterfalls, cascading right into a common reservoir, lost by the shores in the intricacies of the jungle.

Savaii Island is one of the largest islands in Polynesia, but also one of the least populated. It is a pristine and ancient island that has experienced only a few Western influences, and the people of Savaya have kept their way of life even more traditional than that of Upola. There are a huge number of first-class beaches that are good for swimming and are considered the most perfect for snorkelling and other underwater sports.

Reserve " Tafua rainforest"is one of the most beautiful and accessible rainforest reserves, located on a stretch of coastline with lava fields, caves and grottoes. The local lava fields, Matavanu, were formed when the volcano erupted almost continuously for almost six years in the early 1900s. Now they represent an impressive lunar landscape, and a walk around the crater of the volcano is one of the most attractive excursions on the islands, and here it is possible to grab a couple of lava souvenirs with you as a souvenir.

Another tropical forest reserve on Savaii - Falealupo, has a unique natural object - a green canopy over the passage-gallery between the majestic banyan trees, woven from thousands of tree branches.

Samoan cuisine

V national cuisine Samoa mainly uses seafood, and very often raw, with the addition of salt and spices. The main place is occupied by "oka" - a collective image of the method of preparing raw fish, during which it is finely cut, marinated in a mixture of lemon juice, coconut milk, salt and onions, and only then is it further processed or is simply consumed almost raw ("ok - ua "). Other seafood is prepared in the same way - various shellfish, crustaceans, sea snakes, shark meat and even, perhaps, the most exotic delicacy of the islands - "si", which is a specially processed sea cucumber.

Many dishes are cooked in "mind" - earth ovens.

Coconuts, taro, sweet potatoes, vegetables, rice, millet, fruits occupy a special place in the dishes. From seafood, shellfish, crustaceans, sea snakes, sharks, sea cucumber are popular.

Meat was traditionally considered a purely festive dish, and the islanders' daily diet included only pork and various poultry products, although recently this picture has noticeably changed towards an increase in the range of various meat dishes.

The dishes are served with soy sauce, coconut milk and onion sauce, breadfruit, greens.

Of the famous local dishes, it is worth noting "luau", or "palusami" (taro leaves processed like "oka", in which various fillings are wrapped and then languished in "mind"), "taisi-moa" (chicken fried in banana leaves), moa-tunupau (chicken fried over charcoal), supoesi (papaya and coconut milk soup), supasui (Samoan suei, which is beef marinated in soy sauce with ginger, garlic and onions, then boiled with noodles and a lot of soy sauce), traditional fia-fia (a mixture of various meat products and vegetables fried in uma), sua-arasa (rice soup), povi-mashima (ordinary corned beef) , "lupe-tunuviliwili" (fried wild pigeon), and, of course, the traditional for the islands dish "puaa-tunuvilili" (fried pork, a kind of "puaa-tuna" - whole fried in the "mind" of a pig).

From drinks they prefer coconut juice, cocoa, "kava". "Kava" is a non-alcoholic drink saturated with flavonoids, previously prepared according to a special recipe from the root of yangona (kava) - a shrub plant from the genus of pepper (botanical name - piper methysticum): they simply chewed the roots of kava and left them in water to infuse

Today Samoa is a small island state located in the Pacific Ocean, in the west of the archipelago of the same name. It consists of two fairly large islands ( Upolu and Savaii), which accounts for about 96% of the total area of ​​the country, and eight small islands, which are concentrated in the western part of the archipelago ( Manono, Nuutele, Apolima, Nuulua, Fanuatapu, Namua, Nuulop and Nuusafee). From 1900 to 1914 the islands were called German Samoa, from 1914 to 1997 - Western Samoa, and from 1997 they were named the Independent State of Samoa.

According to the 1960 Constitution, the country has a republican form of government, but here it is combined with local traditions and customs. For example, local power belongs to the matai chiefs, and almost all land is distributed among villages and families. Unlike American Samoa, this country has so far been little affected by civilization and is an almost pristine corner of the Earth. Tourists are attracted to this place by high mountains and first-class beaches, which are ideal for active rest as well as colorful festivals and picturesque Polynesian villages to learn about ancient traditions. No wonder even RL Stevenson, the author of the famous novel Treasure Island, spent the rest of his years in Samoa.

Capital	Apia
Population
Population density	76 people / km²
	Samoan, English
Religion	Christianity
Form of government	parliamentary republic
Timezone
International dialing code
Domain zone
Electricity

Climate and weather

On the territory of Samoa, the trade wind tropical climate dominates, so the weather here is quite hot, humid and windy. Winter on the islands falls in the period from May to October, during which southeastern trade winds dominate here. In the summer season (from November to April), they change their direction to the northwest. Also during the year there are powerful tropical typhoons bringing storms. The largest number of them falls on the summer period. Precipitation falls mainly from December to April.

The average annual air temperature is stable and keeps within +25 ... + 27 ° C, the water temperature is always warm (not lower +24 ° C). The best time to visit Samoa is the dry season (May - October).

Nature

Western Samoa is an island nation in the South Pacific. It consists of two large islands ( Upolu and Savaii) and eight small ones, of which only two are inhabited ( Manono and Apolim a). The islands of Savaii and Upolu, which are separated by Strait of Apolim, are the tops of underwater volcanoes, so they have a mountainous landscape. Volcanic cones rise in the center of both islands. Silisily and Phyto. Northern slopes the islands are flatter than the southern ones, and their western parts are covered with plains. The coastline is quite narrow and all indented by lagoons. A significant part of the islands is occupied by forests and humid tropical thickets. The flora on the islands is diverse: there are about 600 plant species. Animal world represented by bats, several species of lizards, many birds and insects. V coastal waters dolphins live.

Due to their volcanic origin, the islands are replete with small rivers and waterfalls. The exceptions are the western part of Upolu and most of Savaya.

sights

Western Samoa is a beautiful corner of the Earth that has not yet been heavily affected by civilization. For this reason, the country's main treasures are its mountains, forests, beaches and picturesque villages. If we talk about man-made sights, then the largest number of them is concentrated in the capital Apia on the island of Upolu. For example, in its western part is the old ceremonial capital Mulinuu... The most interesting buildings in this area are the old observatory and the House of Parliament. In the central part of Apia, the most interesting is the memorial Clock Tower. Also, old colonial buildings are scattered throughout the city, among which the courthouse is the most colorful, within the walls of which there is Historical Museum... In addition, many churches have been built in the capital and its suburbs: Catholic Church, a complex of temples Apia-Samoa-Temple, the Church of the Congregationalists, etc. Just 4 km from the center of the capital, on the outskirts of Vailim, there is the estate of the writer R.L. Stevenson, and next to her is his tombstone.

There are others on the island of Upolu interesting places... So, in its northern part there are picturesque waterfalls Falefa, forest reserve Wafato and the lake Lanotoo, next to which the temple rises Bahá'í Temple... On the southeast coast, the most interesting cascade of five-meter waterfalls Papassea Sliding Rock... Well, the main attractions of the southern coast are national park O-Le-Pupu-Pue and the beach Paradise Beach.

Savaii Island is virtually untouched. Its main attractions are the Peapea and Paia Dwarfs lava caves, the ritual embankment near Cape Mulinuu, the Alofaaga volcanic cavern, the Tia Seu embankment, the ancient village of Fagaloa, the Falealupo lava tubes and the Satihuatua beach with a picturesque church. Also worth mentioning separately is the island of Manono, the main historical monuments of which are "Mound of the Star" and embankment "Tomb of 99 stones".

Nutrition

The national cuisine of Samoa is distinguished by not too spicy dishes, consisting of separate components, which are served separately and mixed directly during the meal. Here you can also taste dishes that are cooked in the earth ovens of the mind. Some of the most important ingredients in the local menu are coconut, sweet potatoes, vegetables and roots, cereals, fresh fruits and seafood. Among fish dishes, the main place is occupied by eye, which is finely chopped and specially marinated fish, which is then cooked or eaten raw. They cook according to similar recipes faiai-eleni(herring in coconut milk), faiai-fairy(octopuses in coconut milk) and other seafood (shellfish, shark meat, crustaceans, sea snakes, etc.).

In restaurants, among the most popular dishes, it is worth noting paluses(pickled taro leaves, in which the fillings are wrapped), taisi-moa(fried chicken in banana leaves), soup(coconut milk and papaya soup), fia fia(a mixture of meat and vegetables, fried in the mind), lupe-tunuvilivili(fried pigeon) and puaa-tunuvilili(fried pork in the mind). All meals are served with soy sauce, tapas and breadfruit.

As a dessert local restaurants offer fruit, fausi(a dish of coconut milk and baked pumpkin), coco arasa(cocoa with rice) and a variety of flour products.

Among the drinks most commonly found are nui (green coconut juice), kava (an unusual drink made from yangon root) and strong cocoa, as well as local sodas. Alcoholic drinks in the country are mainly imported, and Vailima beer is the most popular among the locals.

Accommodation

Today tourism in Western Samoa is only developing, so the choice of hotels here is not too large. Moreover, Samoa is one of the cheapest countries in the South Pacific. For this reason, the cost of living in high-level hotels here starts from $ 130-150 per day. In mid-priced establishments, you can count on $ 50 per day, and in motels and small private boarding houses - for $ 35-40. In addition, many village communities offer full board rental houses. In the case of such accommodation, the cost of living will be only $ 20 per day.

Most of the hotels are located on the island of Upolu, on the island of Savaii, their choice is much lower.

Entertainment and recreation

Samoa's rich nature makes it a great destination for outdoor activities and hiking. The best way to explore the islands is by boat or canoe. Also, cycling trips are quite popular among tourists, especially along the territory of the picturesque island of Savaii. There are many beautiful shores on the islands, which are suitable for both beach holiday, and for snorkeling, and in some places for exploring the underwater world. The best places for diving located next to the marine reserve Palolo-Deep-Marine-Reserve and in the area Maninoa Beach(Upolu island).

