The length of the coast of Montenegro. Montenegro

Economic and geographical location

Montenegro is a small state in southeastern Europe, located on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. Montenegro also includes 14 islands.

Montenegro borders on:

• Bosnia and Herzegovina (northwest),
• Croatia (west),
• Serbia (northeast),
• Republic of Kosovo (east),
• Albania (southeast).

The Adriatic Sea washes Montenegro from the southwest.

The total territory of the country is 13.812 thousand square meters. km. The capital of Montenegro is Podgorica.

On the territory of the country there are: plain central areas, mountain ranges eastern part, coast Adriatic sea.

In the north-west of Montenegro there is Boka Kotorska Bay, where the largest ports and famous beaches of Montenegro are created. The main beaches are located on the Budva Riviera.

The highland region is located northeast of the Komarnitsa, Piva, Moraca rivers. In the highlands, the Dinari Highlands are distinguished, formed by the Durmitor, Vizitor, Komov, Belasitsa, Sinyavina and Prokletye mountain ranges, or the Cursed Mountains. In the south there are the karst mountains Orien, Rumia, Lovcen.

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Mountain peaks (about 70) are more than 2000 m high. The highest point is Bobotov Kuk peak (2522 m) in the Durmitor massif.

A karst plateau rises above the Adriatic coast. Plots of fertile land are found on individual small plains and in crater-like craters.

The plain occupies less than 20% of the country's territory. The flat region (Montenegrin plain) with a height difference of 350 m is made up of: the fertile plain of the Zeta River, the Belopavlitskaya plain, the basin of the Skadar Lake, Nikshichskoe field.

Remark 1

Enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy play an important role in the industry of Montenegro. The woodworking, machine-building, tobacco and food industries are developed. Agriculture is dominated by grain crops, viticulture, subtropical fruit growing, and mountain pasture farming.

Climatic conditions

Climatic conditions in different regions of the country differ significantly:

• central foothill regions of the country - temperate continental climate, a lot of precipitation, mild winters and hot summers;
• Adriatic coast - Mediterranean climate, short-term rains (winter and spring) are characteristic, there is almost no precipitation in summer; winters are mild and summers are moderately hot;
• in the mountain ranges there is a subalpine climate, a harsh mountain climate, cold winters and moderately warm summers are characteristic.

The Adriatic coast is dominated by dry and hot summers with rainy and mild winters. The average summer temperature is 25-26 ° C. In winter, the temperature does not drop below 7 ° C (Ulcinj) and 9 ° C (Herceg Novia). Total sundial a year - 2700. In summer, the sea water temperature is 25-28 ° C.

In the central plains, temperatures drop to 5 ° C in winter and 27 ° C in summer.

The mountainous regions are characterized by relatively cold winters (from -10 to + 5 ° C) and moderately warm summers (19-25 ° C).

Remark 2

The large amount of precipitation is due to the presence of mountainous terrain and the proximity of the sea. The average annual rainfall, depending on the region, is from 500 to 1500 mm. In some parts, the annual precipitation can reach 3000 mm. In the mountains, the height of the snow cover is 1-3 m, the snow here lays up to 5 months a year.

Natural resources

Water resources... The country's rivers belong to the Danube and Adriatic Sea basins. The largest and most significant rivers include the following rivers: Tara, Lim, Cheotina, Moraca, Zeta, Boyana. Most of the rivers are of mountainous origin, flowing in winding and deep canyons. The largest freshwater lake Skadarskoe (369.7 sq. Km.) Located in a karst depression and Shasskoe lake are the largest lakes in the country. Most of the mountain lakes are of glacial origin.

Minerals. The country is not rich in mineral resources. Only coal is present in sufficient quantities as a strategic energy source. Deposits of aluminum ore, zinc (Shuplia-Stena, Brskovo, Moikovats), lead, bauxite (Niksich) have been developed in the country. Oil and natural gas are imported from other countries.

Natural and recreational resources. The cleanest Adriatic Sea, mountainous landscapes, mild climate make the area attractive for recreation and health improvement. The mountain ranges are attractive for hiking, mountaineering and skiing (in winter). The water in the lakes is crystal clear. For its transparent greenish-blue color, the lake is often called "mountain eyes". Availability national parks and reserves provides favorable conditions for ecological tourism. On the adriatic coast holiday season lasts from April to October.

Flora and fauna

Forests cover more than 40% of the country's territory. Mainly coniferous and mixed forests.

Numerous palms, various cacti (some up to 5 meters high), oleanders and magnolia grow on the territory of the Adriatic coast.

Bananas grow in Herceg Novi. Fruit plants include pomegranates, kiwis, peaches, grapes, tangerines and oranges.

In high-mountain meadows, there are many flowering, rare plants, in particular - edelweiss.

Skadar Lake is famous for water lilies, lilies and lotuses.

Large animals live in Montenegro: deer, elks, bears, fallow deer, wild boars, wolves, lynxes. There are martens and turtles.

The coast is rich in various types of fish, many trout and carp. Many octopuses and squids live here. Mussels and oysters are grown in the Bay of Kotor.

The avifauna is represented by various species of birds: pelicans, cormorants, herons, swans, black ibises. You can meet the golden eagle.

Almost 10% of the territory of Montenegro is occupied by nature reserves and national parks:

• Durmitor. UNESCO heritage. Huge species diversity of flora and fauna. On the territory of the park there are natural monuments: the canyon of the Tara River, the Black Lake, Ice cave, invisible canyon.
• Biogradskaya Gora. Virgin forests, including unique ecosystems, a huge variety of plants.
• Lovchen. The park is represented by various forms of relief.
• Skadar lake. The largest wading bird reserve in Europe. There are many ancient fortresses and monasteries in the park.

Montenegro is one of the most popular tourist destinations Europe. Montenegro is mountains and plains, dense forests, crystal-clear waters of the Adriatic, mountain rivers and picturesque lakes, piercingly clean air, as well as beautiful ancient cities where different styles and cultures are so harmoniously combined, thereby creating a unique color and atmosphere of comfort. The stunning natural wealth of this beautiful country, the wonderful climate, the abundance of historical, architectural and cultural attractions, combined with affordable prices, attract more and more tourists to this little paradise.

Lord George Byron wrote about Montenegro:

"At the moment of the birth of our planet, the most beautiful meeting of land and sea took place in Montenegro ... When the pearls of nature were sown, a whole handful fell on this land ..."

