Continent Africa - geographical location and characteristics of the continent. Etymology of names of physical and geographical objects in Africa Gulf of Aden The most significant geographical objects of South Africa
S. I. RUNKOV
NATURAL EARTH OBJECTS. AFRICA:
GEOGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE AND METHODS
Saransk 2010
AFRICA
CAPES
NEEDLE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image003_1.jpg "align =" left "width =" 125 "height =" 120 src = "> S lat., 19 ° 59" E. etc.). It is located on the territory of the Republic of South Africa, 155 km southeast of the Cape of Good Hope.
RAS-HAFUN
Khafun, a cape on the Somali Peninsula, the easternmost point of the African continent (10 ° 26 "N and 51 ° 23" E).
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image014.gif "width =" 19 "height =" 40 ">. gif" alt = "(! LANG: Signature:" align="left" width="316" height="130 src=">.jpg" align="left" width="94" height="64"> Эль-Абьяд, мыс на побережье Средиземного моря, в 13 км к северо-западу от г. Бизерта (Тунис). Самая северная точка Африки (37° 21° с. ш. и 9° 45° в. д.).!}
BAYS AND BAYS
CIDRA (LARGE SIRT)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image021_0.jpg "align =" left "width =" 106 "height =" 83 src = "> Sidra (source of Great Sirte) is a large bay of the Mediterranean Sea off the coast of Libya, up to 1374m deep, up to 465km wide (at the entrance to the bay).
GABES
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Gabes is a gulf of the Mediterranean Sea off the northern coast of Africa, in ancient times it was called Small Sirte. Washes the territory of Tunisia. It stretches over 100 km and has a depth of about 50 m. Djerba Island is located in the southern part of the entrance to the bay, and Kerkenna Island in the northern part.
TUNISIAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image029.jpg "align =" left "width =" 232 "height =" 96 src = "> The Gulf of Tunis is a large gulf of the Mediterranean Sea off the northern coast of Africa, washes the territory of Tunisia. south bank the gulf, where the capital of Carthage was previously located, the city of Tunis is now located.
GUINEAN
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Gulf of Guinea is a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Equatorial Africa. It juts out into land between Cape Palmas in the northwest (Liberia) and Palmeirinhas (Angola) in the southeast. The constituent parts of the Gulf of Guinea are the bays of Benin (in the north) and Biafra (in the east).
BENIN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image034.jpg "align =" left "width =" 131 "height =" 102 src = "> Benin is a bay in the Atlantic Ocean on the southern coast of West Africa, an integral part of the Gulf of Guinea, stretching 640 km east from Cape St. Paul (Ghana) to the mouth of the Niger River, the waters of the Benin Gulf wash the coasts of Ghana, Togo, Benin, and Nigeria.
BIAFRA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image037_1.jpg "align =" left "width =" 104 "height =" 81 src = "> Biafra is a bay in the Atlantic Ocean, part of the Gulf of Guinea. Water The gulfs are washed by the coasts of Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Giveni and Gabon.
ADENSKY
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The Gulf of Aden is part of the Arabian Sea of the Indian Ocean. Length 890km. The northern coast of the gulf is the Arabian Peninsula (state of Yemen). The southern and western shores of the Gulf make up the African continent (states of Somalia and Djibouti). In the west, the Tajura Bay is distinguished, in the southeast, the bay is separated from the rest of the Indian Ocean by the Socotra Islands (Yemen). The bay is connected to the Red Sea by the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.
STRAITS
GIBRALTAR
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image042.jpg "align =" left "width =" 148 "height =" 102 src = "> The Strait of Gibraltar is an international strait between the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and the north -western coast of Africa, connecting the Mediterranean with Atlantic Ocean... Length 65 km, width 14-44 km.
BAB EL MANDEB
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image045.gif "align =" left "width =" 186 "height =" 165 src = "> Bab al-Mandeb Strait - the strait between the south-west the tip of the Arabian Peninsula (the state of Yemen) and Africa (the states of Djibouti and Eritrea). Connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Aden of the Arabian Sea. The smallest width is 26.5 km, the smallest depth in the fairway is 182 m.