Surfing in Samoa is quite difficult to read, as many of the places suitable for this are replete with erratic currents and reefs. However, there are currently resorts on the islands that specialize in « playing with the wave » (Maninoa Beach, Ananoa Beach, Salouafata Harbor and Samoana). Fishing in Samoa is quite affordable, but expensive. The fact is that locals often view fishermen-sportsmen as their direct competitors. For this reason, tribal leaders charge quite large sums of money from tourists for harmless fishing.

Participation in one of the local holidays and festivals can be an interesting way to spend your time. Among them, the most ambitious is the weekly Teuila festival, which takes place in early September. The program of this event includes dance group and choir competitions, traditional dances, kirikichi competitions, fautashi boat races and Flower parade... Among other events, the most interesting are:

• International Fishing Tournament,
• Argungu Fishing and Cultural Festival,
• South Pacific Games (rowing),
• Birthday of Tanumafili II Malietoa,
• International rugby competition and palolo tortoise festival.

Purchases

The largest shopping establishments in Samoa are located in Apia- this is big Flea Market and two supermarkets ( Frankie and Farmer joe). Almost any product can be found on the market, from cheap electronics to jewelry. In supermarkets, the choice of goods is slightly less, but their quality is better. In general, almost every city and village of the country has its own market, where you can find very interesting souvenirs and just do useful shopping... Most often, tourists purchase ramp fiber bags and baskets, exquisite paper mulberry bark fabrics, wooden weapons, canoe models, wooden bowls, avocado oil and local honey. Local handicrafts such as wicker fans, small figurines, vases, etc. are in great demand. Women are advised to pay attention to original coconut shell jewelry, as well as amazing precious shells. Boggle the imagination and the rugs that are woven local craftsmen... Their amazing pictures and bizarre ornamentation harbor a bit of Samoan culture.

Most retail outlets are open from 08:00 to 16:30 and on Saturdays until 12:30, although many private shops operate on their own schedule. All shops are closed on Sundays.

Transport

Apia is home to the country's largest port, through which Samoa maintains regular maritime connections with New Zealand, Great Britain and Fiji. Less significant ports are located in Asau, Saleologa and Mulifanua... Between the islands Savaii and Upolu as well as with the island Pago pago that belongs American Samoa, there is a regular ferry service. The international airport is located in Faleolo, 34 km from the capital.

Samoa has over two thousand kilometers of roads, mostly rural. Old buses with wooden seats are the main intercity and urban transport. In addition, they run extremely irregularly. For example, if the driver feels that he is tired, or decides to play rugby with friends, then the bus will no longer work. There are no stopping points. For the driver to stop, you must vote. Well, in order to get out, it is customary here to knock loudly on the roof. Keep in mind that Samoan buses have their own seating arrangements. According to him, unmarried girls must sit together, and foreigners and elderly people - at the beginning of the bus. If the bus gets overcrowded, locals sit on each other's knees.

Taxis are available in the capital and major settlements, car rental is only available to persons over 25 years old.

Connection

There is a very modern telephone system on the islands, which is developing rapidly. Public telephones are installed in all large settlements. They work with prepaid cards, which are sold in stores, post offices and kiosks. You can also make a call from most hotels, however, its cost will be 15-20% more expensive.

Samoa has an analogue system (TDMA): only telephones that support this standard can be used. If necessary, such a phone can be rented at the offices of cellular companies. The coverage area mainly covers the capital city as well as the surrounding areas. On this moment a system of repeaters is being built, which allows providing high-quality communication between all points of the country.

Network services on the islands are developing at a rapid pace, so there are Internet cafes in the capital and other localities of the country. Local mobile operators support WAP and GPRS.

Security

Samoa is considered one of the most quiet places v this region... The crime rate on these islands is extremely low, so there will be no problems with personal safety. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to neglect simple precautions. Women traveling alone should be prepared for the increased attention of local men. As a rule, it is expressed in various oral comments, but some caution clearly does not hurt.

Tap water in settlements is chlorinated and therefore safe for consumption. Although we recommend using bottled or boiled water for drinking and brushing your teeth during the first week of stay.

Vaccinations against hepatitis B, cholera, typhoid, polio and Japanese encephalitis are recommended before traveling to Samoa. In addition, the islands occasionally experience outbreaks of tropical fever, which are carried by mosquitoes. For this reason, it is worth having insect repellent with you.

Business climate

The financial system of Samoa is almost completely integrated into the world economy, and the stable financial, economic and political structure of the country attracts investors here, and their activities are encouraged by the government. In general, government policy is aimed at transforming Samoa into a powerful offshore center in the Pacific Ocean region. Today the light industry is very developed here. A promising industry is undoubtedly hotel business and the tourism industry in general.

On the islands, most of the land, including the coast, is communal property, the rights to which belong to families or villages. Rural communities view their shores as a protected area and therefore watch them very zealously. This means that you will need to pay $ 1-3 for swimming on the part of the coast you like. Bargaining and sparing this money is not worth it, since it goes to the needs of medicine or the education of the community. In addition, some communities prohibit going out to sea on Sundays, and surfers and windsurfers are charged a small daily fee ($ 1-1.5). The money goes to support the local school curriculum.

Visa information

Samoa visa is issued directly at the border crossing. For its registration, you will need tickets and a passport, which is valid for 6 months after leaving the territory of Samoa. Sometimes customs officials are asked to show evidence of sufficient funds for the duration of their stay in a given country.

At the border, a visa is issued for 30 days, but if necessary, it can be extended for 60 days. To do this, you need to contact Immigration office in Apia and present a passport, tickets, proof of sufficient financial resources, reasons for extending the period of stay, hotel reservation or confirmation of another method of accommodation, as well as pay a fee (about $ 45).

Independent State of Samoa(Samoan. Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa, English Independent State of Samoa) is an island state in the South Pacific Ocean, occupying the western part of the archipelago of the same name. Previous names are Germanic Samoa (1900-1914) and Western Samoa (1914-1997). Was admitted to the United Nations on December 15, 1976, since 1970 - a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The capital of the country - the city of Apia is located on the island of Upolu, which is one of the two largest islands in the state of Samoa.

Etymology of the name

The exact origin of the country's name is unknown. There are several versions.

According to one of them, "Samoa" is an abbreviated form of the word "Sa-ia-Moa", which is translated from the Samoan language as "sacred to Moa." One of the legends is associated with this version, according to which the god of the universe Tagaloa had a son named Moa and a daughter named Lu. After getting married, Lou gave birth to a son, whom she also named Lou. One night, while sleeping, Tagaloa heard his grandson Lu hum the words "Moa-Lu, Moa-Lu." After a while, Lu changed their order and began to sing "Lu-Moa, Lu-Moa", that is, putting his name in front of the name of his uncle Moa. Tagaloa, hearing this, became very angry, considering his grandson too arrogant. He asked Lou to scratch his back. When Lou began to do this, Tagaloa grabbed the boy and began to beat him. Frightened, Lou fled and went to live on earth. Tagaloa also warned his grandson to honor his uncle Moa. Lu remembered the order on earth and decided to name his new home "Sa-ia-Moa". Subsequently, this name was transformed into "Samoa".

However, another version is most popular among the locals. The Samoans indicate that "Moa" means either "center" or "chicken" (however, in the Manua Islands this word is not used in this context; there chicken is indicated by the word "manu"). Therefore, the name of the state can be translated from the Samoan language as "the sacred center of the universe" or as "place of moa" (moa is a local poultry that resembles a chicken).

In addition, "Moa" is the surname that the holders of the royal title of Tuimanua bear.

History

Samoa, like Fiji and Tonga, was believed by some scholars to have been inhabited in the 5th century AD. NS. during the migration of representatives of the Lapita culture from the Bismarck Islands located in Western Melanesia.

According to other sources, the settlement took place at the turn of the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. NS. Samoa was one of the centers of the formation of Polynesian culture. It was from Samoa that the islands and atolls of the central and eastern part of the Pacific Ocean were developed.

There is very little reliable information about the history of Samoa before the arrival of Europeans there. From legends and traditions, as well as from the materials of a few archaeological excavations, it is known that between the tribes inhabiting Samoa, Fiji and Tonga, there was a constant bloody rivalry for dominance in the region. The empire of Tu'i Pulota (Tonga) was replaced by the empire of Tu'i Manu'a (Samoa), and it was replaced by Tu'i Tonga (c. 950 AD). Aristocratic families were tied by marriage, which maintained the cultural and historical closeness of the states.

By the middle of the 17th century, the ports of Samoa performed the main trade functions in the region, both within Polynesia and in trade with Europeans.

The Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeven, who landed on Samoa in 1722, became the European discoverer of the islands. Subsequently, in 1768, the archipelago was visited by the French navigator Louis Antoine de Bougainville, who called it the Islands of the Navigators. Until the 1830s, when English missionaries and merchants began to arrive on the islands, contact with foreigners was very limited. In August 1830, a member of the London Missionary Society, John Williams, began his missionary work in Samoa. The Samoans had a reputation for being a savage and warlike people, which was due to the frequent clashes of local residents with the French, British, Germans and Americans, who used Samoa to fuel steamers with coal until the end of the 19th century. By this time, the process of disintegration of the primitive communal system and the formation of a class society was under way in Samoa: the islanders were divided into nobles and ordinary members of the community, rather large territorial associations, headed by the supreme leaders, arose.