The Republic of Montenegro covers the southwestern, coastal part of the Balkan Peninsula. In the west, Montenegro borders on Croatia, in the northwest - with Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the north, northeast and east - with Serbia, in the southeast - with Albania. The population of Montenegro is about 650,000 people. The Montenegrin coast has a coastal part with a length of 293 km. Along the coast there are 14 islands with 15.6 km. coastline.
Budva is a city in Montenegro located in the central part of the Adriatic coast of the country. The city is the center of the municipal district of the same name. Budva was founded 2500 years ago and is one of the most ancient settlements on the shores of the Adriatic Sea.
Budva and its surroundings form the Budva Riviera - the largest tourist center in Montenegro, famous for its sandy beaches, nightlife and fine examples of Mediterranean architecture.
Most of the historical monuments are concentrated in the Old Town of Budva. Situated on a peninsula that juts out sharply into the sea, it is a corner of typical Venetian and Mediterranean architecture. Despite the devastating effects of the 1979 earthquake, by 1987 Old city has been completely restored. The old town is encircled by a powerful fortress wall and is pierced by narrow winding streets that lead to the city citadel, where the museum is now located. There are three old churches near the citadel.
The beautiful and graceful sculpture of the dancer, located on a rocky stone near the Mogren beach, has become the unofficial symbol of the city. This is the most famous and photographed landmark of Budva. According to legend, this monument is associated with a romantic legend, and has become a symbol of true love, near which romantically inclined natures love to be photographed and make wishes. Fortress walls
Fortress walls of Budva from the sea side Cathedral of St. John the Baptist (founded in the 7th century), with a bell tower - the architectural dominant of the old city.
The Church of the Holy Trinity (built in 1804) is an Orthodox church built in a typical Byzantine style. A characteristic feature is the spinning-wheel bell tower with three bells. The facade of the church above the western gate is decorated with a rosette. A Greek icon painter painted the iconostasis partition of this church in the 19th century, and it has exceptional artistic value. Citadel Budva (city fortress Kastel), built on a hill on south side cities. The city walls begin and end here. The fortress was first mentioned in 1425. Old town Budva
Not far from Budva, within line of sight, is the island of St. Nikola, one of the few islands off the coast of Montenegro.
Marina for yachts and boats near the Old Town of Budva Budva is surrounded by beaches, most of which are either coarse sand or small pebble.
Ostrog Monastery is one of the most amazing and wonderful places in Montenegro. This is recognized by everyone who has visited it at least once. Carved into a cliff at an altitude of 900 meters above sea level, the monastery is the embodiment of purity, fortitude and true faith, for which nothing is impossible. Due to its unique architecture and location, Ostrog, like a guiding star in the dark sky, is always clearly visible from afar, day and night. Looking at him, sometimes it begins to seem that the construction of such a temple cannot be the work of human hands, but is the result of divine providence.
Today Ostrog is an active Serbian Orthodox monastery in Montenegro, located in the mountains 15 km from the city of Danilovgrad, at an altitude of about 900 m above sea level. Founded in the 17th century. The monastery houses the relics of its founder, Saint Basil of Ostrog, one of the most revered saints of the Serbian Orthodox Church. The imperishable relics of St. Basil of Ostrog are still kept in one of the monastery churches, becoming one of the main Montenegrin relics. It is believed that these powers have miraculous healing powers. It is believed to be the third most visited place of pilgrimage for Orthodox Christians in the world, after the tomb of Christ and the holy mountain in Jerusalem. Ostrog is the only active Orthodox monastery where not only Christians, but also followers of other religions come for pilgrimage purposes.
Old Austrian fortress Kosmach. This fortress is perfectly visible from the Budva-Cetinje highway. The Kosmach Fortress was built by the Austrians as a defensive structure on the border with Montenegro, then a semi-autonomous province of the Ottoman Empire, in 1841-50. Located on the top of the Kosmach hill (hence its name). The fortress was a key one in the chain of border fortresses of Austria-Hungary.
Sveti Stefan is a resort in Montenegro, located on the Adriatic coast, on the Budva Riviera, 5 kilometers southeast of Budva. Located on a small island, a natural isthmus between the land and the island, it appeared as a result of gravel alluvial layers. A very rare natural phenomenon. The island is not open to the public. The village of the same name adjacent to the island has a tourist infrastructure, and the prices for apartments, although higher than the average in Montenegro, are much more affordable than in a hotel on the island.
The fortress was first mentioned in the annals of 1442, when the inhabitants of the local village of Petrovichi met the Ottomans who were trying to capture Kotor. After the victory, it was decided to erect a church and a fortress in honor of St. Stephen. Sveti Stefan was an important trade and transport hub during the times of the Venetian Republic. Sveti Stefan was inhabited in the 15th century and for a long time was a simple fishing village. Due to the economic crisis, the city began to decline. In the 1950s, 20 residents were resettled to the mainland, and Sveti Stefan became a luxury hotel city. During the reconstruction, the appearance of the buildings, of which there are about 80, did not suffer. Holidays in Sveti Stefan were popular among many celebrities: at one time the guests of the resort were Elizabeth Taylor, Sophia Loren, Claudia Schiffer, Carlo Ponti, Kirk Douglas, Bobby Fischer, Sylvester Stallone other.
Sveti Stefan Island is one of the most expensive resorts in Montenegro. There are 58 luxury apartments, including 8 in the world famous Milocer Villa. The beaches on the island are about 2 kilometers long and consist of beautiful pink sand. The island is connected to the land by a small isthmus of reclaimed gravel layers, which is a unique phenomenon in itself - the isthmus is of natural, not artificial origin.
Here is the cleanest sea in all of Europe and beaches with dark gray sand or the smallest pebbles.
Boka Kotorska Bay is considered one of the most beautiful bays in the world and confidently ranks first among the most beautiful bays in Europe. Previously, it was even believed that the Bay of Kotor was the southernmost fjord in Europe. In fact, this is not the case, but the landscapes are really very similar.
Kotor is a city in Montenegro, the administrative center of the Kotor Municipality. Located on the shores of the Bay of Kotor, the Adriatic Sea. Historically, Kotor and the surrounding lands belong to the Dalmatia region. The old part of the city is under the protection of UNESCO. Kotor is the administrative, cultural, religious, educational and economic center of Boka Kotorska. Throughout the history of Kotor and the Bay of Kotor, the main occupation of local residents was navigation and overseas trade. Therefore, Kotor became one of the most important shopping centers this part of the Adriatic coast.
Cathedral of St. Tryphon in Kotor - Cathedral Kotor Catholic Diocese. The Cathedral of St. Tryphon has become the center of the spiritual life of local Croats, historically constituting a significant part of the population of Kotor. It is one of two Catholic cathedrals in Montenegro, along with the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary, located in the city of Bar. The Cathedral of Saint Tryphon, despite numerous reconstructions, is an outstanding example of Romanesque architecture. The building of the cathedral was consecrated on July 19, 1166 in the name of St. Tryphon, who is considered the patron saint of Kotor. Many trials fell to the lot of the building; one of the most difficult moments in the history of the temple was the catastrophic earthquake of 1667. Its consequences were the destruction of part of the building, as a result of which both bell towers of the cathedral had to be rebuilt. Built of stone from the now Croatian island of Korcula, they acquired some of the characteristic baroque features. They were connected to each other by a wide arch dividing the facade of the building horizontally. On the upper part of the facade there is a fairly large rosette window; the arch forms a portico located directly above the entrance to the cathedral. Cathedral of Saint Tryphon is part of the facility World heritage"Natural and cultural-historical region of Kotor".
In the northern part of the old Kotor, there is another building that attracts the attention of not only ordinary tourists, but also those who are interested in the history of Orthodoxy - this is the Church of St. Nicholas. The construction of the church began in 1902 on the foundations of a burnt-out building; construction was completed in 1909 - the date of completion of construction is imprinted on the facade of the building. The famous architect Chorill Ivekovic worked on the project of the temple. Built in the Byzantine style, with one nave, with two bell towers on the main facade, the church is remarkably visible from the city wall, which is adjacent to it. The Church of St. Nicholas is the only Orthodox church in Kotor where services are held daily.
The old town of Kotor is considered to be one of the best-preserved medieval urban centers on the Adriatic, included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. From 1420 to 1797, Kotor and its surroundings were under the rule of the Venetian Republic and Venetian influence remained dominant in the architecture of the city. The city walls were continuously built and rebuilt from the 9th to the 19th century. The walls surround the old town and rise to a rocky hill, on the slope of which Kotor is located. Their length is 4.5 kilometers, their height reaches 20 meters, and their thickness is 16 meters. At the top of a hill at an altitude of 260 meters above sea level - the fortress of St. John The Kotor Fortress is one of the unique attractions. The construction of the citadel was started by the Romans, destroying the foundation and walls that the Illyrians had previously erected here. The next who captured this strategically important bay were the Byzantines: they destroyed the already dilapidated citadel and built a new one in its place. Further, the Kotor citadel was influenced by many different invaders. The Byzantines were replaced by the Arabs in the middle of the 9th century, followed by the Bulgarians, Venetians and Serbs. During the Venetian rule (15-17 centuries) the Ottomans tried to besiege the fortress. In the 18th century. fortifications went to the Habsburgs, and at the beginning of the 19th century. - The French Empire. True, France did not have time to add something of its own to the appearance of the fortress: in 1814 the fortress was occupied by the British. By decision of the Congress of Vienna, Kotor returned to the bosom of the Austrian Empire. In 1979 the fortress was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Fortress walls protect the old city from the north and southwest. Their length is 4.5 km, their thickness is from 2 to 16 m, and their height is 20 m. Amazing power! But the main reason why most of the tourists want to get here is 1460! steps (someone counted). To climb to the top of the mountain, directly to the fortress itself, you need to overcome them. And the path is thorny and long: the first part is the green path (easy), the second is yellow (medium difficulty), the third is red (the most difficult and dangerous). Some of the steps are destroyed, in some places the road goes directly over the cliff.
View of the city walls from the river.
Perast is an ancient city in Montenegro. Located on the shores of the Bay of Kotor, the Adriatic Sea, a few kilometers northwest of Kotor. Perast lies at the foot of St. Elijah's Hill (873 m), on a promontory that separates the Risan Bay from the Bay of Kotor (which, in turn, are part of the Bay of Kotor), directly opposite the Verige Strait, the narrowest part of Boka.
The name of the city is believed to be derived from the name of the Illyrian Pirust tribe. Traces of the Neolithic culture (about 3500 BC) were found in the Spila Cave above Perast. Various archaeological evidence of the Illyrian, Roman and early Christian periods have also been found here. Founded by the Illyrians. Despite its small size, Perast is immensely popular among tourists as it is one of the most beautiful examples of Baroque architecture on the shores of the Adriatic. Each house in the city, and there are not so few of them, is like a real museum, and the surrounding beauty of the bay gives Perast even more charm. According to the 2003 census, 349 inhabitants live in the city.
There are two small islands near Perast: the Island of St. George and the Island of Gospa od Shkrpela
One of the islands is called the island of St. George, on which stands a picturesque Benedictine abbey, which was first mentioned in 1166 as the property of the city of Kotor. Examination of the few surviving fragments of the original architectural decoration led to the conclusion that the abbey existed at least as early as the 9th century. The island remained Kotor's possession until 1634, when the Venetian Senate passed the patronage over it. The island was constantly under the threat of invasions and earthquakes. In 1535, the townspeople of Perast killed Abbot Pascal, who was elected by the city council of Kotor (as a sign of repentance, the people of Perast rebuilt and expanded the church on a neighboring island). In 1571, the Turkish pirate Karadoz burned both the abbey and the whole of Perast (restoration began only in 1603). During the Great Earthquake on April 6, 1667, the Abbey on St. George Island was destroyed again. In 1812, the abbey was captured by the French, who were later expelled by the townspeople of Perast. In 1814 the abbey was taken over by the Austrians. The abbey houses the works of the 15th century by Lovro Marinov Dobrichevich, a famous artist from Kotor.
Another island is called "Gospa od Skrpela" (Italian Madonna dello Scarpello, which means "Madonna on the Reef" or "Mother of God on the Rock" (from the Latin "scropulus" - "reef"). Gospa od Skrpela is perhaps the only man-made island of the Adriatic and is located 115 meters north-west of the island of St. George.It was built on top of the reef after in 1452 two sailors from Perast, the Mortesici brothers, found on it an icon of the Mother of God, which healed one of them from illness After that, the icon immediately became revered.Originally, the reef was only slightly above the surface of the water, but the townspeople flooded captured pirate and their old ships next to it for 200 years (in addition, a law was passed according to which every ship passing by the reef had to to throw a stone on the bottom here.) Thus, a plateau was created, the area of ​​which is 3030 m2.
The Church of the Mother of God was built on the island (it took its modern form after the reconstruction undertaken after the Great Earthquake on April 6, 1667). The church was built in the Byzantine style and is 11 meters high. It is believed that the inhabitants of Perast built the church not only because they wanted to see the Virgin Mary as the patroness of their sailors, but also to secure their power over the man-made island, as opposed to Kotor's power over the island of St. George. At the end of the 17th century, Perast reached the pinnacle of economic and cultural development, which helped to decorate the Church of the Mother of God on the Rock with many works of art. So, Andriya Zmaevich invited Tripo Kokol to decorate it, who spent about 10 years to complete the painting of the church. For centuries, the church received gifts from wealthy townspeople and ship captains and is now not only a temple, but also a treasury and an art gallery. There are 68 oil paintings here. On the walls of the church you can see 2500 gold and silver "vow" plates, which the inhabitants of Boka Kotorska donated to the church "in fulfillment of this vow" for deliverance from various disasters.
The canyons of the Tara and Moraca rivers are the most amazing corner of Montenegro. In our opinion, this particular excursion is considered the most interesting in Montenegro. For almost fourteen hours we traveled by bus along the winding Montenegrin serpentines. To fly to Montenegro and not go to see the canyons is almost the same as never going to the beach. In the photo - Canyon of the Moraca River.
At every turn, truly amazing mountain landscapes and fantastic views of the rivers running somewhere far below opened up. Well, what can we say - the nature in Montenegro is simply amazing.