MOZAMBICAN
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OCEAN CURRENTS
CANARY
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image051_0.jpg "align =" left "width =" 172 "height =" 161 src = "> Canary current - cold and, subsequently, moderately warm sea current in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean The Canary Current draws most of its water from the Azores and Portuguese currents, as well as rising from the depths and rich in minerals.It first flows in the south and southwest direction along the northwest coast of Africa and past the Canary Islands ...
BENGEL
MOZAMBIKSKY
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image059.gif "width =" 20 "height =" 112 ">. gif" width = "19" height = "75">. gif "width = "64" height = "115"> 
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image065.jpg "align =" left "width =" 294 "height =" 198 src = "> The Amirant Islands are an archipelago in the western Indian Ocean to the north east of Madagascar, about 300 km south-west of Seychelles, part of the Republic of Seychelles, covering an area of 83 square kilometers.
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Ascension Island - volcanic island located in the Atlantic Ocean 1600 km west of the African coast. Part of the British overseas territory Saint Helena, from which it is located 1287 kilometers to the northwest. CANARY
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GREEN CAPE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image076.jpg "align =" left "width =" 100 "height =" 76 src = ">. jpg" align = "left" width = "100 "height =" 76 src = "> Islands Cape Verde are a cluster of 10 large and 8 small islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Senegal, divided into the Leeward and Windward groups.
Madeira
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image081.gif "align =" left "width =" 142 "height =" 172 src = "> Employees" href = "/ text / category / sluzhashie / "rel =" bookmark "> seabird havens - Desertas Islands and Selvagens Islands.
ST. ELENA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image084.jpg "align =" left "width =" 98 "height =" 69 src = "> 148" height = "40" style = "vertical- align: top "> Saint Helena is located in the Atlantic Ocean 2800 km west of Africa and belongs to Great Britain. Also, Saint Helena is an overseas possession of Great Britain, which, in addition to the island of Saint Helena itself, includes the Ascension Islands and the Tristan da Cunha archipelago, as well as small islets and rocks.
COMOR
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image088.jpg "align =" left "width =" 208 "height =" 88 src = "> Comoros, Union of the Comoros (SKO) on the archipelago -vov (Anjouan (Njuani) - 424 sq. km, Grand Comore (Ngazidzha) - 1146 sq. km, Mayotte (Maore), Moheli Island state off the southeast coast of Africa. Located in the Mozambique strait of the Indian Ocean between the east coast of Africa and northwestern Madagascar.
SEYCHELLES
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image091.jpg "align =" left "width =" 89 "height =" 100 src = "> Republic Seychelles - Island state in the western part of the Indian Ocean, slightly south of the equator, about 1600 km east of the African mainland, north of Madagascar. The republic includes more than 100 islands and islets, only 33 are inhabited. big Island- Mahe (142 sq. Km.). On it is the capital of the state - Victoria. Other large islands are Silhouette, Praslin, La Digue.
MASKAREN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image093.jpg "align =" left "width =" 124 "height =" 84 src = ">. gif" width = "43" height = "137 "> PEMBA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image098.jpg "align =" left "width =" 100 "height =" 76 src = "> Pemba, a coral island in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa , separated from the mainland by the Strait of Pemba. Area 984 sq. km. Part of Tanzania. Height up to 99 m. Equatorial-monsoon climate. Precipitation up to 1000 mm per year. Clove and coconut trees are cultivated.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image102.jpg "align =" left "width =" 132 "height =" 89 src = "> Zanzibar is an archipelago in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Tanzania, which The largest islands are Pemba and Unguja, also commonly called Zanzibar.
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Madagascar is the fourth largest island in the world, located in the Indian Ocean, off the eastern coast of Africa, separated from it by the Mozambique Channel. The area of the island is 590 thousand sq. km. Length - about 1600 km, width - over 600 km. The island is home to the state of the Republic of Madagascar.
SOCOTRA
Socotra is a small archipelago of six islands in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Somalia, about 350 km south of the Arabian Peninsula.
Gulf of Guinea
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image116.jpg "align =" left "width =" 184 "height =" 116 src = "> Largest islands Bioko, Sao Tome, Principe, Annobon. Bioko is an island in the Gulf of Biafra (part of the Gulf of Guinea) of the Atlantic Ocean, the largest of the islands belonging to the Equatorial
Guinea; ocean.