By the middle of the 19th century, rivalry between Germany, Britain and the United States flared up for control of the islands, which was expressed in the direction of warships to the area of ​​the islands, support for the warring leaders of Samoa, supplying them with weapons, organizing training and even direct participation in internecine clashes. Already from the middle of the 19th century, these three states began to increase their presence in Samoa: in 1847 Britain opened its consulate in Apia; the United States followed in 1853 and Germany in 1861. In 1881, the rivals agreed to recognize the supreme leader Malietoa Laupepa as the Samoan king, but the king of Laupepa in 1885 entered into open conflict with the Germans, who in response began to support his main rival Tamasese. Taking advantage of the actual dominance of Germany in Samoa and the lack of unity among the British and Americans, the Germans overthrew Laupepa in 1887, sent him into exile, and proclaimed Tamasese king. The German captain Brandeis, appointed prime minister, imposed high taxes on all Samoans and, relying on German warships, tried to consolidate his position on the islands with bloody repression. These actions led to a series of protests among the indigenous people. At the head of the disaffected was the leader Mataaf, who enjoyed great popularity. After the victory of Mataafa's soldiers over the troops of Tamasese, the German authorities had to recall Brandeis. Stung by this failure, the German consul ordered an attack from the sea on the villages of Mataafa's supporters.

Concerned about the aggressive actions of the Germans, the governments of Britain and the United States were sent to the islands military establishment to defend their interests. This led to an eight-year civil war, in fact, inspired by opposing external forces. All three countries sent their warships to Apia, and a large-scale war seemed imminent, but on March 16, 1889 strong storm the fleet suffered serious damage, which led to the end of the military conflict. As a result of the Berlin Agreement, a protectorate of three powers was established over the islands.

However, already in 1899, the Samoa Islands were divided into two parts (the dividing line passed along 171 ° W): the eastern group, now known as "American Samoa", became the territory of the United States (Tituila Islands - in 1900, Manua - in 1905); the western islands were named "German Samoa", and Britain dropped its claims in exchange for the return of Fiji and some other Melanesian territories.

The first German governor was Wilhelm Solf, who later became the secretary of the colonies of the German Empire. During the years of German rule, there were constant uprisings against the colonial regime in the country. The largest uprising, which was brutally suppressed by German troops, took place in 1908.

Samoa in the 20th century

On August 29, 1914, a New Zealand detachment of 1,374 people landed on Upola in order to capture the German radio station. Not receiving repulse from the Germans, the New Zealanders quickly took possession of the islands.

From the end of World War I until 1962, Samoa was ruled by New Zealand, initially under the mandate of the League of Nations and later the UN. About a fifth of Samoa's population died as a result of the 1918-1919 flu epidemic, in part because New Zealand authorities were unable to enforce quarantine.

In the early 1920s, Western Samoans founded the patriotic organization Mau (Opinion) with the slogan “Samoa for Samoans,” a non-violent popular movement against the mistreatment of the people of Samoa by the New Zealand administration. Mau was run by Olaf Frederick Nelson, half Samoan, half Swede. Among the forms of protest used were tax evasion, stoppage of work on plantations, disobedience to the colonial court, the creation of their own governing bodies. Nelson was expelled from the country during the 1920s and early 1930s, but continued to support the organization financially and politically.

On December 28, 1929, the newly elected leader of the Tupua Tamasese Movement Lealofi led the Mau to a peaceful demonstration in Apia. New Zealand police tried to arrest one of the leaders of the demonstration, which resulted in a clash. The police began firing indiscriminately at the crowd with a Lewis machine gun. The leader of the Tamasese movement, who was trying to bring peace and order among the demonstrators, was killed. Another 10 demonstrators were killed on the same day, and 50 were shot and mutilated as a result of police actions. This day in Samoa is known as "Black Saturday". Despite constant repression, Mau grew to remain a nonviolent movement.

After World War II, Western Samoa changed from Mandate to New Zealand Trust Territory, which began political reforms, including granting the territory limited self-government. In 1961, a referendum was held, during which the inhabitants of Western Samoa spoke out in favor of granting independence. An agreement was signed with New Zealand, according to which it took over the defense of Western Samoa, as well as its representation in relations with foreign states. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became the first Pacific island nation to gain independence.

In July 1997, the country's constitution was amended to consolidate the new name of the state - "Samoa", under which it joined the UN in 1976. The American Samoa administration protested against the renaming, arguing that it called into question the national identity of American Samoa itself. In American Samoa, the expressions "Western Samoa", "Western Samoan" are still used in relation to Samoa and its inhabitants.

Despite the fact that the inhabitants of both Samoans belong to the same nation and have the same language, there are cultural differences between them. East Samoans tend to migrate to Hawaii and the mainland US, while the residents themselves adopt specific American hobbies such as American football and baseball. Western Samoans tend to be New Zealand, whose influence can be gauged by the great popularity of rugby and cricket.

Political structure

The 1960 Constitution, which entered into force after independence, established a republican (de facto), (de jure) federal elective, absolute monarchical form of government based on the Westminster parliamentary system combined with local traditions and customs.

Legislature

The legislative body of the country is a unicameral parliament - the National Legislative Assembly (Fono Aoao Faitulafono). It is composed of one representative each from 41 territorial constituencies, six additional members, and 2 deputies, elected by people included in the special electoral lists of citizens of non-Samoan origin. Only Samoan citizens are eligible to be elected to the Assembly. The deputies are elected on the basis of universal suffrage. The term of office of the deputies is 5 years.

At the first meeting after the elections, the members of parliament elect from among their members a speaker.

The head of state of Samoa can at any time call a break in the work of the parliament, as well as dissolve it after consultation with the prime minister of the country.

The Samoan Parliament is empowered to legislate through the adoption of bills. After the bill is approved by parliament, it is sent to the head of state for consideration, who must sign or reject the bill on the recommendation of the prime minister.

Executive power

Samoa's executive power is concentrated in the hands of the head of state.

The title of the head of state in the Samoan language is called O le Ao o le Malo (Samoan. O le Ao o le Malö), which can be translated as "the leader of the government": ao is the title of chiefs, little means "government".

In 1962, when Samoa gained independence, the two supreme chiefs, Malietoa Tanumafili II and Tupua Tamasese Meaola, were granted a lifetime right to serve as head of state. Tupua Tamasese Meaole died in 1963, Malietoa Tanumafili II died on May 11, 2007 at the age of 95. At that time, he was the oldest living monarch in the whole world. His successor, Tuyatua Tupua Tamasese Efi (the eldest son of Tupua Tamasese Meaole), was elected by parliament as head of state, according to the constitution, for a five-year term on June 17, 2007.

According to the Constitution, the head of state (with the exception of the first two O le Ao o le Malo) is elected by the Legislative Assembly from among its members for 5 years and can be re-elected an unlimited number of times. The head of state has mainly representative functions, but has the right to veto parliamentary decisions. In fact, only members of the Malietoa and Tupua families apply for this post.

The Cabinet of Ministers is responsible for the overall direction and control of the executive branch of the country, and is also collectively responsible to parliament. The Cabinet of Ministers is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the head of state on the recommendation of parliament. Also, the head of state, on the advice of the Prime Minister, from among the deputies of the Legislative Assembly, appoints at least eight and no more than twelve ministers of the country.

Judicial branch

Samoa's judicial system is represented by the Court of Appeal, the Supreme Court, Magistrates' Courts, Village Fono and Land and Titles Court.

The Supreme Court of Samoa is the court of first instance in criminal and civil cases. It consists of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and several judges. The chairman is appointed by the head of state on the recommendation of the prime minister. Other judges of the Supreme Court can only be persons who have experience of practical work as barristers in Samoa or another state provided for by the law of Samoa for at least 8 years. They are appointed by the head of state on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission.

The Supreme Court also hears appeals against decisions of the Magistrates' Court in claims of $ 40 or more.

The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and his other justices constitute the Court of Appeal, which hears appeals against Supreme Court decisions in claims of $ 400 or more.

The Constitution also provides for the creation of a magistrates' court, or faamasino fesoasoani, which hears civil claims, the amount of which does not exceed $ 40 (in some cases - up to $ 200), as well as criminal cases, the amount of damage for which does not exceed $ 40 (in some cases - up to $ 200) ..

The Magistrates 'Court operates in accordance with the 1969 Magistrates' Court Act. He hears civil claims, the amount of which does not exceed $ 1000, as well as criminal cases, the amount of damage for which does not exceed $ 1000.

Constituencies

The country is divided into 41 constituencies called faipule (Samoan faipule). They do not perform any administrative functions. All Samoan citizens over the age of 21 are eligible to vote.

Local government

At the local level, villages and counties are governed by matais. The village is inhabited by several aing (communities). The head of the noblest ainga is the matai of the entire village. He sits on the village council (Fono) along with the heads of other communities. Ten to twelve villages make up the district. V guest house the most influential village gathers the district fono, in which the heads of all the villages participate.

Foreign policy

Samoa is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations (UN) and its specialized agencies, the Asian Development Bank, the Pacific Islands Forum, the International Monetary Fund, the World Trade Organization (as an observer) and other international organizations.

Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Western Samoa were installed in 1976. However, there is no Russian embassy in Samoa. The Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to this country (concurrently) since July 28, 2004 is Mikhail Nikolayevich Lysenko, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to New Zealand.

Geography

The country is located in the western part of the Samoa archipelago between 171 ° 20 'and 172 ° 50'W. and between 14 ° 10 'and 13 ° 20' S. The total land area is 2935 km² and includes two large islands - Savaii (1825 km²) and Upolu (1100 km²) - and six small islands, of which only Manono and Apolima are inhabited. Samoa owns 130,000 km² of exclusive coastal economic zone and 23,100 hectares of reefs and lagoons (no more than 5 m deep). The country borders on the territorial waters of Tokelau - in the north; American Samoa in the east; Tonga - in the south; the islands of Wallis and Futuna in the southwest and Tuvalu in the northwest.

Relief

The relief of the islands that make up Samoa is predominantly mountainous, since the islands are a continuation of an underwater ridge of volcanic origin. Most high points- Silisili (Savayi) (1 857 m) and Fito (1 115 m) (Upolu). The peaks on the two large islands are cut by deep gorges with wide valleys. The slopes facing the sea are mostly steep and steep. The coastal strip is narrow, indented by lagoons and coral reefs. It is in the low-lying coastal strip between mountain ranges and the Samoan villages are concentrated by the sea.