Lake Biogradsko is often called the heart of the Biogradska Gora National Park - it really is its central part and the most attractive destination for tourists visiting the region. This unique nature reserve, one of the most beautiful lakes of the entire Balkan Peninsula, is able to give a lot of pleasant impressions from the dense forests surrounding it, clean mountain air and clear blue water, which have remained unchanged for several centuries.
Lake Biogradskoe is located in an intermountain basin of glacial origin at an altitude of 1,094 m above sea level. It is the largest of the 6 lakes scattered throughout the Biogradska Gora National Park. The surface area is 228,500 m², the average depth is 4.5 m, and the maximum depth is 12.1 m. The Lavel stream and the Biogradskaya river flow into the lake. From Lake Biograd flows the Jezerstica River, which is a tributary of the Tara.
Montenegro is famous for its many beautiful places. One of them is the Tara River Canyon, the deepest in Europe and the second in the world after the Grand Canyon! Around - beautiful mountains, gorges and waterfalls. The length of this miracle of nature is 82 km, in some places the height of the walls reaches more than 1300 meters.
Huge massive mountains seem to hang over your head.
One of the most beautiful places Tara canyon - bend of the river. At this point, it bends in the form of a huge horseshoe. The canyon is located between the Sinjaevina and Durmitor mountains on one side, and Lyubishnya and Zlatni Bor on the other, being part of the Durmitor national park. The territory of the canyon with the Durmitor park is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
It is simply impossible to tell about the number of amazing landscapes that we managed to see. Not a single photo in any way conveys the fantastic beauty of this place, in any description it seems faded in comparison with reality. The Djurjevic Bridge is a concrete arched bridge across the Tara River in northern Montenegro. Located at the crossroads between the towns of Mojkovac, Zabljak and Pljevlja. The Djurdjevic Bridge got its name from the name of the owner of the farm, which is located nearby. The Djurdjevic Bridge was designed by Miyat Troyanovic. It was built between 1937 and 1940 in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The chief project engineer is Isaac Russo. The 5-arch bridge is 365 meters long, with the longest span being 116 meters. The height of the roadway of the bridge from the Tara River is 172 meters. At the time of completion, it was the largest road concrete arch bridge in Europe. The bridge has become business card country. Yugoslav partisans in 1942, with the help of one of the bridge construction engineers - Lazar Yaukovich - blew up the central arch, while retaining the rest of the spans. The explosion of the longest span destroyed the only crossing of the Tara River canyon in the area, which led to a halt in the Italian advance into this part of Montenegro. The Italians were so angry that they specifically looked for Lazar Yaukovich, and in the end he was captured and shot. A monument to the engineer stands at the entrance to the bridge. These events were depicted in the 1969 Yugoslav film The Bridge and the British film Hurricane from Navarone. The bridge was rebuilt in 1946. People constantly come to it sightseeing buses... For everyone on the Djurdjevic Bridge there is a camping with a parking lot, a shop, a hostel and a gas station. A magnificent view opens from the Djurdzhevich Bridge. Feeling like you're floating in the air. There is a huge abyss under your feet and somewhere far below the waves of Tara are seething.
Around the mountains, cliffs, forest, clean air ... joy in the soul from this extraordinary beauty!
National park Durmitor is a real miracle of nature in Montenegro. Ancient forests, mountains, lakes, rivers and alpine meadows are spread over a vast area. Somewhere here are lost small villages, people in which live almost the same way as many hundreds of years ago, without changing the centuries-old way of life. Durmitor is confidently included in the list of the most interesting sights of Montenegro. The Durmitor National Park, established in 1952, includes the Durmitor mountain range, the canyons of the Tara, Sushitsa and Draga rivers, as well as the upper part of the Komarnitsa plateau. The total area is 390 km². In 1980 it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Some believe that the word "durmitor" comes from the Celtic language and means - "mountains in which there are many waters", others - that from Latin this word means "sleeping, immersed in eternal sleep." During the Ice Age, everything here was covered with ice, and with the arrival of the thaw, many beautiful mountain lakes were formed. There are about 18 of them; the most famous of them is the Black Lake ("Crno Jezero"), which the locals call "black eyes", because a large lake flows into a small lake across the isthmus and forms a semblance of eyes. In addition to the lakes, Durmitor is famous for its mountain peaks, some of which are covered with snow even in summer. The highest point of the mountain range is Bobotov Kuk; its height is 2523 m. This Peak has a strange but euphonious name and is said to be the highest mountain peak in the Republic of Montenegro. It is one of 48 peaks with heights of more than 2000 meters, located on the territory of the Durmitor mountain range. Black Lake is comfortably located at the foot of the Bobotov Kuk mountain at an altitude of 1416 m. Its area is 516 m². The water in the lake is of high purity and transparency, you can drink it without fear. The water in the lake is so clear that it can be seen at a depth of 9 meters. In fact, it consists of two small reservoirs - the Big and the Small, connected by a narrow strait. Among other things, Black Lake is also very beautiful - a dense coniferous forest is reflected in its calm waters, which gives the reservoir a rich blue-green color.
Durmitor is the embodiment of a real fairy tale. There are ice lakes, spacious meadows strewn with a variety of flowers, and thickets of dense coniferous forest, where you can always hear the singing of birds and see squirrels jumping along the branches.

The terrain of Montenegro is not conducive to the emergence of wide, flat autobahns - most of the country is covered with mountains and hills, along which narrow serpentines and mountain roads are laid. These very roads in Montenegro, in the mountainous terrain, are a real test for the driver and passengers - a lot of extreme impressions from the trip are guaranteed!
Skadar Lake is one of the main attractions of Montenegro. Skadar Lake or Shkoder is the largest lake on the Balkan Peninsula. Located on the territory of the two states Montenegro and Albania, 2/3 of the lake belongs to Montenegro. In 1983, Skadar Lake became a national park, this place is very beautiful, rich in fish and a huge number of birds, and numerous small villages are located on the coast. It is the largest natural freshwater body of water in the entire Balkan Peninsula - its average area is 475 square kilometers!
Lake reeds, southern reeds and narrow-leaved cattails, white water lilies, yellow egg capsules and chilim grow on the lake. The lake is rich in fish and waterfowl. Bleaks, carp, podusta, freshwater eels, noble salmon, roach, shad, pachychilons, mullet and rudd are widespread. Birds are represented by no less than 26 species. In winter, more than 200 thousand birds live on the lake.
The lake's water surface is about 390 km², but it can increase to 530 km² in winter floods. The average area is 475 km². The total length of the coast is 168 km: 110.5 km in Montenegro and 57.5 km in Albania. The maximum depth of the lake is over 60 meters, the average is 6 meters.
The climate in the area of ​​the lake is Mediterranean, with mild and rainy winters. The average January temperature is 7.3 ° C. Summers are dry and hot, the air heats up above 40 ° C, the water above 27 ° C
Skadar Lake has rich history and culture, as evidenced by numerous archaeological finds, medieval monasteries and churches, fortresses and local architecture (fishing villages, bridges, mills and wells). On the lake islands, of which there are only 55, and on the shore, by the lake, there are many interesting historical sights and monuments, including old churches and operating monasteries (Vranina, Starchevo, Beshka, Morachnik and others).