PENINSULA
SOMALIA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image118.jpg "align =" left "width =" 125 "height =" 107 src = "> Somalia (Horn of Africa) is a peninsula in the east of the African continent. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Gulf of Aden, from the east - by the Indian Ocean.The territory of the peninsula is part of the state of Somalia, part of it is part of Ethiopia.
RIVERS
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image120.gif "width =" 97 "height =" 59 "> NILE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image123.jpg "align =" left "width =" 92 "height =" 63 src = "> The Nile is a river in Africa, one of the two longest rivers in the world.The river originates in the East African Plateau and flows into the Mediterranean Sea, forming a delta.In the upper reaches, it receives large tributaries - Bahr el-Ghazal (left) and Achva, SOBAT, Blue Nile and Atbara (right). Below the mouth of the right tributary of the Atbara, the Nile flows through a semi-desert, having no tributaries for the last 3000 km. The length of the Nile (with Kagera) is about 6700 km (the most commonly used figure is 6671 km), but from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea it is about 5600 km. The basin area, according to various sources, is 2.8-3.4 million square meters. km. (fully or partially covers the territories of Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan and Egypt).
ATBARA
Atbara (Arabic Bahr el-Aswad) is a river in Africa (in Sudan and Ethiopia), the right tributary of the Nile (flowing into the Nile near the city of Atbara in Sudan). The source is located near Lake Tana in Ethiopia. It flows mainly over the Sudanese plateau.
BLUE NIL
The Blue Nile is much shorter than the White Nile, but it plays a much larger role in the formation of the Nile regime below Khartoum. The Blue Nile originates from the Abyssinian Highlands, flowing from Lake Tana.
WHITE NIL
Below Sobata, the river receives the name White Nile (Bahr el-Abyad), leaves behind an area of marshes, and then quietly flows in a wide valley through a semi-desert area to Khartoum, where it merges with the Blue Nile. From here to the Mediterranean Sea, the river is called the Nile (El-Bahr). The distance from Khartoum to the Nimule gorge is approximately 1800 km; to Lake Victoria - about 3700 km.
KAGERA
Kagera - a river in East Africa, flows through the territory of Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as partly along the borders between them. It is the longest tributary of the Nile. Formed at the confluence of the rivers Nyavarongo and Ruvuvu near Lake Rweru, from where its length to the mouth is 420 km; if we count from the source of the Rukarara River, which is located in Burundi near the northern edge of Lake Tanganyika and is the point of the Kagera river system farthest from the mouth, then its length is about 800 km.
CONGO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image130.gif "width =" 13 "height =" 62 "> Lualaba is the local name for the upper reaches of the Congo River, described by foreign researchers as the main tributary of the Congo. It flows from the source on the Shaba Plateau to Stanley Falls in the Congo. The length is about 2100 km. A hydroelectric power station was built in the upper rapids. In the middle reaches, the river is navigable (644 km).
LUAPULA
The upper reaches of the "href =" / text / category / verhovmze / "rel =" bookmark "> the upper reaches of the Congo River). Some researchers consider it the main source of the Congo River (Zaire). The length (from the Chambeshi source) is over 1500 km, the basin area is 265.3 thousand sq. km It originates south of Lake Tanganyika, flows into Lake Bangweulu in several branches, then flows through Lake Mweru, below which it is called Luvua.
LOVUA
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LUKUGA
CROWBAR
Lomami is a river in Africa, on the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the left tributary of the Congo. The length is 1,450 km, the area of the basin is about 110,000 sq. km. The river originates on the Katanga plateau, flows to the north, forming numerous waterfalls and rapids.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image139.jpg "align =" left "width =" 256 "height =" 255 src = "> UBANG
Ubangi, a river in Central Africa, the largest right tributary of the river. Congo (Zaire); flows along the borders of the Republic of Zaire with the Central African Republic and the People's Republic of the Congo. Formed by the merger of the river. Node and Mbomu. The length from the source of the Knot is about 2300 km (according to other data, about 2500 km), the basin area is 772.8 thousand square meters. km.