The Russian navigator OE Kotzebue, who visited Samoa in 1824, wrote about "the generosity of the local nature, dressing even the most steep cliffs in green clothes."

Climate

The climate of Western Samoa is humid tropical. The average annual temperature is 26.5 ° C, the annual amplitude does not exceed 2 ° C.

According to the amount of precipitation, the year is divided into 2 seasons: wet (November - April), when the trade wind circulation is often disturbed by cyclones coming from the northwest, and drier (May - October), at this time the southeastern trade winds prevail on the islands. The plains receive 2000-3000 mm of precipitation per year; their number increases with height and reaches 5000-7000 mm. More rain falls on the windward (southern and eastern) slopes than on the leeward (northern and western) slopes. The average relative humidity is 80%. Relative humidity averages 80%, annual average sundial — 2500.

The prevailing wind direction is northeast, which accounts for 80% of the wet season and 50% of the dry season. Average wind speeds are about 20 km / h with gusts up to 48 km / h.

Samoa is periodically affected by tropical cyclones. In 1990 and 1991, cyclones Ofa and Val hit the islands, with wind speeds reaching 180 km / h. The most devastating for the country was the "hurricane of the century" that hit western Samoa in January 1966. The wind speed reached 200 km / h.

Geological structure

Seismographs of the Apia observatory quite often register tremors, but these tremors have not yet caused destruction. Despite the fact that all islands are of volcanic origin, only Savaii can be called volcanically active. The last major eruption dates back to 1700, the smaller ones - 1904-1906. Part of the territory of the island of Savaii, covered with young lavas, is almost devoid of vegetation. However, in other areas, as a result of erosion and weathering of older volcanic rocks, fertile soils have formed. There are especially many such lands on the island of Upolu.

No minerals were found in the country.

Water resources

Samoa is washed on all sides by the Pacific Ocean. The Upolu and Savayi islands are separated by the Apolim Strait, in which the smaller islands of Manono and Apolim are located.

More than 3/4 of the country's population has access to piped water. However, a large amount of water is lost due to leaks due to poor infrastructure and poorly maintained water pipelines.

Samoa's volcanic origins have had a major impact on the area, which is teeming with shallow rivers and waterfalls, except for the western part of Upolu and most of Savaya. Traditional sources of fresh water for local population in these areas are groundwater and rainwater. On Savaii, rivers are used for these purposes, despite the fact that they are located closer to the coast. During the dry season, water bodies often dry up. In many areas, the amount of water supplied is insufficient to meet drinking and hygiene needs.

In Apia, the quantity and quality of fresh water supplied is diminishing due to the inability of water pipelines to cope with the fast flow of rivers, which are the main source of fresh water in the capital. Some areas of Savaii also experience severe water shortages throughout the year. Local residents meet their needs by collecting rainwater in cisterns.

Despite heavy rainfall, almost all the water evaporates and is also absorbed by the porous soil within 3-6 months after the end of the rainy season.

Soil

Most of the soils located in the mountainous regions of the islands are formed from volcanic ash. Most of it contains olivine basalt, while it is poor in potassium and phosphorus. However, frequent precipitation and favorable temperature conditions increase its fertility.

In Samoa, there are differences between the soils of mountains, highlands and lowlands. In mountainous areas, there is a tendency to increase the thickness of the soil layer with height, although, as a rule, the soils of these areas of Samoa are not used for agricultural purposes.

Flora and fauna

The flora of Samoa is diverse (there are about 775 plant species, of which 30% are endemic to the archipelago). Among the plants are lat. Atuna racemosa, lat. Bischofia javanica, lat. Canarium harveyi, lat. Glochidion ramiflorum, lat. Gnetum gnemon, lat. Hoya australis, lat. Macaranga harveyana. Two-thirds of the islands' surface is occupied by tropical rainforests, which are characterized by an abundance of tree ferns. There are valuable species with very hard wood. Large-leaved myrtle and orchids are widespread. Forests are located mainly on mountain slopes, and cultivated plantations dominate on the coast. On the tops of the highest mountains, forests are replaced by small forests and shrubs. 150 species of Samoan plants are used for medicinal purposes.

The fauna of Samoa, like other islands of Polynesia, is relatively poor. Before the advent of human mammals on the islands, bats lived on land, and dolphins lived in coastal waters. Ancient Polynesian sailors brought dogs and pigs here, while Europeans brought cattle and horses. Also, rats entered the islands with ships and settled throughout the archipelago.

Birds are much more diverse (honey plants, weed chickens, pigeons, small parrots, etc.). In total, 43 species of birds constantly live on the island, of which 8 are endemic, for example, the toothed-billed pigeon. The Polynesians brought chickens here, and the Europeans brought other poultry. Reptiles include lizards (7 species) and snakes (1 species). There are many insects, especially butterflies (21 species). Turtles and crabs are found on the coast.

The ocean waters abound in fish, including valuable commercial species. Far from the coast there are sharks, tuna, mackerel, swordfish, in shallow waters - mullet, conger eels. Numerous molluscs live on coral reefs.

Administrative device

The territory of Samoa is divided into 11 itumalo (districts), which were formed even before the appearance of Europeans on the islands. Each district has its own constitutional order (faaway), based on the traditional order of precedence of titles in the faalupeg (traditional greeting) of each district.

The village, which is the administrative center of the county, manages the affairs of the county, coordinating its decisions with the centers of other counties. For example, the center of Aana district is Leulumoega. The supreme leader of Aana bears the title of TuiAana. The Council of Chiefs that confers this title, Faleiva (House of Nine), sits at Leulumoege. Similarly, business is conducted in other districts. For example, in the Tuamasag district, the title of the supreme leader is called Malietoa and is assigned by the Fale Tuamasag council of chiefs sitting in Afege.

Population

According to the 1986 census, 157,000 people lived in the country. By 2004, the population increased to 177.7 thousand. As of July 2007, the population of Samoa was estimated at 214,265, of whom 92.6% were Samoans, 7% were descendants from European-Polynesian marriages, and 0.4% were Europeans. More than 70% of the country's population lives on Upola, although this island is one and a half times smaller than Savaii, where 28% of Samoans live. The islands of Manono and Apolima account for about 1% of the population. The rest of the smaller islands are uninhabited. The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants are concentrated on the coasts; the interior regions of both large islands are very sparsely populated. The most densely populated are the northwestern coast of Upolu and the region of the capital - Apia.

28.3% of the population belongs to the age group under 15 years old, 65.5% - to the group from 15 to 65 years old and 6.3% - over 65 years old. The birth rate is estimated at 15.69 per 1000 inhabitants, mortality - 6.47 per 1000, emigration - 11.59 per 1000. Infant mortality is 28.72 per 1000 newborns. In recent years, there has been a downward trend in the population of Samoa (this is due to the fact that young people go abroad in search of work, mainly to New Zealand).

The massive emigration from Samoa is due to the backwardness of the local economy. Young people leave the country in search of work or for higher earnings, as well as because of dissatisfaction with traditional practices, which, in their opinion, do not correspond to reality modern world... The main flow of migration is directed to New Zealand. Some of the emigrants, having saved up money or finished their studies, return to their homeland, while others send their families to their homes and leave Samoa forever.

Religion

98% of Samoans are Christian. Congregational 35.5%, Catholic 19.6%, Methodist 15%, Latter-day Saints 12.7%, Assembly of God 6.6%, Seventh-day Adventist 3.5%.

The head of state until 2007, Malietoa Tanumafili II, was an adherent of the Bahá'í religion. Samoa is home to one of the seven Bahá'í Houses of Worship, founded in 1984. It is located in Tiapapata, 8 km from Apia.

Languages

The official languages ​​are Samoan and English. The Samoan language belongs to the Polynesian languages ​​that are part of the Oceanian zone of the Austronesian language family.

Samoan writing is based on Latin script. The Samoan writing system was created by missionaries as early as 1834. Most of textbooks, religious literature, and laws and government orders are published in the Samoan language. The country publishes a Samoan-language government newsletter and two private weeklies with articles in English and Samoan. Both of these languages ​​are used in their broadcasts by local radio and television.

Economy

Taro, an agricultural root vegetable, has traditionally been Samoa's main export, accounting for over 50% of exports in 1993. However, due to the destruction of fields as a result of a fungal disease since 1994, taro has been less than 1% of the export volume.

Advantages: The growth of light industry attracts foreign firms, mostly Japanese. Rapid growth thanks to improved tourism infrastructure and the emergence of offshore services. Agriculture in tropical conditions allows export mainly of taro, coconut oil and milk, cocoa and copra.

Weaknesses: cyclones impede development. Unstable international copra and cocoa markets. Bad transport system... Dependence on foreign aid and transfers of citizens living abroad.

Samoa's economy has traditionally been dependent on humanitarian aid, private transfers from foreign countries, and agricultural exports. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the country's labor force and produces 90% of the country's exports, including coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (noni fruit juice), bananas, copra, etc.

The country's gross domestic product (GDP) (purchasing power parity) in 2006 was $ 1.218 billion. According to 2004 data, the manufacturing sector is the main component of GDP (58.4%), followed by the services sector (30.2%), agriculture (11.4%). The working-age population of Samoa is estimated at 90,000.

Industry and energy

In 1967, a large American company built a timber processing complex on the island of Savaii and began harvesting valuable timber. However, her predatory actions have displeased the Samoan government. In 1977, it terminated the agreement with this company, acquired all the property of the company and took control of logging. Most of the timber produced is exported.

In addition to the timber industry complex, the country's industry consists of several small enterprises. This is a soap and brewery, a garment factory, a factory for the production of furniture, coconut oil, cookies, ice cream and Coca-Cola. The authorities are encouraging the development of folk arts and crafts. A special government organization is involved in the export of handicrafts.

35% of the required electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants; the rest of the electricity needs are met by imported fossil fuels.