The lake has been a protected National Park since 1983 and in 1996 was included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance under the 1971 Ramsar Convention.
Cetinje Monastery - Orthodox monastery of the Nativity Holy Mother of God in the historical and spiritual capital of Montenegro, the city of Cetinje. The monastery was built in 1484. The main shrine kept in the monastery is the imperishable right hand of St. John the Baptist. This is one of the most revered shrines of the Christian world, since according to the Bible, John the Baptist laid his right hand on the head of Jesus Christ during Baptism. Church of the Nativity of the Virgin on Chipur.
The village of Njegushi is quiet, quiet place, which is located on the slope of Mount Lovcen at an altitude of 900 m above sea level in the municipality of Cetinje. Now the village has turned into a real tourist town, in which there are no more than 50 houses and about 200 people. This settlement is known for the production of the famous throughout Montenegro Negus prosciutto (dried pork ham), as well as famous homemade cheeses and natural mountain honey. Here you can also see how this meat is produced, buy it as a souvenir or try prosciutto in local konoba. The fact is that it is here that nature itself has created ideal conditions for making prosciutto - a cool climate and mountain air, which mixes with the sea. This is what gives the unique flavor to prosciutto from Njegusi.
Montenegro is very rich in the most amazing sights. Here you can see not only magnificent natural landscapes, but also ancient churches, temples, fortresses. Even the most successful photographs in no way convey the beauty that we will remember for the rest of our lives. No wonder Vladimir Semyonovich Vysotsky wrote: "One birth is not enough for me, I would grow from two roots, It's a pity, Montenegro did not become my second homeland ..."

Geographical position

Montenegro located in southeastern Europe, on Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula... The name of the state comes from the toponym Black Mountain. Total area of ​​the country is 13.8 thousand sq. km. Capital of Montenegro- town Podgorica(formerly Titograd).

Montenegro is washed by from SouthAdriatic Sea... State in the West Borders with Croatia, in North-west border with Bosnia and Herzegovina,in the north-east- With Serbia, in the east- With Kosov and Albaniain the southeast.

Total length of land borders the state is 614 km. With the Republic of Croatia- 15 km, with Bosnia and Herzegovina - 225 km, with the Republic of Serbia and Kosovo - 203 km, with the Republic of Albania - 172 km.

Until June 2006 Montenegro was part of the confederate State Union of Serbia and Montenegro... The country occupied 13.5% of its total area. Independence Montenegro received June 3, 2006.

The country's territory conditionally consists of three parts: the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the relatively flat central part of the country, and mountain systems east of the country. In the central part of the country, there are two of its most major cities - Podgorica and Nikisic.

Continental coastline Montenegro stretches for almost 300 km. The state includes 14 sea ​​islands. Length of coastline of these islands is 15.6 km. In North-west Montenegro has a large bay called Boka Kotorska that crashes into land at 29.6 km. The area of ​​its water surface is 87.3 km².

Total length of beaches Montenegro is 73 km, transparency of sea water in some places exceeds 35 m.

There are many rivers on the territory of Montenegro. Near 52,2 % rivers of the country belong to the Black Sea basin, the remaining 47,8 % belong to the Adriatic Sea basin. The longest of which are: Container (144 km), Lim (123 km), Cheotina(100 km), Moraca (99 km), Zeta (64 km) and Boyana (30 km).

Three Montenegrin rivers ( Moraca, Zeta and Beer) along their entire length flow through the territory of the country. River Boyana used to be the only navigable river in the country. It is no longer navigable at this time.

Almost all the rivers of the country are mountainous, they form rather deep canyons. Tara river canyon counts the deepest in Europe and the second deepest in the world. Its depth is about 1200 meters.

Famous Skadar lake is an largest lake not only the country, but also the entire Balkan Peninsula. The total area of ​​its water surface is 369.7 km²... Two thirds of the territory of this lake belongs to Montenegro, and one third belongs to Albania.

The second largest lake in Montenegro is Shasskoe lake, area 3.64 km²... The lake is located near Ulcinj. There are also 29 small mountain lakes of glacial origin. Their total area is 3.89 km².

The territory of Montenegro is mountainous. Highest point of the country is the mountain Bobotov-Cook, (mountain range Durmitor). Its height is 2522 m... The areas adjacent to the Adriatic coast are located in a zone of narrow coastal plains, which are interrupted by mountain spurs and rocky headlands.

In northern Montenegro climate moderate continental, on the Adriatic coast - Mediterranean.

In the coastal region of the country, summer is most often long, dry and quite hot. Average summer air temperature here is + 23-25 ​​° C. Winters in this part of the country are short and cool with average temperatures from +3 to -7 ° С... In the mountainous regions of Montenegro, summer is not so hot, the temperature here ranges from +19 to 25 ° С... Winters are cooler here - from +5 to −10 ° C... Precipitation in this part of the country falls mainly in the form of snow. On Mount Durmitor it can fall out up to the level of five meters... But on the coast and in the basin of Skadar Lake snow falls extremely rarely... Total precipitation in Montenegro from 500 to 1500 mm per year... Precipitation falls mainly in the form of rain. In the mountains near the sea coast, in some places falls over 3000 mm.

In the northern regions Montenegro snow usually lies before 5 months a year. Number of hours of sunshine per year in Igalo is 2386 , and in Ulcinj - 2700 . Maximum sea water temperature in Montenegro - 27.1 ° C. Average sea temperature in summer is 24.7 ° C.

Dinaric mountain range(Orien, Lovcen) rise above the coast in the form of a giant canopy. It prevents the penetration of the Mediterranean climate into the interior of the country.

The best time to visit the country is the period from May to September-October. Tourist season in Montenegro it usually starts in April and continues until November. Sea temperature within seven months ranges from +20 C to +26 C... The swimming season in Montenegro is equal in duration to the tourist one.

Visas, entry regulations, customs regulations

Currently for entering Montenegro for less than 30 days citizens of Russia you do not need to apply for a visa. It is only necessaryinvitation or tour voucher.

To stay in the country more than 30 days,need to issue visa valid for 3 or 6 months... This can be done at the Embassy of Montenegro. Extend the residence permit tourists can also directly in Montenegro. To this end, they will need to apply to the police station at the place of residence, to the migration officer.

For visa processing charged Consular fee In Euro. To obtain a visa for a period of stay over 30 days, the consular fee for citizens of Russia, Belarus and Ukraine is €60 . Additionally for a child entered in the parents' passport, charged €6 ... Consular fee for a child with his own passport is €60 .

For registration for citizens of the CIS single entry, tourist visa for less than 30 days Consular fee is charged in the amount of €20 ... Additionally for a child entered in the parents' passport, you will need to pay €6 .

Passport for entering the country must be valid at least 2 weeks after the expected end of the trip.

For citizens of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus, who do not have a preliminary reservation of hotels or a tour voucher, upon entering the country it will be enough to present valid passport and return ticket. Tourist in this case must register at the hotel or with the owners of the rented apartments within 24 hours after entering Montenegro.

Montenegro also tourist tax is charged... It is about 1 Euro from one person per day of residence in the country. Register now tourist can in Tourist organization or at the travel agency. This can also be done at the police station at the Foreigners' Inspector.

When entering Montenegro with pets, such as a cat or a dog, need to have a certificate from a veterinarian with you. It should contain data on the origin and health status of the animal. It must be noted that the animal is not rabid. You can get such a certificate from your veterinarian. The animal undergoes veterinary control at airports in Russia and Montenegro.

Departing from Montenegro need to pay airport tax at the rate of 15 euros.

To import and export foreign currency and securities in foreign currency can without limitation. Only large amounts of cash need to be declared.

Persons aged 18 and over, regardless of their nationality, may duty free import into the country up to 200 cigarettes, up to 100 cigarillos, or 50 cigars, or up to 250 grams of tobacco. Montenegro is also allowed duty-free import up to 1 liter of strong alcoholic drinks and up to 1 liter of wine. You can import up to 250 ml of cologne and a reasonable amount of perfumes and other perfumes.

Personal belongings and items of sports equipment can be imported into Montenegro only within the limits of personal needs... This includes: 1 binoculars, 1 laptop, 1 gun with ammunition kit, 1 bicycle, 1 set of fishing equipment, 2 tennis rackets, up to 2 photo and 1 video cameras, 1 tent, 1 pair alpine skiing, 1 musical instrument, 1 CD or MP3 player.

Most of these items no need to declare... Written a temporary import declaration will be required only for the import of a video camera, VCR and other consumer electronics.

To the country cannot be imported drugs, psychotropic and explosive substances, poisons. Moreover, import prohibited counterfeit products, pesticides and some medicines, raw gold and coins. Pets can only be brought in and taken out if all relevant veterinary regulations are observed.

From Montenegro can be taken out a reasonable amount of perfumes, tobacco products and alcoholic beverages. Can't be taken out antiques from the country, if they are not accompanied by appropriate documentary evidence of the legality of their purchase.

When entering the territory of Montenegro by car from June 15, 2008 you need to pay ecological fee... The amount of this fee for vehicles with no more than 8 seats, is 10 euros... For cars weighing no more than 5 tons have to pay 30 euros, more than 5 tons - 50 euros.For entry by trucks will need to pay 80-150 euros... In confirmation of the paid fee, a special sticker is glued to the windshield of the car. It is valid for 11 months.

Population, political status

Population of Montenegro counts about 700 thousand people.The bulk of the population make up Montenegrins and Serbs.Albanians live mainly in the Ulcinj region. Bosniaki live in the north of Montenegro. They also live here Greeks and croats.

In recent years, foreigners have begun to acquire real estate in Montenegro. Now there are up to 40 thousand foreigners who permanently reside in the coastal areas. Most of them are CIS citizens, there is also a small amount Germans and British.