Kwango
Kwango River in Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Kwango River is a left tributary of the Kassai River. Its length is 1,100 kilometers. The sources are located in the highlands of central Angola, the river flows mainly to the north. In its middle course, the Kwango forms the state border between Angola and Congo, overcomes the Shute Tembo waterfall, then flows through the territory of the Congo and below the city of Bandundu flows into Kasai.
Kasai
Kasai, the river to the Center. Africa, the largest left tributary of the river. Congo, the runoff is 20% of the Congo runoff. Length 2153 km, basin area 880.2 thousand sq. km. It begins on the Lund plateau, descends from its northern slope forming picturesque rapids and waterfalls; separates Angola and Congo. The main tributaries on the right are Lulua, Sankuru, Fimi-Lukenie, on the left - Kwango.
RUFIGI
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image145.gif "align =" left "width =" 208 "height =" 165 src = "> Rufiji is a river in Tanzania. The river is formed at the confluence of the Kilombero rivers and Luwegu, originating in the mountains east of Lake Nyasa (Malawi). Length - about 600 km, source in the southwestern part of Tanzania. In the upper reaches of a typical mountain river. Below the Shuguli falls, it flows through lowlands in a wide valley. It flows into the Indian Ocean. near Mafia Island, about 200 km south of Dar es Salaam Basin area 178 thousand sq. km Main tributary is the Great Ruaha.
RUVUMA
Interstate structures "href =" / text / category / mezhgosudarstvennie_strukturi / "rel =" bookmark "> between the states of Tanzania and Mozambique. Length is about 800 km, basin area is 145 thousand sq. Km. It originates in the mountains to the east of the lake Nyasa (Malawi) flows into the Indian Ocean, the largest tributary is the Luzhenda River (right).
ZAMBEZI
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image149.gif "width =" 125 "height =" 55 "> Zambezi is the fourth longest river in Africa. Basin area - 1 sq. km, length - 2,574 km The source of the river is in Zambia, the river flows through Angola, along the border of Namibia, Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe, to Mozambique, where it flows into the Indian Ocean.
QUANDO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image152.gif "width =" 172 "height =" 38 "> Luangwa
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image154.gif "width =" 100 "height =" 31 "> LIMPOPO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image156.jpg "align =" left "width =" 220 "height =" 162 src = "> Limpopo is a river in South Africa. It flows through the territory of South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique Originates on the slopes of the Witwatersrand, flows into the Indian Ocean River length 1600 km, basin area sq. Km Large tributaries: Shashe, Ulyphants, Shangan.
ORANGE
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Shari, a river in Central Africa (CAI, the Republic of Chad and along the border of the latter with Cameroon). Formed by the merger of the river. Ouam and Gribingi; flows into the lake. Chad. The length, according to various sources, is 1400-1500 km (from the source of the Uam river), the basin area is about 700 thousand square meters. km.
NIGER
Niger is the most important river in West Africa... The length is 4 180 km, the area of the pool is 2 118 thousand square meters. km, the third in these parameters in Africa after the Nile and Congo. The source is in Guinea, then the river flows through Mali, Niger, along the border of Benin, then flows through Nigeria and flows into the Gulf of Guinea. The main tributaries of the Niger: Milo, Bani (right); Sokoto, Kaduna and Benue (left).
BENUE
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Senegal is a river in West Africa and forms the natural border between the states of Senegal and Mauritania. The length of the river is about 1970 km. The river basin area is 419,575 sq. km. The main tributaries are Falem, Karakoro and Gorgol.
GAMBIA
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LAKES
VICTORIA
Victoria is a lake in East Africa, in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. It is located in the tectonic trough of the East African platform, at an altitude of 1134 m. The area is 68.870 thousand square meters. km, length 320 km, maximum width 275 km. The high-water Kagera river flows in, the Victoria-Nile river flows out. North coast the lake is crossed by the equator.
RUDOLF
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https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image180.gif "width =" 78 "height =" 58 "> Kyoga is a large shallow lake, more precisely a complex of lakes, in Uganda, with an area of about 1720 sq. km, Located 914m above sea level, the White Nile flows into Kyogu on its way from Lake Victoria to Lake Albert.