Tourism

Tourism is a growing sector that currently accounts for 25% of GDP. The number of tourists increased from 70,000 in 1996 to 100,000 in 2005. The Samoan government has announced that it will reduce the government's role in regulating the financial sector and encouraging investment. Observers point out that labor market flexibility is the foundation for growth opportunities. The tourism sector has been boosted by investment in hotel infrastructure, political instability in neighboring countries and the government's agreement with Virgin Airlines to launch scheduled passenger flights.

Among the main objects visited by tourists:

• Apia - among the attractions of the capital of Samoa, a memorial tower dedicated to the victims of the Second World War, a flea market and many churches;
• The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum - the writer's home, located four kilometers from Apia;
• South coast of Upolu - Samoa beaches: Matareva, Salamuma and Aganoa, coral reefs of Aleipat;
• Rock Papasea - a five-meter descent from a waterfall into a small forest lake;
• Savai - Tafua and Falealupo nature reserves, Olemoe waterfalls, Taga geysers.

Agriculture and fishing

Samoa is an agricultural country and 77% of its population lives in rural areas. Favorable climatic conditions make it possible to grow a large number of tropical and subtropical fruits. During the period of German colonization, the country produced mainly copra. German traders and settlers actively expanded plantations and introduced new crops, in particular cocoa and rubber, bringing in workers from China and Melanesia to care for them. When natural rubber prices plummeted at the end of World War II, the New Zealand government began encouraging the cultivation of bananas to satisfy its own market.

Today, Samoa's main commodities are copra, cocoa and bananas. Agricultural exports in 2001 were estimated at US $ 5.1 million. Cocoa produced - High Quality used in New Zealand chocolate making. Despite good conditions for growing coffee, stable production has not been established. Rubber has been produced in the country for many years, but its export has little impact on the country's economy.

Samoa is also rich in fish resources. However, fishing is predominantly consumer-oriented and is carried out, as a rule, from traditional double-hulled boats - catamarans. Due to the lack of sea fishing vessels, modern freezing equipment and fish canning enterprises, the country not only cannot export fish, but even has to import fish products from abroad. Therefore, the government considers one of the urgent tasks to create its own fishing industry.

Transport and communications

The country has 2,100 km of roads, mostly rural. There is a ferry service between the islands of Upolu and Savaii, as well as with Pago Pago (American Samoa). The international airport in Faleolo (34 km from Apia) can accommodate aircraft up to heavy Boeing 747s. Availability of cell phones - 130 pcs. per thousand population (2003-2004).

Currency

Samoa's currency is the tala, which is composed of 100 senes (“tala” and “sen” are the equivalent of “dollar” and “cent”). The tala was introduced in 1967 and replaced the Samoan pound at the rate of 2 tala = 1 pound (equivalent to the New Zealand dollar). The tala remained at the same rate as the New Zealand dollar until 1975. The symbol WS $ is usually used to denote currency, the symbols SAT, ST and T are also used.

Foreign economic relations

The main export items are traditionally fish, clothing, coconut oil, coconut cream, beer and copra. The main imports are bicycles, equipment, building materials and consumer goods. Main partners - export: Australia (63%), USA, import: New Zealand, Fiji, Australia, USA and Japan.

Included in an international organization African countries, The Caribbean and Pacific Rim (ACP).

Culture

Lifestyle

The traditional Samoan way of life (called the faa of Samoa) remains an important part of Samoan life and politics. Having been subjected to European influence over the centuries, the Samoans nevertheless maintained their historical traditions, preserved their social and political structure, and their language.

Samoan culture is based on the principle of valealoai - a specific system of relations between people. This relationship is based on respect (faaalo). When Christianity was brought to Samoa by missionaries, most of the population accepted it. Currently, 98% of the population identifies as Christians. The remaining 2% either identify themselves as non-religious or belong to other faiths.

Most Samoans live in traditional oval huts (fale). The roof is made of pandanus or coconut leaves and is supported by wooden posts. There are no walls, but at night and in bad weather, the openings between the posts are covered with mats, which are stored rolled up under the roof (along its perimeter). The floor is paved with even large pebbles. Now there are hales with an iron roof.

The main socio-economic unit of society in Samoa is the community (ainga), which consists of three to four generations of close male relatives, women who came to the community by marriage, and persons included in it as a result of adoption or adoption. Ainga members (on average 40-50 people) jointly own the land and jointly carry out all labor-intensive work.

Art

Like many other Polynesian islands, Samoans have two types of tattoos for different genders. Tattoos for men are called tatau and consist of intricate geometric designs placed from the knees to the ribs. A man with such a tattoo is called sogaimiti. Samoan girls (teine) have mala, which range from just below the knees to the top of the thighs.

music and dancing

The traditional female Samoan dance is the Siwa. This dance is similar to the Hawaiian hula - dancers "tell" their "story" with smooth movements of their arms and legs to the beat of the music. Male Samoan dances are more aggressive and energetic. Sasa is a male Samoan dance in which rows of dancers perform in rapid synchronized movements to the beat of drums or folded mats. Its name is translated from the Samoan language as "slap", because it is accompanied by slaps on different parts of the body.

Museums

The Robert Louis Stevenson Museum (Vailim, 4 km from Apia) is the house in which Stevenson spent the last years of his life (1890-1894). The grave of the writer is located nearby. The writer's house and the entire estate were declared a nature reserve. The official residence of the head of state is located here.

In the National Museum (Apia), in three rooms, a variety of exhibits are stored that tell about the history of the country. Some of the exhibits are kept in museums and private collections in New Zealand, USA, Australia and Germany. For example, tapas - traditional printed fabrics made from sun-dried vegetable paste and therefore very fragile - are on display at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra. All foreign museums and galleries have undertaken to return the exhibits after creating appropriate conditions for their storage. All exhibits of the museum can be divided into two categories: archaeological artifacts and handicrafts. The age of the most ancient objects is more than 1000 years BC: these are mainly stone axes and chisels.

Education

Expenditures on education (2002-2004) amounted to 4.3% of GDP. Samoa is characterized by a high literacy rate of 98.6% (2005). The share of the illiterate population aged 15 to 24 is 0.5%. This is due to the fact that there is a wide network of primary public and private church schools in the country, in which 3/4 of children aged 7-12 study. Compulsory education includes ten-year schools that admit children as young as five. Teaching is in Samoan, but English is being intensively studied. Schools were founded at the beginning of the 20th century by missionaries.

Some of the children (66% - 2004) study in secondary schools, and can also receive special education at the College of Tropical Agriculture, the College of Commerce, as well as several trade and trade schools. Hundreds of Samoans received higher education abroad, mainly in New Zealand.

Higher education in the country is represented by the National University of Samoa, the University of the South Pacific, the Samoan Polytechnic University and the Oceanic Medical University.

Samoa is one of the founders of the University of the South Pacific, whose main building is located in Suva, Fiji, and the Samoan is in Alafua. The National University was founded in 1984. Approximately 10% (2005) of the population of the corresponding age receive higher education.

Health care

The health institutes are represented by the national hospital in Apia, four district hospitals and medical centers. Most of the medical staff are graduates from the Fiji School of Medicine. Vaccination coverage is 95%, and 85% of Samoans have access to clean drinking water.

There are periodicals in Samoan and English: Samoa Observer and Samoa Times (daily), Savali (4 times a week) and Talamua Magazine (monthly). Radio (Magik FM, K-Lite FM, Talofa FM, Samoa Broadcasting Corporation) and television (Samoa Broadcasting Corporation, O Lau TV, TV3, Vaiala Beach Television) are broadcast.

The number of radio receivers among the population is more than 175 thousand (1997), TV sets - 8.5 thousand (1999). On the archipelago, 2 providers provide their services for 10 thousand Internet users (2007).

Sport

The most popular sports in Samoa are rugby and Samoan cricket. The Samoan national rugby team, dubbed by the Manu Samoa fans, is constantly competing against rivals from other countries. Samoa has participated in all Rugby World Cups since 1991. In 1991 and 1995, the national team reached the quarterfinals, in 1999 - in the second round, in 2000 - reached the quarterfinals of the Rugby League World Cup.

They also won the Wellington rugby league cup and the Hong Kong rugby sevens tournament in 2007, a victory celebrated by Samoan Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, who is also chairman of the national rugby union, declared a national day off. Samoa also competes in the Pacific Nations Cup. The sport is administered by the Samoan Rugby Union, which is part of the Pacific Islands Rugby Alliance, and also contributes to the work of the Pacific Islands national team. The local national championship and the Pacific Cup are held at the club level. The most famous Samoan players are Pat Lam and Brian Lima. Many Samoans also play for the New Zealand national team, the British Super League clubs and the British National Leagues.

The Samoans also achieved success in American professional wrestling, boxing, kickboxing and sumo, where Musashimaru Koyo achieved the title of yokozuna.

The Samoan Football Federation has been a member of FIFA since 1986, but the national team of the country has not achieved significant results even in tournaments of the scale of Oceania.

The country has competed in all Summer Olympics since 1984. There are no Olympic awards. Apia native David Tua, playing for the New Zealand national team, won the bronze Olympic medal at the 1992 Olympics in Barcelona. It is noteworthy that in the same year Marcus Stephen, who became President of Nauru in December 2007, competed for the Samoan Olympic weightlifting team.

The content of the article

SAMOA, The Independent State of Samoa (formerly Western Samoa), located in the Pacific Ocean, in Polynesia, on western islands archipelago of Samoa. It consists of two large islands - Savaii (1820 sq. Km) and Upolu (1100 sq. Km), two small islands - Manono (8 sq. Km) and Apolim (5 sq. Km) and five uninhabited islets. Samoa was the first in Polynesia to gain independence in 1962.

Nature.