National composition of the population: Montenegrins- near 50 % ,Serbs - 31,99 % , Bosnians - 7,77 % , Albanians - 5,03 % , croats - 1,10 % , russians - 1,00 % , gypsies - 0,42 % , other- 5,56 % .

Official languages Montenegro are: Serbian (85,7 % ) and Albanian (5,3 % ). The country uses Serbian language of the Iekava dialect with equal use of Cyrillic and Latin. Also used Bosnian and Croatian.

Administratively, the territory of the country consists of 21 municipalities(region, community). These municipalities are named after their central cities.

To the municipality Podgoricaincludes two city districts: urban district Zeta and city district Tuzi. Central city constituencies Zeta is Golubovtsy... It should be noted that Zeta represents the name historical area and also ancient name Montenegro.

Capital of Montenegro is an Podgorica. Largest cities in the country: Podgorica, Niksic, Spit, Bijelo-Pole, Herceg Novi, Berane and Cetinje.

In the early 1990s the actual disintegration of Yugoslavia took place. Montenegro remained after that in the same federal state with Serbia.May 21, 2006 years in the referendum 55,5% Montenegrins voted to leave the federation with Serbia. June 3, 2006 year Montenegro proclaimed its independence... The state was recognized by the international community.

October 20, 2007 year was adopted Constitution of Montenegro... According to this constitution, Montenegro is a free, democratic, environmentally friendly state.

Power in the country subdivided into legislative, executive and judicial. President of Montenegro not formally included in the system of separation of powers. He elected for a five-year term in the course of universal direct secret ballot.

Legislature in the country is carried out unicameral parliament which is called Assembly... It consists of 81 deputy. Members of Parliament are elected for 4 years in a direct secret ballot. Elected 76 deputies, and also 5 Albanian representatives are nominated from the Albanian minority.

Executive power in the country is carried out The government (Vlada). The composition of the government is approved by the Assembly on the proposal of the President.

Judicial system consists of two levels. Supreme Court Montenegro ensures the unity of law enforcement practice throughout the country. There is also in Montenegro constitutional Court.

Executive and legislative authorities Montenegro is controlled by " Coalition for European Montenegro» - DPSCH and Social Democratic Party of Montenegro.

December 16, 2008 Montenegro applied to join the European Union... The country's government is also striving for rapprochement with NATO.

What to see

On the shores of the Bay of Kotor there are many interesting sights. The first settlers in these places appeared in ancient times. Of great interest to tourists is the bay itself, famous for its beauty. Best view it opens from the adjacent rocky plateau. There are several bays, which are interconnected by narrow channels. These bays jut out into the coast for more than 20 km.

In the farthest part of it you can see medieval town Kotor... He is an architectural monument of UNESCO... The old town of Kotor is located between the sea and the spurs of the Lovcen mountain range. The main attraction of the city counts Cathedral of Saint Tryphon... This cathedral was erected in 1166 year. It was built on the foundations of an earlier church dedicated to the patron saint and protector of the city. The height of the city walls is up to 20 meters, and the width is up to 15 meters. These fortress walls rise up to the very fortress of St. Ivan, located high in the mountains. In the bay, opposite Perast, there are picturesque small islands Gospa od Shkrpela and St. George.

Town Herceg Novilezhit at the foot of the Orien mountain range. It is located at the exit from the Bay of Kotor. Here you can see the unique Botanical Garden, which has been forming over several centuries. Currently, the garden contains a large variety of tropical and subtropical plant species. The most famous monument of history and architecture of the city counts Savina Orthodox monastery (XI century). Tourists are also attracted by bastions, National Museum and old residential buildings.

Town Budva is located in the central part of the coast of the country. The old town is surrounded by high fortified walls. These walls were built in Xv century even before the invasion of the Turks. In the old part of town you can wander through the narrow winding streets. In the center situated Museum, used to be here city ​​citadel. There are three old churches near the citadel: Church of St. Ivan VII century, Church of St. Mary of the IX century and Church of the Holy Trinity... The latter was erected in 1804 year and is an Orthodox church in the Byzantine style. The famous island hotel is located not far from Budva Saint Stephen... It has completely preserved the appearance of a medieval city.

Ancient Bar first mentioned in IX century. In fact, it was built by the Romans. Since the time of the Turkish invasion, a fortress has been preserved here Hai-Nehai... In the city, tourists can also see cathedrals of St. George of the XII century and Saint Nicholas XIV century... Next to the Old Bar, in Mirovice, growing one of the oldest olive trees in the world... His age is more than 2000 years.

Ulcin is an the most southern city Montenegro... There are beautiful long beaches here. In addition, you can see historical sights here. City museum is a real historical and cultural complex. Tourists can also see the remains of the Venetian walls and visit ethnographical museum... In the architecture of the old city, the influence of different styles and eras can be traced.

On the territory of Montenegro, in different parts of it are located 4 national parks. "Durmitor" located in the mountains in the northwest, the park " Biogradska gora" situated in the north, "Lovcen" - in the mountains off the coast, a " Skadar lake" located on the plain in the southeast of the country... The largest area is occupied by the territory of the National Park " Durmitor". Here you can also see the famous Tara river canyon... This canyon is considered the deepest in Europe and is protected by UNESCO... Tourists can go to excursion around it on rafts or rafts... There is also a scenic medieval fortress ... Very beautiful canyons of the rivers Piva, Moraca, Sushitsa, as well as glacial lakes , which are located in the mountainous part of Montenegro.

Biograd forest is one of the last untouched forests in Europe. Very popular among tourists is the beautiful Skadar lake... Live here large bird colonies... V national park "Lovcen"you can admire the unique mountain landscape. In addition, here at Lake Peak situated mausoleum of Peter II Petrovich Njegush.

Montenegro is a fairly religious country. There are many monasteries and churches here. In total, there are about fifty monasteries on the territory of the country, over thirty of them are active.

Cultural capital of Montenegro- town Cetinje, lies on the slopes of Mount Lovcen. This city was founded in XIII century. It is a real museum under open air. Its main shrine counts Cetinje Monastery built during the period from 1484 to 1785... The monastery stands in the very center of the city. Within the walls of this monastery unique sacred relics are kept, such as the: embalmed hand of Saint John the Baptist and part of the cross on which the Savior was crucified... There is also the first printed book of the South Slavs - "Oktoih"which appeared in 1494 year.

Ostrog monastery was founded in Xvii century. Its peculiarity is that it is carved into the rock at a height 900 m above sea level. Numerous pilgrims from all over the world come here. This monastery contains relics of St. Basil of Ostrog- a miracle-worker-healer who is revered throughout the Orthodox world.

Near Kolasin situated Moraca monastery... This monastery was erected over 750 years ago. He stands in scenic location over the stormy river Moraca. Church of the Assumption of the Virgin in Moraca monastery is the tomb of rulers... In this temple you can see the magnificent frescoes... Among them there is a unique cycle that is dedicated to the prophet Elijah... The monastery also houses Church of St. Nicholas and Church of St. Archdeacon Stephen.

The territory on which modern Montenegro is located was formerly part of the Roman Empire. In those days, she bore the name Ducle's (Doclea). The first Slavic tribes began to settle in this region of the Balkan Peninsula in VI century. The Balkans became Slavic in VIII century.

Christianity on the territory of Montenegro appeared in Vii century. When the Empire was divided into Western, Roman, Eastern and Byzantine, this region passed the border. In addition, the churches here were divided into Roman and Orthodox... This determined the historical position of Montenegro on the border of the Slavic and Mediterranean peoples. Various cultures and economic systems are mixed in it.

The state included the territory near Lake Skadar, as well as the nearby mountains. First Prince Dukely was Vladimir... Ducleus was renamed to Zeta... V 1040 year she gained independence and became the first independent state in the Balkans to receive Byzantine recognition. The country reached its greatest prosperity at the end XI century. Then she controlled almost the entire territory of modern Bosnia and Serbia.

The modern name Montenegro was first mentioned in the chronicles of the monastery of St. Nicholas in Vranzhin related to 1296 year. This was the name of the area around Mount Lovcen. She looked black from the dense forest growing on her.

In the Middle Ages, Zeta was a small feudal state. The country had to win back its independence from the encroachments of Albania, Venice, and then Turkey. Various dynasties were at the head of the state:Vojisavljevic, Balsic and Crnojevic... V Xv century under the rule Krnoevichin the town of Cestinje were built fortress and monastery. This place began to be considered a symbol of spiritual and state independence.... V 1493 year under their rule, the first printing house in the Balkans was created.

Then, in 1496 year the state fell under Turkish domination... The invaders annexed Zeta to the province of Skadar. But even at this time, Montenegro enjoyed great rights of autonomy. Independence from Turkey the state was able to get in 1645 year. After that, at the head of the country stood metropolitans who enjoyed a very great spiritual influence, as well Assembly of the people of Montenegro.

V 1697 year, the Assembly appointed Metropolitan Danilo I from which originates dynasty Petrovich... V XVIII-XIX For centuries, Montenegro has won several victories in battles with outnumbered Turkish troops. This contributed to her complete liberation from Turkish influence... In many ways, these victories were facilitated by allied relations with Russia. In the same period, Montenegro gained access to the Adriatic coast and began to control the port of Bar. Results of the wars of liberation 1875-1878 years received official confirmation in the peace treaty signed in San Stefano in February 1878 years as well at the Berlin Congress summer 1878 of the year. After this Berlin Congress, Montenegro (together with Serbia and Romania) received state status recognized internationally. Day July 13 became a national holiday.