The islands of Western Samoa are the summits of an underwater ridge of volcanic origin. On the island of Savaii there is an active volcano Matavanu, the last eruptions of which occurred in 1902 (strong) and 1911. The relief of the islands is mountainous. Most high peaks- Mount Silisili (1858 m) on the island of Savaii and Fito (1100 m) on the island of Upola. The surface of these islands decreases from the central most elevated regions to the periphery and in places passes into coastal lowlands. The islands have many fast mountain rivers with significant hydropower potential. The shores are mostly rocky, indented. total length coastline OK. 400 km. Coral reefs border Savaii from the northeast and east, and Upolu on all sides, except for the northeastern part.

The climate is tropical, hot and humid. Average daily temperature approx. 26 ° С, temperature fluctuations are small (average temperature in summer - 27 ° С, in winter - 25 ° С). Average annual precipitation ranges from 2500–3000 mm in the northwest of both large islands to 5000–7000 mm in the central mountainous regions. The dry season lasts from May to October, and the rainy season lasts from November to April. Tropical hurricanes are frequent.

Volcanic soils are very fertile, especially on Upolu Island. Soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture, however, due to the dissection of the relief, only a quarter of the territory is used.

The flora of Samoa includes approx. 600 species, about a quarter of which are endemic. Forests cover 47% of the country's territory. A strip of mangrove forests stretches along the coasts. In many places they have been replaced by coconut plantations. The mountain slopes are covered with tropical rain forest. On the lower parts of the slopes, trees up to 20 m high prevail, in the ground layer there are ferns, trees are entwined with vines and various epiphytes. At an absolute altitude of 500–600 m, the tree layer reaches 25–29 m, and tree ferns appear even higher in the mountains. In the central part of the islands, forests are more humid. In Western Samoa, many valuable tree species grow, the timber of which is used by the population for the construction of houses and boats. Banyan, muscat, bamboo, pandanus, orchids are very common.

The fauna is extremely poor in mammals. The most common rats brought by Europeans on ships. Bats are characteristic. The avifauna includes 53 species, of which 16 are very rare (including the endemic toothed-billed pigeon). Reptiles include snakes and turtles. Centipedes, scoropions and spiders are found. The fauna of insects is the richest, and these islands are confined to Eastern the range of three groups of insects (mayflies, caddis flies and termites), widespread in Australia and New Guinea. The adjacent water area is replete with fish, crabs, octopuses, sharks, tuna, bonito, mackerel and so on are found in deeper waters.

Population.

According to the 1986 census, 157 thousand people lived in the country, and by 2010 its number increased to 194.320 thousand. 35.4% of the population belongs to the age group under 14 years old, 59.4% - to the group from 15 to 64 years old and 5 , 2% are over 65 years old. The birth rate is estimated at 22.1 per 1000 inhabitants, the mortality rate - 5.34 per 1000, emigration - 10.81 per 1000. Thus, in recent years, there has been a trend towards a decrease in the population of Western Samoa, which, according to estimates, decreased by 0.22% (this is due to the fact that young people go abroad in search of work, mainly to New Zealand). The infant mortality rate is 21.85 per 1000 newborns.

Almost 3/4 of the population is concentrated on the island of Upolu, where the only city and capital of the country, Apia, is located (36 thousand inhabitants in 2009). The majority of the population lives in 230 villages on the coast of Upolu Island and in 16 centers in the interior of the island. The urban population is 20% of the population.

The ethnic composition of the Samoan population is homogeneous: Samoans (92.6%), belonging to the Polynesian group of peoples, prevail. The minority are persons of mixed European-Polynesian origin and Europeans. The official languages ​​are Samoan and English. Samoan belongs to the East Austronesian group of the Austronesian language family. Samoan writing is based on Latin script. Western Samoa is characterized by a high literacy rate of about 97%. This is due to the fact that the country has a wide network of primary state and church schools in which most of the children study. Schools were founded at the beginning of the 20th century. missionaries. Some of the children are enrolled in secondary schools, and can also receive special education in pedagogical or agricultural colleges, or in trade and trade schools. Hundreds of Samoans have graduated overseas, mostly in New Zealand. Newspapers and radio and television broadcasts are broadcast in Samoan and English.

Among believers, 49% are Protestants (represented mainly by Congregationalists and Methodists) and 45% are Catholics. There are also Seventh-day Adventists and Mormons.

The main traditional unit of Samoan society is a large family community (ainga), which includes numerous relatives - sometimes up to 40-50 people. Each family community elects its leaders (matai), who, with common consent, manage the lands and other property of the community, and also represent the interests of the community in the council of heads of large family communities (fono), which is responsible for managing the affairs of the village.

State structure.

The country has a constitution that came into force on January 1, 1962 (when the independence of Western Samoa was proclaimed), as amended in July 1997. Initially, the country was headed by two chiefs - representatives of large family communities, before that long time who held supreme power on the islands. After the death of one of them, Tupua Tumasese, Malietoa Tanumafili II became the head of state for life since April 5, 1963 (according to the updated constitution, after his death, the head of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of five years). The executive power in the country is exercised by the government headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the head of state and approved by the Legislative Assembly (Fono). It consists of 49 deputies who have been elected by universal suffrage since 1991. All residents of the country who have reached the age of 21 are vested with the right to vote.

The judicial system consists of the Magistrate Courts for civil and criminal cases, the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. These courts operate in accordance with British law and Samoan customs. Minor offenses are under the jurisdiction of chieftains and family communities based on customary law.

In 1970 Western Samoa joined the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain. Since 1976 - a member of the UN. Close ties with New Zealand are traditionally maintained. Since July 1997, the country has been called Samoa.

Economy.

Western Samoa's economy is dependent on outside aid, private transfers from overseas relatives and agriculture. In the structure of GDP, the share of agriculture is 40%, industry - 25%, services - 35%.

In 1998, GDP (at purchasing power parity) was estimated at $ 485 million, or $ 2,100 per capita, and growth - 1.8%, in 2011 this figure was $ 1.122 billion.

Agriculture employs approx. 65% of the working population, in the service sector - 30%, in the industry - 5%. Main agricultural crops - coconut palm, cocoa tree, taro, yams, breadfruit and bananas. Animal husbandry plays an auxiliary role. Cattle, pigs and poultry are raised to meet domestic needs. Most of the crops are grown on communal lands, but some of the produce (especially copra and cocoa beans) comes from large plantations.

Industrial production is reduced mainly to the processing of agricultural raw materials and fish, the production of clothing, footwear, souvenirs, tobacco products, food products, and beer.

There is a woodworking plant and a soap factory. Hydroelectric and diesel power plants generate approx. 65 million kW of electricity, which meets internal needs.

In terms of value, imports significantly exceed exports. Samoa imports mainly cotton clothing, cars, equipment, food. In the structure of exports, agricultural products are approx. 90%. The main export items - copra, coconut oil, cocoa beans, bananas, fish - go mainly to New Zealand, Australia, the USA and Germany. Imported goods come from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Fiji and the United States.

Tourism is developing in the country (25% of GDP). In 1996 it was visited by over 70 thousand foreign tourists, in 2007 - 122 thousand tourists.

Observers point to the flexibility of the labor market as the main force for future economic achievement. The inflation rate remains stable.

Regular maritime connections are maintained between Apia (the country's largest port) and New Zealand, Fiji and the UK. Less significant port facilities were built in Asau, Mulifanua, Saleologa. The total length of highways is 790 km, of which with hard surface - approx. 330 km. In the vicinity of Apia operates international Airport Faleolo, there are two domestic airports.

Since 1967, the official currency is the Tala (Samoan dollar), equal to 100 sen.

History.

According to archaeological evidence, Samoa was settled over 2,500 years ago. The first Europeans to visit Samoa was the Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeven in 1722. In 1768, the expedition of the French navigator L.A. Bougainville visited the coast of Samoa, and in 1787 - the expedition of J.F. La Perouse, who determined the coordinates of many islands of the archipelago. Close ties with the outside world were established with the arrival of English missionaries to the islands in 1830. In 1839, an American expedition headed by Charles Wilkes worked in Samoa, which made detailed description flora and fauna of the islands. From the second half of the 19th century. increased confrontation between the United States, Germany and Great Britain for domination over Samoa. The controversy was resolved in 1900, when the archipelago was divided along 171 ° W at a conference of the three powers in Berlin. into two parts. The US annexed Eastern Samoa and Germany annexed Western Samoa. On August 29, 1914, New Zealand occupied the German possessions, and on May 1, 1929, it received a League of Nations mandate to administer them.

The activities of the New Zealand administration were aimed at developing export sectors of the economy, improving health and education systems. After World War II, Western Samoa became first a New Zealand Mandate Territory, and from 1946 a UN Trust Territory under New Zealand administration. In 1947 the Legislative Assembly was established, and in 1959 a draft constitution was adopted. At the same time, a government (cabinet of ministers) was created, headed by a Samoan. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became the first independent state in Oceania.

Samoa in the late 20th early - 21st century

Since July 1997, the country has received a new name - the Independent State of Samoa. Samoa is part of the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

Parliamentary elections in March 2001 brought 23 MPs from the Party for Human Rights, 13 from the National Development Party of Samoa, and 13 independent MPs to the Legislative Assembly.

In the June 2007 elections, Tuiatua Tupua Tamasese Efi was elected head of state (since June 20, 2007); Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi (since 1998) became the head of government for the next term.

The country has a national Broadcasting Service and Television Corporation. The monthly government publication Sawali (founded 1904) and the Samoa Observer newspaper are published in Samoan and English. English language- Samoa News daily and Samoa Weekly.

At the end of September 2009, the earthquake and the tsunami caused by it caused serious damage to the country. Transport communications and energy facilities were destroyed, about 200 people died.

Islands of volcanic origin, mostly mountainous (up to 1858 m). The climate is tropical, hot and humid, with frequent hurricane winds. The average annual temperature is 26 ° C, the average precipitation is 3000 mm per year. The slopes of the mountains are covered with humid tropical forests, among which there are valuable species with very hard wood, large-leaved myrtle with fragrant flowers, gigantic baniana, the crown of which reaches 100 m in diameter. On the tops of the highest mountains, lush forests give way to the so-called foggy undergrowth and mountain bushes, and on the lowland coasts, cultural landscapes with plantations of coconut palms, bananas, cocoa and other crops prevail.

Most of the islanders live in traditional oval-shaped fale huts. There are no walls, and a roof of coconut leaves or a ramp rests on wooden posts. The only city and main port of Western Samoa - the capital of the state of Apia (33 thousand inhabitants), is located on the island of Upolu. The center of Apia is built up with one-storey and two-storey buildings of the European type, over which the church bell towers powerfully rise. The city has an observatory, three hotels, small businesses, offices of foreign companies, and government offices. On the outskirts of Apia is the estate of the famous English writer RL Stevenson.

Nature and climate

The islands of Western Samoa are the summits of an underwater ridge of volcanic origin. On the island of Savaii there is an active volcano Matavanu, the last eruptions of which occurred in 1902 (strong) and 1911. The relief of the islands is mountainous. The highest peaks are Mount Silisili (1858 m) on Savayi Island and Fito (1100 m) on Upolu Island. The surface of these islands decreases from the central most elevated regions to the periphery and in places passes into coastal lowlands. The islands have many fast mountain rivers with significant hydropower potential. The shores are mostly rocky, indented. The total length of the coastline is approx. 400 km. Coral reefs border Savaii from the northeast and east, and Upolu on all sides, except for the northeastern part.

The climate is tropical, hot and humid. Average daily temperature approx. 26 ° С, temperature fluctuations are small (average temperature in summer - 27 ° С, in winter - 25 ° С). Average annual precipitation ranges from 2500–3000 mm in the northwest of both large islands to 5000–7000 mm in the central mountainous regions. The dry season lasts from May to October, and the rainy season lasts from November to April. Tropical hurricanes are frequent.

Volcanic soils are very fertile, especially on Upolu Island. Soil and climatic conditions are favorable for the development of agriculture, however, due to the dissection of the relief, only a quarter of the territory is used.

The flora of Samoa includes approx. 600 species, about a quarter of which are endemic. Forests cover 47% of the country's territory. A strip of mangrove forests stretches along the coasts. In many places they have been replaced by coconut plantations. The mountain slopes are covered with tropical rain forest. On the lower parts of the slopes, trees up to 20 m high prevail, in the ground layer there are ferns, trees are entwined with vines and various epiphytes. At an absolute altitude of 500–600 m, the tree layer reaches 25–29 m, and tree ferns appear even higher in the mountains. In the central part of the islands, forests are more humid. In Western Samoa, many valuable tree species grow, the timber of which is used by the population for the construction of houses and boats. Banyan, muscat, bamboo, pandanus, orchids are very common.

The fauna is extremely poor in mammals. The most common rats brought by Europeans on ships. Bats are characteristic. The avifauna includes 53 species, of which 16 are very rare (including the endemic toothed-billed pigeon). Reptiles include snakes and turtles. Centipedes, scoropions and spiders are found. The fauna of insects is the richest, and the eastern part of the range of three groups of insects (mayflies, caddis flies and termites), widespread in Australia and New Guinea, is confined to these islands. The adjacent water area is replete with fish, crabs, octopuses, sharks, tuna, bonito, mackerel and so on are found in deeper waters.

sights

Western Samoa is a beautiful corner of the Earth that has not yet been heavily affected by civilization. For this reason, the country's main treasures are its mountains, forests, beaches and picturesque villages. If we talk about man-made sights, then the largest number of them is concentrated in the capital Apia on the island of Upolu. For example, in its western part is the old ceremonial capital of Mulinuu. The most interesting buildings in this area are the old observatory and the House of Parliament. In the central part of Apia, the most interesting is the memorial Clock Tower. Also, old colonial buildings are scattered throughout the city, among which the courthouse, which houses the Historical Museum, is the most colorful. In addition, many churches have been built in the capital and its suburbs: the Catholic Church, the Apia-Samoa-Temple complex of temples, the Church of the Concreationalists, etc. Stevenson, and next to her is his tombstone.

There are other interesting places on the island of Upolu. So, in its northern part there are the picturesque Falefa waterfalls, the Huafato forest reserve and Lake Lanotoo, next to which the Bahá'í Temple rises. On the southeast coast, the most interesting cascade of five-meter Papassea-Sliding Rock waterfalls. Well, the main attractions of the southern coast are O-Le Pupu-Pue National Park and Paradise Beach.

Savaii Island is virtually untouched. Its main attractions are the Peapea and Paia Dwarfs lava caves, the ritual embankment near Cape Mulinuu, the Alofaaga volcanic cavern, the Tia Seu embankment, the ancient village of Fagaloa, the Falealupo lava tubes and the Satihuatua beach with a picturesque church. Also worth mentioning separately is the island of Manono, the main historical monuments of which are the "Star Embankment" and the "Tomb of 99 Stones" embankment.

Nutrition

The national cuisine of Samoa is distinguished by not too spicy dishes, consisting of separate components, which are served separately and mixed directly during the meal. Here you can also taste dishes that are cooked in the earth ovens of the mind. Some of the most important ingredients in the local menu are coconut, sweet potatoes, vegetables and roots, cereals, fresh fruits and seafood. Among fish dishes, the main place is occupied by oka, which is finely chopped and especially pickled fish, which is then cooked or eaten raw. Faiai-eleni (herring in coconut milk), faiai-fee (octopuses in coconut milk) and other seafood (shellfish, shark meat, crustaceans, sea snakes, etc.) are prepared according to similar recipes.

In restaurants, among the most popular dishes, it is worth noting palusi (marinated taro leaves, in which the fillings are wrapped), taisi-moa (fried chicken in banana leaves), supoesi (soup made from coconut milk and papaya), fia-fia (a mixture of meat and vegetables fried in the mind), lupe-tunuvilivili (fried pigeon) and puaa-tunuvilivili (fried pork in the mind). All meals are served with soy sauce, tapas and breadfruit.

As a dessert, local restaurants offer fruits, fausi (a dish made from coconut milk and baked pumpkin), coco arasa (cocoa with rice) and a variety of flour products.

Among the drinks most commonly found are nui (green coconut juice), kava (an unusual drink made from yangon root) and strong cocoa, as well as local sodas. Alcoholic drinks in the country are mainly imported, and Vailima beer is the most popular among the locals.

Accommodation

Today tourism in Western Samoa is only developing, so the choice of hotels here is not too large. Moreover, Samoa is one of the cheapest countries in the South Pacific. For this reason, the cost of living in high-level hotels here starts from $ 130-150 per day. In mid-priced establishments, you can count on $ 50 per day, and in motels and small private boarding houses - for $ 35-40. In addition, many village communities offer full board rental houses. In the case of such accommodation, the cost of living will be only $ 20 per day.

Most of the hotels are located on the island of Upolu, on the island of Savaii, their choice is much lower.

Entertainment and recreation

Samoa's rich nature makes it a great destination for outdoor activities and hiking. The best way to explore the islands is by boat or canoe. Also, cycling trips are quite popular among tourists, especially along the territory of the picturesque island of Savaii. There are also many beautiful shores on the islands, which are suitable for both a simple beach holiday, and for snorkeling, and in some places for exploring the underwater world. The best diving sites are located near the Palolo Deep Marine Reserve and in the Maninoa Beach area (Upolu Island).

Surfing in Samoa is quite difficult to read, as many of the places suitable for this are replete with erratic currents and reefs. However, there are currently resorts on the islands that specialize in "playing with the wave" (Maninoa Beach, Ananoa Beach, Salouafata Harbor and Samoana). Fishing in Samoa is quite affordable, but expensive. The fact is that locals often view fishermen-sportsmen as their direct competitors. For this reason, tribal leaders charge quite large sums of money from tourists for harmless fishing.

Participation in one of the local holidays and festivals can be an interesting way to spend your time. Among them, the largest is the weekly Teuila festival, which takes place in early September. This event includes dance and choir competitions, traditional dances, kirikichi competitions, fautashi boat races and the Flower Parade. Among other events, the most interesting are:

• International Fishing Tournament,
• Argungu Fishing and Cultural Festival,
• South Pacific Games (rowing),
• Birthday of Tanumafili II Malietoa,
• International rugby competition and palolo tortoise festival.

Purchases

The largest shopping establishments in Samoa are located in Apia - a large Flea Market and two supermarkets (Frankie and Farmer Joe). Almost any product can be found on the market, from cheap electronics to jewelry. In supermarkets, the choice of goods is slightly less, but their quality is better. In general, almost every city and village of the country has its own market, where you can find very interesting souvenirs and just make useful purchases. Most often, tourists purchase ramp fiber bags and baskets, exquisite paper mulberry bark fabrics, wooden weapons, canoe models, wooden bowls, avocado oil and local honey. Local handicrafts such as wicker fans, small figurines, vases, etc. are in great demand. Women are advised to pay attention to original coconut shell jewelry, as well as amazing precious shells. Rugs that are woven by local craftsmen are amazing. Their amazing pictures and bizarre ornamentation harbor a bit of Samoan culture.

Most retail outlets are open from 08:00 to 16:30 and on Saturdays until 12:30, although many private shops operate on their own schedule. All shops are closed on Sundays.

Transport

Apia is home to the country's largest port, through which Samoa maintains regular maritime connections with New Zealand, Great Britain and Fiji. Less significant ports are located at Asau, Saleologa and Mulifanua. There are regular ferry services between the islands of Savaii and Upolu, as well as with the island of Pago Pago, which belongs to American Samoa. The international airport is located in Faleolo, 34 km from the capital.

Samoa has over two thousand kilometers of roads, mostly rural. Old buses with wooden seats are the main intercity and urban transport. In addition, they run extremely irregularly. For example, if the driver feels that he is tired, or decides to play rugby with friends, then the bus will no longer work. There are no stopping points. For the driver to stop, you must vote. Well, in order to get out, it is customary here to knock loudly on the roof. Keep in mind that Samoan buses have their own seating arrangements. According to him, unmarried girls must sit together, and foreigners and elderly people - at the beginning of the bus. If the bus gets overcrowded, locals sit on each other's knees.