In the end XIX century in Montenegro, statehood is rapidly developing. V 1879 year by his decree prince nicholas instituted State Council, ministries and Supreme Court... V 1888 year the country adopted Civil Code and Property Law.

First Montenegrin constitution appeared December 19, 1905 of the year. V 1910 year Parliament (People's Assembly) proclaimed Montenegro Constitutional Monarchy... Prince Nicholas became King Nicholas I.

During this period in the country industry began to develop rapidly... Prince Nicholas' daughter, Helena, was the wife of King Victor Emmanuel of Italy. By agreement with him, Italy invested 10 million lire in the development of the economy of Montenegro. With these funds, a port in Bar was built in the country. The railway also appeared, which connected Bar, Virpazar, Podgorica and Danilovgrad.

During the first world war the country fought on the side of the Entente... The army of Montenegro fought with the troops of Austria-Hungary under the command of Serbia. After the end of the war Montenegro became the only country to win which lost its independence... Serbia managed to realize the idea “ Greater Serbia", Creating the kingdom of the South Slavs, called Yugoslavia... Montenegro joined it by the decision of the Assembly in Podgorica November 11, 1918 of the year. The country lost its sovereignty, army and royal dynasty. Part of the country's population protested against unification with Serbia. Armed uprisings broke out, the Serbian army successfully suppressed them... In the mountainous regions of the country, Serbia's resistance continued even before 1920 of the year.

Montenegro became part of the province Zetska Banovin a. This area has become one of the poorest provinces in Yugoslavia. During the Second World War were posted here bases of the partisan movement Tito... After the victory and the formation of the communist state, Yugoslavia became a federation. Montenegro was then one of the seven republics that were part of it. With subsidies from the center, industry began to develop in the republic. V 1980s Over the years, the active development of the tourism industry began here.

At the beginning 1990s years, the collapse of Yugoslavia took place. Montenegro at this time remained in the same federal state with Serbia. At first, this state continued to bear the former name of Yugoslavia, and since 2003 of the year - Serbia and Montenegro... The fighting did not affect Montenegro. but the country has suffered quite seriously from international sanctions that were imposed on the union state. In a referendum held May 21, 2006 of the year, 55,5% residents of Montenegro voted to leave the federation with Serbia. June 3, 2006 Montenegro declared its independence. June 15th the independence of Montenegro was recognized by Serbia. Montenegro became an independent state.

International trade

Main export products in Montenegro are: aluminum(more 50% total exports), metal products, as well as mineral oils. Montenegrin imports make up cars, mineral fuel, power equipment and cars.Main foreign trade partners Montenegro can be called countries such as: Serbia, Italy, Germany, Greece, Slovenia and Croatia.

The shops

Shops in Montenegro are usually open daily With 8:00 before 20:00 . V tourist centers they can only close in 23:00 . Many shops(and even pharmacies) closed during the day.

Usually break in shops happens with 13 before 17 hours, but maybe with 13 before 16 , and with 12 before 17 . In large and resort towns not hard to find shops that are open around the clock. Some shops work in Sunday. Numerous private outlets work on your own schedule.

The price level in the country is quite low, when compared with Western Europe. But compared to Turkey and Egypt, it is much higher. You need to know that prices differ depending on the region of the country. In coastal areas everything is about 25% more expensive... But hotels, on the contrary, are more expensive in the interior regions of the country.

Very convenient for tourists who are now in Montenegro euro is the official currency... There is no need to change the currency, while losing on commissions.

As souvenirs from Montenegro, tourists usually bring resort T-shirts, plates as well as various shell crafts... Also famous are the Montenegrin alcoholic drinks.

Demography

Annual population growth country is about 3,5 % . Population density - 44.9 persons / km².

Industry

Traditionally main industry in Montenegro were ferrous metallurgy(Centre - Niksic), aluminum processing(Podgorica) and electrical industry (Cetinje). Sufficiently developed in the country rubber,textile (Bijelo Pole) and chemical industry. In Kotor produce bearings. Shipbuilding Center and ship repair are Bijela and Bar. Easy and food industry most developed in Niksiche and Bar. Woodworking centers are considered: Erysipelas, Berane, Spit and Niksic.

Currently, the economy of Montenegro is experiencing a rapid growth. The main industries are developing, as well as agriculture and tourism.

The largest enterprises countries are: Aluminum plant in Podgorica, Iron and Steel Works in Niksic, TPP and coal mine"Spit". The country is forced to import ferroalloys,electrodes, hot rolled sheet, petroleum products, as well as electricity.

The rivers of the country have very high energy potential - 115 kW per 1 km² territory. But, for various reasons, hydropower in Montenegro is undeveloped.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world Montenegro is rich and diverse enough. Here on 0,14% territory of Europe grows 2833 varieties of plants. This accounts for almost a quarter of the species of European flora.

On the coast of the country grow olive and fruit groves, cypress trees, palm trees and grape. Most of the coastal cliffs covered maquis, which is a dense thicket of evergreen shrubs. Such vegetation is typical for the Mediterranean.

In mountainous areas Montenegro meet oak and coniferous forests... On the Belasitsa mountain range there is national park "Biogradska gora". It is covered with mixed forest. Trees grow here. 86 rocks. Among the main breeds can be distinguished: spruce, fir, beech, elm, oak, maple and rowan... The mountains are also home to rare alpine edelweiss, mountain cornflowers and violets... These species are characteristic of the belt of alpine meadows.

Another famous national park of Montenegro is located on Skadar lake... Completely different types of plants grow here. The area is swampy and covered with reeds. On the surface of the lake, you can see a large number of yellow and white water lilies. Many types of vegetation in Montenegro are endemic... This means that they only grow in this area.

Animal world Montenegro is also quite interesting. In the mountainous regions of the country such predatory animals live as: wolves, the Bears and foxes. They hunt deer, chamois,wild goats,hares and gophers... In the valleys are found wild boars.

In the adriatic sea a large number of different species of fish live. Meet here sea ​​bass, mullet, red mullet, as well as shrimp, lobster, octopus.

In the rivers of the country such fish species live as: trout, perch, carp, catfish, carp and Pike. In the Skadar lake inhabits 50 species of fish. Locals mine here bleak and carp... In addition, the Skadar Lake permanently or temporarily lives 270 species of birds. Colonies meet here pelicans, cormorants, herons and black ibises... Bird watchers from all over the world come to this lake.

More 41 % squares of Montenegro covered forests and woodlands... On the pastures have to 39,58 % common area.

According to the Constitution of Montenegro, the republic is “ an environmentally friendly state". Near 8,1 % its territory is under various environmental regimes. There are many national reserves in the country, the main of which are: Durmitor, Lovcen, Biogradska Gora and Skadar lake.

Banks and money

Driving a car in Montenegro has its own characteristics, which are mandatory must know tourists. First of all, for road trips around the country necessary stock up on your own latest version good-scale roadmaps. This is due to the fact that most of the roadmaps sold do not contain the major changes that took place in the country after the last Balkan war of 1992-1996. Part of the roads, which used to be of good quality, are now in fact completely unusable. In addition, during this time, a large number of new roads with good coverage have appeared in Montenegro. This problem is especially urgent in the mountainous regions of the country.

Roads all over the country are not of very good quality according to European standards. Even the best highways have only two lanes in each direction of traffic. All other roads have only one lane in each direction. In addition, moving around the country by car is complicated by the mountainous terrain and the large number of freight transit vehicles on the roads. For tourists recommended travel by car in Montenegro at a speed not exceeding 60-70 km / h.

Bus service in Montenegro it is well developed. Transport runs on a clear schedule. However, the country's bus fleet is already very outdated; the buses lack ventilation and air conditioning. And because of the mountainous terrain, bus travel takes longer than on regular roads. This is related to bus delays and breakdowns.

Public transport in cities, too, it mainly has an outdated car park. Travel coupons are sold at any newsstand. This voucher is needed punch at the entrance to the salon. Travel by tram or bus is also possible pay by giving money to the driver... However, the fare in this case increases by almost 2 times. Reusable tickets can be purchased at tobacco kiosks.

In Montenegro there is no internal railway connection. The only existing line leads Bar to Serbian Belgrade... This route passes through Podgorica and Byalo Pole. Up to 4 trains run in this direction daily. One of them is night and has sleeping places.

Montenegro has four types of trains: "express"(express)," proverbs"(fast)," brzi"(expressway) and" wayfarers"(passenger). Prices for different categories of trains differ from each other, but they are all quite low. In night trains to Belgrade, there are only compartment cars. The fare in a second-class compartment with three seats is about 4 Euro. A trip in a four-seater compartment will cost about 3 euro, and in a six-seater - in 2,5 Euro. Travel in a first class sleeper car costs about 7 Euro. Baggage up to the established limit (about 50 kg.) Is not paid.

During the summer season, the number of trains increases according to the summer timetable. It is not easy to buy a ticket for a passing train. Recommended reserve seats in advance. Most trains in Montenegro have non-smoking compartments. Travel cards " Inter-Rail" and Euro-Rail"They do not operate in the country. The stations of Podgorica and Bar are equipped with luggage storage. To collect your luggage, you must show your passport.

In the bar there is sea ​​port ... There is a daily ferry connection with Italy (line Bar-Bari). The Adriatic Highway connects all places on the Adriatic coast. The Montenegrin navy consists of more than 40 ships. The country also has

A distinctive feature of agricultural production Montenegro is no industrial pollution... The country grows only organic products.Main commercial crop Montenegro is tobacco.