Taxis are available in the capital and large settlements; car rental is available only to people over 25 years old.

Connection

There is a very modern telephone system on the islands, which is developing rapidly. Public telephones are installed in all large settlements. They work with prepaid cards, which are sold in stores, post offices and kiosks. You can also make a call from most hotels, although its cost will be 15–20% more expensive.

Samoa has an analogue system (TDMA): only telephones that support this standard can be used. If necessary, such a phone can be rented at the offices of cellular companies. The coverage area mainly covers the capital city as well as the surrounding areas. At the moment, a system of repeaters is being built, which allows providing high-quality communication between all points of the country.

Network services on the islands are developing at a rapid pace, so there are Internet cafes in the capital and other localities of the country. Local mobile operators support WAP and GPRS.

Security

Samoa is considered one of the quietest places in the region. The crime rate on these islands is extremely low, so there will be no problems with personal safety. Nevertheless, it is not recommended to neglect simple precautions. Women traveling alone should be prepared for the increased attention of local men. As a rule, it is expressed in various oral comments, but some caution clearly does not hurt.

Tap water in settlements is chlorinated and therefore safe for consumption. Although we recommend using bottled or boiled water for drinking and brushing your teeth during the first week of stay.

Vaccinations against hepatitis B, cholera, typhoid, polio and Japanese encephalitis are recommended before traveling to Samoa. In addition, the islands occasionally experience outbreaks of tropical fever, which are carried by mosquitoes. For this reason, it is worth having insect repellent with you.

Business climate

The financial system of Samoa is almost completely integrated into the world economy, and the stable financial, economic and political structure of the country attracts investors here, and their activities are encouraged by the government. In general, government policy is aimed at transforming Samoa into a powerful offshore center in the Pacific Ocean region. Today the light industry is very developed here. A promising industry is undoubtedly the hotel business and the tourism sector in general.

On the islands, most of the land, including the coast, is communal property, the rights to which belong to families or villages. Rural communities view their shores as a protected area and therefore watch them very zealously. This means that you will need to pay $ 1–3 for swimming on the part of the coast you like. Bargaining and sparing this money is not worth it, since it goes to the needs of medicine or the education of the community. In addition, some communities prohibit going out to sea on Sundays and charge surfers and windsurfers a small daily fee ($ 1-1.5). The money goes to support the local school curriculum.

Visa information

Samoa visa is issued directly at the border crossing. For its registration, you will need tickets and a passport, which is valid for 6 months after leaving the territory of Samoa. Sometimes customs officials are asked to show evidence of sufficient funds for the duration of their stay in a given country.

At the border, a visa is issued for 30 days, but if necessary, it can be extended for 60 days. To do this, you need to contact the Immigration Office in Apia and present your passport, tickets, proof of sufficient financial resources, reasons for extending your stay, hotel reservation or confirmation of another method of accommodation, and pay a fee (about $ 45).

Culture

The traditional Samoan way of life (called the faa of Samoa) remains an important part of Samoan life and politics. Having been subjected to European influence over the centuries, the Samoans nevertheless maintained their historical traditions, preserved their social and political structure, and their language.

Samoan culture is based on the principle of valealoai - a specific system of relations between people. This relationship is based on respect (faaalo). When Christianity was brought to Samoa by missionaries, most of the population accepted it. Currently, 98% of the population identifies as Christians. The remaining 2% either identify themselves as non-religious or belong to other faiths.

Most Samoans live in traditional oval huts (fale). The roof is made of pandanus or coconut leaves and is supported by wooden posts. There are no walls, but at night and in bad weather, the openings between the posts are covered with mats, which are stored rolled up under the roof (along its perimeter). The floor is paved with even large pebbles. Now there are hales with an iron roof.

The main socio-economic unit of society in Samoa is the community (ainga), which consists of three to four generations of close male relatives, women who came to the community by marriage, and persons included in it as a result of adoption or adoption. Ainga members (on average 40-50 people) jointly own the land and jointly carry out all labor-intensive work.

Like many other Polynesian islands, Samoans have two types of tattoos for different genders. Tattoos for men are called tatau and consist of intricate geometric designs placed from the knees to the ribs. A man with such a tattoo is called sogaimiti. Samoan girls (teine) have mala, which range from just below the knees to the top of the thighs.

The traditional female Samoan dance is the Siwa. This dance is similar to the Hawaiian hula - the dancers "tell" their "story" with smooth movements of their arms and legs to the beat of the music. Male Samoan dances are more aggressive and energetic. Sasa is a male Samoan dance in which rows of dancers perform in rapid synchronized movements to the beat of drums or folded mats. Its name is translated from the Samoan language as "slap", because it is accompanied by slaps on different parts of the body.

History

According to archaeological evidence, Samoa was settled over 2,500 years ago. The first Europeans to visit Samoa was the Dutch navigator Jacob Roggeven in 1722. In 1768, the expedition of the French navigator L.A. Bougainville visited the coast of Samoa, and in 1787 - the expedition of J.F. La Perouse, who determined the coordinates of many islands of the archipelago. Close ties with the outside world were established with the arrival of English missionaries to the islands in 1830. In 1839, an American expedition headed by Charles Wilkes worked in Samoa, which compiled a detailed description of the flora and fauna of the islands. From the second half of the 19th century. increased confrontation between the United States, Germany and Great Britain for domination over Samoa. The controversy was resolved in 1900, when the archipelago was divided along 171 ° W at a conference of the three powers in Berlin. into two parts. The US annexed Eastern Samoa and Germany annexed Western Samoa. On August 29, 1914, New Zealand occupied the German possessions, and on May 1, 1929, it received a League of Nations mandate to administer them.

The activities of the New Zealand administration were aimed at developing export sectors of the economy, improving health and education systems. After World War II, Western Samoa became first a New Zealand Mandate Territory, and from 1946 a UN Trust Territory under New Zealand administration. In 1947 the Legislative Assembly was established, and in 1959 a draft constitution was adopted. At the same time, a government (cabinet of ministers) was created, headed by a Samoan. On January 1, 1962, Western Samoa became the first independent state in Oceania.

Since July 1997, the country has received a new name - the Independent State of Samoa. Samoa is part of the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain.

The last parliamentary elections were held on March 4, 2001. 23 MPs from the Party for Human Rights, 13 from the National Development Party of Samoa, 13 independent MPs were elected to the Legislative Assembly.

The country has a national Broadcasting Service and Television Corporation. The monthly government publication Sawali (founded 1904) and the Samoa Observer newspaper are published in Samoan and English, as well as the daily Samoa News and the weekly Samoa Weekly in English.

Politics

The country has a constitution that came into force on January 1, 1962 (when the independence of Western Samoa was proclaimed), as amended in July 1997. Initially, the country was headed by two chiefs - representatives of large family communities, who had previously held supreme power on the islands for a long time. After the death of one of them, Tupua Tumasese, Malietoa Tanumafili II became the head of state for life since April 5, 1963 (according to the updated constitution, after his death, the head of state will be elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of five years). The executive power in the country is exercised by the government headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the head of state and approved by the Legislative Assembly (Fono). It consists of 49 deputies who have been elected by universal suffrage since 1991. All residents of the country who have reached the age of 21 are vested with the right to vote.

The judicial system consists of the Magistrate Courts for civil and criminal cases, the Court of Appeal and the Supreme Court. These courts operate in accordance with British law and Samoan customs. Minor offenses are under the jurisdiction of chieftains and family communities based on customary law.

In 1970 Western Samoa joined the Commonwealth, led by Great Britain. Since 1976 - a member of the UN. Close ties with New Zealand are traditionally maintained. Since July 1997, the country has been called Samoa.

Economy

Samoa's economy has traditionally been dependent on humanitarian aid, private transfers from foreign countries, and agricultural exports. Agriculture employs two-thirds of the country's labor force and produces 90% of the country's exports, including coconut cream, coconut oil, noni (noni fruit juice), bananas, copra, etc.

The country's gross domestic product (GDP) (purchasing power parity) in 2006 was $ 1.218 billion. According to 2004 data, the manufacturing sector is the main component of GDP (58.4%), followed by the services sector (30.2%), agriculture (11.4%). The working-age population of Samoa is estimated at 90,000.

Agriculture employs 65% of the independent population, services - 30%, industry - 5%. The main crops are coconut, cocoa, taro, yams, breadfruit and bananas. Animal husbandry plays an auxiliary role. Cattle, pigs and poultry are raised to meet domestic needs. Most of the crops are grown on communal lands, but some of the produce (especially copra and cocoa beans) comes from large plantations.

Industrial production is reduced mainly to the processing of agricultural raw materials and fish, the production of clothing, footwear, souvenirs, tobacco products, food products, and beer. There is a woodworking plant and a soap factory. Hydroelectric and diesel power plants generate approx. 65 million kW of electricity, which meets internal needs.

In terms of value, imports significantly exceed exports. Samoa imports mainly cotton clothing, cars, equipment, food. In the structure of exports, agricultural products are approx. 90%. The main export items - copra, coconut oil, cocoa beans, bananas, fish - go mainly to New Zealand, Australia, the USA and Germany. Imported goods come from New Zealand, Australia, Japan, Fiji and the United States.

Tourism is developing in the country. In 1996 it was visited by over 70 thousand foreign tourists.

Regular maritime connections are maintained between Apia (the country's largest port) and New Zealand, Fiji and the UK. Less significant port facilities were built in Asau, Mulifanua, Saleologa. The total length of highways is 790 km, of which with hard surface - approx. 330 km. In the vicinity of Apia, there is an international airport Faleolo, there are two airports for domestic traffic.

Since 1967, the official currency is the Tala (Samoan dollar), equal to 100 sen.