The country also production of vegetables is quite well developed (peppers, tomatoes, cucumbers) and fruit (apples, grapes, citrus). Famous for Montenegro and for its wines.

Cultivated in Montenegro wheat and corn... However, their gross collection is not able to meet the internal needs of the republic.

The largest enterprise industry is agro-industrial complex « July 13 - Plantage».

A very important role in agriculture in Montenegro is played by mountain and pasture animal husbandry: sheep breeding and Breeding cattle.

Buyers here don't try to cheat in a store or market. But bargain Montenegrins love and know how. People with has great respect for any faith and belief... They religious and do not particularly strive for a "beautiful life".

For Montenegrins, the most typical concepts of morality are: " cojstvo" and " junastvo", that is " bravery" and " courage"The locals have great respect for their traditions, customs and the history of their country.

Montenegrins sociable and very hospitable... They are open, but they themselves never meddle in other people's affairs. The influence of the centuries-old traditions of communality and collectivism is noticeable in the country. You can even say that in Montenegrins, there is some old-fashioned upbringing. All these features make the people of Montenegro so colorful.

Very important for Montenegrins and family... Even today, they have a fairly strong understanding of the family and clan. There is also an astounding readiness for mutual assistance even between absolutely strangers.

In Montenegro, people have a very good attitude towards Russians and residents of the countries of the former USSR... Here people still remember the centuries-old connection between our peoples. In addition, the similarity of our languages ​​contributes a lot to this. The problem of the language barrier practically does not arise here... Many Montenegrins know Russian. The attitude towards tourists from other countries is also quite friendly. But this applies to older people. But young people in Montenegro prefer to learn Western European languages. English is used almost everywhere, but it is not very popular among the population for political reasons. Local residents are very pleased with the knowledge of at least a few of the most common local words by tourists.

When meeting local residents, regardless of religion, greet each other with a handshake... When visiting someone's home accepted give small gifts. The local people appreciate the ability to speak and have a conversation. You can often see lengthy conversations going on at the table.

All over the country accepted European clothing... But to go to restaurants and cafes in tracksuits not worth it. They may simply not be allowed in. Evening wear is rather informal, but conservative. It is often based on local traditions. Montenegrins highly respect their national costume... Foreigners don't have to dress like that.

Most of the country's inhabitants are heavy smokers. Even in public transport and in public places you can constantly meet people who smoke. You can also often see noisy companies. However, drunkenness among local residents is not very common.

Electricity

. In Kosovo happen quite often outbreaks of tularemia and hemorrhagic fever.

Tourists must know that tap water in Montenegro is usually chlorinated and relatively safe for health. but it's best to always use bottled water, especially for districts remote from the capital.

Milk in Montenegro is pasteurized, dairy products are perfectly safe for consumption. Local meat, poultry, fish, vegetables and fruits are checked by the sanitary and hygienic services... They are enough safe for consumption. However, their recommended do not buy from street vendors or pre-heat.

Montenegro operates health insurance system. First aid, if necessary, turns out is free... but for a more thorough examination have to pay.

For foreign tourists in Montenegro it is best to use the services of only special hospitals: Hospital Boris Kidrich, Clinics Tsentar and etc. Consultation for foreigners will cost $3-10 depending on the disease.

In every community there is state clinic ("House of health Here you can always get qualified first aid. Practically in all cities and large villages of the country there are doctors who are engaged in private practice. You can also turn to them for help.

The main part of polyclinics works in the country from tuesday to saturday With 7.00 before 13.00-17.00 .

There are private and public pharmacies... Usually state pharmacies are located in the premises of "health houses". The range of local and foreign medicines is quite extensive.

Montenegro is located in southeastern Europe, on the Adriatic coast of the Balkan Peninsula. The name of the state comes from the toponym Black Mountain. The total area of ​​the country's territory is 13.8 thousand square meters. km. The capital of Montenegro is the city of Podgorica (formerly Titograd).

Montenegro is washed from the south by the Adriatic Sea. The state borders on Croatia in the west, borders with Bosnia and Herzegovina in the north-west, Serbia in the north-east, and Kosovo and Albania in the south-east in the east.

The total length of the state's land borders is 614 km. With the Republic of Croatia - 14 km, with Bosnia and Herzegovina - 225 km, with the Republic of Serbia and Kosovo - 203 km, with the Republic of Albania - 172 km.

Until June 2006, Montenegro was part of the confederal State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. The country occupied 13.5% of its total area. Montenegro gained independence on June 3, 2006.

The country's territory conditionally consists of three parts: the coast of the Adriatic Sea, the relatively flat central part of the country, as well as the mountain systems of the east of the country. In the central part of the country, there are two of its largest cities - Podgorica and Nikisic.

The continental coastline of Montenegro stretches for almost 300 km. The state includes 14 sea islands. The coastline of these islands is 15.6 km. In the northwest of Montenegro, there is a large bay called Boka Kotorska, which cuts into the land for 29.6 km. Its water surface area is 87.3 km².

The total length of the beaches of Montenegro is 73 km, the transparency of sea water in some places exceeds 35 m.

There are many rivers on the territory of Montenegro. About 52.2% of the country's rivers belong to the Black Sea basin, the remaining 47.8% belong to the Adriatic Sea basin. The longest of them are: Tara (144 km), Lim (123 km), Cheotina (100 km), Moraca (99 km), Zeta (65 km) and Boyana (30 km).

Three Montenegrin rivers (Moraca, Zeta and Piva) flow along their entire length through the territory of the country. The Boyana River used to be the only navigable river in the country. It is no longer navigable at this time.

Almost all the rivers of the country are mountainous, they form rather deep canyons. The Tara River Canyon is considered the deepest in Europe and the second deepest in the world. Its depth is about 1200 meters.

The famous Skadar Lake is the largest lake not only in the country, but also in the entire Balkan Peninsula. The total area of ​​its water surface is 369.7 km². Two thirds of the territory of this lake belongs to Montenegro, and one third belongs to Albania.

The second largest lake in Montenegro is Lake Shass, with an area of ​​3.64 km². The lake is located near Ulcinj. There are also 29 small mountain lakes of glacial origin in the country. Their total area is 3.89 km².

The territory of Montenegro is mountainous. The highest point of the country is Mount Bobotov-Kuk (Durmitor mountain range). Its height is 2522 m. The areas adjacent to the Adriatic coast are located in the zone of narrow coastal plains, which are interrupted by mountain spurs and rocky headlands.

Present-day Montenegro is one of the most common tourist destinations among European countries. The natural luxury of this delightful country, a comfortable climate, many values ​​of history and architecture and low prices attract more and more tourists to the country of black mountains and white beaches.

Montenegro is famous for its natural treasures, among which are the Shassko and Skadar lakes of stunning azure-bluish color, the national park, inside which is the famous Black Lake and the colorful canyons of the Tara and Morac rivers,

Any corner of Montenegro is interesting in its own way, but everything exotic places defies description, so this delightful country is a must-see. The country most likely acquired the name (Black Mountain) thanks to the impenetrable black forests, which in the Middle Ages covered Mount Lovcen and the rest of the alpine heights of ancient Montenegro.

Tourist country

Montenegro today is a very popular Eastern European country in terms of tourism. Mountain landscapes, the purest Adriatic Sea, optimal temperature - that is why rest here is so popular. Even when it is cloudy in most resorts, in Montenegro the weather always pleases the vacationer with its mild Mediterranean climate. In summer, the air warms up to + 40 ° С, and the water temperature on the coast of Montenegro reaches + 25 ° С. What else do you need to have a great time? Meanwhile, winter in the mountains is snowy and moderately cold, which favors the development of ski tourism.

The number of those who dream of spending their holidays in Montenegro, resting or improving their health is constantly growing, many people from all over Europe even dream of buying real estate here for this - after all, given the wonderful natural conditions, housing prices here are lower than in most other countries.

Geographic location

Montenegro is located in the south of Europe, on the southwestern side of the Balkans. Its southern border runs with Albania, in the west - with Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the north side its neighbors are Serbia and Croatia. The area of ​​Montenegro is conditionally divided into three regions: mountains in the northeastern part of the country, the coast of the Adriatic Sea, as well as the plain basin of Lake Skadar and the valley landscape around it. The coastline is 293.5 km long. The state owns 14 sea islands.

In the north west there is a large inflow - Boka Kotorska. The main beaches are in Montenegro, a colorful country that bathes in the waters of the Adriatic. The coastal line occupies about a third of the state's border. Rocky mountains, colorful architecture and generous nature - this is what Montenegro is famous for today. Mountain tourism fascinates no less than a vacation on the sea coasts. Durmitor National Park reveals to the tourist the delightful colors of the Black Mountains. The way to them is more convenient and interesting to lead through the town of Pluzine. On the way, you can see the Piva artificial reservoir, with a natural emerald hue. You can go through tunnels carved into the rocks, in which there are winding roads in the form of a serpentine. There are stunning views of the Black Lake, the Tara River Canyon, the Djurzhevich Bridge between the two mountain shores.

The country is characterized by cozy towns with small houses and huge natural expanses. The most famous cities among travelers are Podgorica, Kotor, Budva, Perast, Petrovets, Cetinje.

Capital

Podgorica is the largest locality Montenegro, which is the center of the economy and industry of the state. Tourists in the city are attracted by the narrow streets and unique old buildings of the ancient districts of Stara Varosh and Drach. The most fascinating places to visit are the Church of St. George, Cathedral of Christ's Sunday, Natural History Museum, National Theater, Njegus Palace and Art Gallery. Of the modern structures - the Millennium Bridge (Millennium), stretching across the Morac River. Not far from Podgorica you can see the ruins the oldest fortress Medun, which existed as far back as the 3rd century BC. e.

Population

It has about 627,000 inhabitants. Population type is distributed according to ethnic composition as follows:

• Montenegrins - 43%;
• Serbs - 32%;
• Bosnians - 8%;
• Albanians - 5%;
• other nationalities: Croats, Russians, Gypsies.

Official language in the country - Montenegrin, which belongs to the Slavic, and therefore is very close to the Russian and Ukrainian languages. The most popular foreign languages ​​are German and English.

Historical and cultural capital The town of Cetne is rightfully considered to be located in a colorful valley at the foot of Lovcen. The complex of historical, cultural and architectural attractions creates a true open-air museum. Of the most visited places by tourists stand out: the Bilyard Palace, the royal palace of Nikola I, the Vlashka church, art, ethnographic and many different museums. You should definitely get to the National Park, see the royal family estate of the Petrovichs in the picturesque village of Njegushi on the top of Mount Lovcen. Here you can also visit the Mausoleum of Peter II Njegos.

The total area of ​​Montenegro is 13 812 km².

The largest resorts: Budva, Becici, Herceg, Petrovac, Novi, Bar. Airports: Podgorica and Tivat. The highest place in Montenegro: the Bobotov Kuk peak in the Durmitor mountain range - 2522 m. Here is the Skadar Lake - the deepest in the Balkan Peninsula, its depths reach 530 km. Here is the deepest European canyon along the Tara River, with a depth of up to 1300 m.Thanks to the successful geography of Montenegro on the coast, the climate is subtropical: summer is long, hot and dry, the air warms up to + 28-32 ˚С, the water in the sea - up to + 22-26 ˚С, and short mild winters with temperatures up to +8 +10 ˚С. The beach season lasts six months a year, because Montenegro receives only Cyprus in terms of the number of sunny days a year. In mountainous areas, the climate is temperate continental, winters are snowy and long, which favors the development ski holiday.

Kitchen

A feature of all Montenegrin cuisine is the high ecological purity of the products used. The land in Montenegro is so fertile that additional artificial fertilizers are not used here at all, and the local population has not even heard of GMOs. Natural food, clean ecology, mountain air and sea water - all are conducive to strengthening the health of the local population, it is not for nothing that there is a high life expectancy. Typical Slavic cuisine with Mediterranean elements - a variety of meat dishes, seafood, fruits, vegetables. Do not forget to taste the local wines Vranac and Krstach, as well as grape vodka - vine. Another distinctive feature of Montenegrin cuisine is large portions both in bars and restaurants, which cannot but delight foreign guests of the country.

First of all, in Montenegro, tourists buy products of local crafts: costume jewelry, haberdashery, honey, olive oil, wine. Shops are open daily, from morning until late at night. Both supermarkets and small shops are open every day from 6:00 to 20:00, and in tourist centers until 23:00. You can also find shops everywhere that are open around the clock. In local markets, purchases can be made in the morning.

Holidays and recreation

In Montenegro, there are many public holidays a year, both state and religious: on January 1 and 2, the population of Montenegro celebrates New Year, January 6 and 7 - Christmas, April 27 - Statehood Day in Montenegro, people also celebrate Christian Easter in spring with the entire Orthodox world, May 1 and 2 - Spring and Labor Day, May 9 - Victory Day, June 4 - Partisan Day, June 13 - Day of the uprising, November 29 and 30 - days of the republic. If the celebration falls on a weekend, then the following weekdays are also considered a weekend.

The political system of the country

According to the country's Constitution, adopted in 2007, Montenegro is a free democratic state. The President of Montenegro is elected for a five-year term by a general secret ballot. Since 2003, the state is headed by Philip Vujanovic. During the reign of the current president in May 2006, the independence of Montenegro was proclaimed. The residence of the President of Montenegro is located in Cetinje.

Currency regulation

What is the currency in Montenegro? The monetary currency in Montenegro is the euro. There are no special restrictions on import and export. Tourists are allowed to import and export any amount of foreign currency that was declared upon entry into the country, without a declaration, the export of cash currency from the country is allowed no more than 500 euros. When exporting large amounts, they must be declared. In this case, it is necessary to present a declaration that the indicated amount of currency was previously imported into the area of ​​Montenegro. The State National Bank operates only on weekdays. Commercial banks accept clients on Thursdays and Fridays. On weekends, only currency exchange offices are open. It is better to use plastic cards, then the question of which currency in Montenegro is better to pay and where to change it will not be.

Hotels and hotels

Over the past decades, a huge current has joined the economy of Montenegro - tourism, which brings significant profits to the state. The excellent ecological situation and convenient location are attracting more and more wealthy Europeans here. Recently, many comfortable hotels, hotels, private villas and mini-hotels have been built in Montenegro, money has been invested in the development of resort infrastructure. Many hotels have undergone renovations. Living in private villas is very common. Usually, this is a 3-5-storey building with standard rooms and apartments equipped with everything necessary for a comfortable pastime. Almost all of them provide tourists with breakfast. All private villas are located at a distance of 900 to 200 m from hotels in private villas: check-in in rooms after 12:00, check-out until 11:00. The composition of the population by ethnicity: Montenegrins (43%) and Serbs (32%), other peoples - Bosnians, Albanians, Croats, Russians, Gypsies. The official language in the country is Montenegrin.

Religion in Montenegro

The majority of the Montenegrin population is Orthodox Christian (74%), the minority is Islam (18%) and Catholicism (4%). The most popular attraction of the state is the Ostrog monastery. It is located 15 km from Danilovgrad in a delightful natural place. This monastery is a famous Orthodox shrine in the world, hundreds of thousands of pilgrims of various religions come to it every year to touch the miraculous power of the relics of St. Basil of Ostrog. The top of the monastery is carved into the rock at an altitude of 900 m and looks amazing.

The Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Montenegro is one of the most stunning Orthodox churches in the world. Religion in Montenegro has a special relationship. In the nineties of the XX century, the construction of the cathedral started in Podgorica. It was a grandiose in scale and beauty project of the most magnificent Orthodox church in the Balkans. The construction of the Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ was started in 1993 by the Metropolitan of Montenegro and Primorsky Amphilochius. The cathedral can be visited by five thousand parishioners at the same time. The largest bell was made in Voronezh at the Anisimov plant and has a weight of 10 tons. Together, all 14 church bells weigh nearly 20 tons. The temple is still being painted and completed.

Nature

The cleanest Adriatic sea, enthralling mountain ranges, coast with many inflows, protected from strong winds and storms, excellent beaches, sun, magnificent nature - all this is Montenegro. Its description can be continued endlessly, but it is better to see everything with your own eyes.

In the early 90s, Montenegro was named a country of pure, untouched and protected nature. It is a land of sharp contrasts, located in a small area, Montenegro has a sea with great beaches, and mountains covered with snow all year round, creating conditions for ski holidays. The beaches of Montenegro stretch along the Adriatic coast. 173 beaches with a total length of 73 km occupy a quarter of the total coastline with a length of 293 km. The tourist can visit the beach with different preferences - with fine or coarse sand, pebble or rocky, in calm tributaries or on promontories protruding into the sea, there are modernly equipped or wild beaches with virgin nature. The sea water is dark blue, its transparency is striking - 40-55 meters, salinity ranges from 28% in the Boka Kotorska tributary, and up to 38% in the south near Ulcinj. There are nudist beaches, there is even a nudist village. At the level mountain cliffs the climate is typical subalpine - with cold snowy winters and mild summers. V northern mountains Montenegro usually snows for many months, and sometimes even throughout the year.

Transport and communications

What kind of transport is developed in the country? Air transport. Montenegro has two airports of international importance - in the cities of Tivat and Podgorica. The national one cannot yet compete with the largest carriers, but its planes fly to Europe and to the neighboring Balkan countries. Regular flights here are also carried out by the Russian Aeroflot and the Serbian airline JAT.

There is also a railway that connects the following cities: Subotica - Novi - Sad - Belgrade - Bar. Railway laid from the port through Podgorica to Belgrade, there is also a direction Podgorica - Niksic. Water transport... Port - the city of Bar. There is a permanent ferry service to Italy (Bar - Bari route). Sea ports: Kotor and Perast. Sea transport connects everything beach resorts on the coast.

There are bus routes between all cities. Quite good for mountainous country, roads, traffic - right-hand.

Main highways: Adriatic Highway; routes from the coast through Podgorica to Sarajevo and to Belgrade. In the country, the bus is the most widespread mode of transportation, and in some places it is the only one. Stops on demand on the road are allowed. For tourists, advice: it is better to buy a ticket at any kiosk, because a ticket bought on the bus will cost about 2 times more.

Operators mobile communications in Montenegro there are ProMonte and Monet companies.

Safety

For safety reasons, video and photography can be carried out only where there is no special sign - a crossed-out camera. It is not allowed to photograph objects of transport and energy significance, port facilities and objects of military command. By the way, in Montenegro today the crime rate is very low, so that both residents and tourists of this country can feel safe and calmly enjoy the picturesque beauty of this unique land.