SLEEVE
Rookva, closed shallow water salt Lake in East Africa, in the southwest. Tanzania. Lies in a tectonic depression at an altitude of 792m.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image185.gif "width =" 16 height = 16 "height =" 16 ">
NYASA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image188.jpg "align =" left "width =" 220 "height =" 112 src = "> Malawi (Nyasa) is a lake in Central-East Africa. The lake runs from north to south, length 560 km, depth 706 m.
BANGWEULU
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image191.gif "width =" 137 "height =" 66 "> 
.jpg "align =" left "width =" 148 "height =" 132 src = "> Mveru - mountain fresh lake on the border of Zambia and DR Congo. Located at an altitude of 917m above sea level southwest of Lake Tanganyika. Maximum length 110 km, width 45 km, depth up to 27 m. Shipping. The lake is home to bream and tilapia. Described by David Livingstone.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image196.gif "width =" 19 "height =" 123 "> 
.gif "width =" 275 "height =" 34 "> TANA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image201.jpg "align =" left "width =" 315 "height =" 78 src = "> Tana, Tsana, Dembea, a lake in Ethiopia, in Ethiopian highlands, at an altitude of 1830m. Length 75 km, width up to 70 km. Area 3100-3600 sq. km. Depth up to 70 m.
CHAD
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image204.jpg "align =" left "width =" 127 "height =" 86 src = "> The surface of the lake is not constant: usually occupying about 27 thousand square meters . km, the lake in the rainy season overflows to 50 thousand, and in the dry season - shrinks to 11 thousand square kilometers. from the east - the low-water Bar-el-Ghazal.
ASSAL
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image206.jpg "align =" left "width =" 122 "height =" 100 src = ">" Livingstone Falls "- a system of rapids and rapids in the lower course the Congo rivers are located on the territory Democratic Republic Congo (DRC) in western equatorial Africa. Named for the Scottish explorer Livingstone, the "waterfall" system is a 350km long rapids with a total dip of 270m.
VICTORIA
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image208.jpg "align =" left "width =" 122 height = 94 "height =" 94 "> STANLEY Stanley waterfalls, waterfalls in the upper reaches of the river. Congo (Zaire), between Ubundu and Kisangani, on the territory of the Republic of Zaire. 7 significant rapids, separated by stretches, at a distance of about 150 km; the total fall is about 40m.
Merchison
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image210.jpg "align =" left "width =" 222 "height =" 155 src = "> 
Atlas Mountains, mountain system all in. Africa; to the west. parts of Morocco - three parallel. chains: middle (Vys. Atlas or Idrar-in-Deren with the summit of Jebel-Ayashi. 4500 m., southern Anti-A. and north. Er-Rif; in Algeria and Tunisia, two chains: on S. Mal. Atlas or Tell , to the south of the Big Atlas (2300m.), between them the plateau of the Shots (1100m.).
SUGAR ATLAS
Sahara Atlas, a system of mountain ranges and massifs in the south. mountainous country Atlas within Algeria. Height 1200-1500 m, individual peaks over 2000 m (Mount Aisa up to 2336 m).
ANTIATLAS
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image223.jpg "align =" left "width =" 124 "height =" 89 src = "> Ethiopian (Abyssinian) highlands - mountain system in the north-east Africa in Ethiopia, Eritrea, and in the north of Somalia Average height m The highest point is Mount Ras Dashen 4533 m, the fourth highest in Africa.
MITUMBA MOUNTAINS
Mitumba, a mountain range in the center. h. East African plateau, in the southeast. and V. Congo (formerly Zaire). It is composed of young volcanic and ancient crystalline rocks. Length from north to south apprx. 400km, height up to 3305m. Flat tops at several levels predominate. North. part of the ridge extends along a tectonic depression occupied by lakes Edward, Kivu and Tanganyika.
DRAGON MOUNTAINS
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CAPSE MOUNTAINS
Cape Mountains, mountains in southern Africa, in South Africa, between Port Elizabeth in the east and the mouth of the river. Olifants in the west. The length is about 800 km. Consist of several parallel ridges. The average height is 1500m, the highest is 2326m.
RAS-DASHAN, MOUNTAIN
Ras Dashan, the most high peak in the Semien Mountains in the Ethiopian Highlands. Height 4620m.
KENYA
Kenya is the most high mountain Kenya and the second highest mountain in Africa (after Kilimanjaro). The most high peaks are Batianm), Nelionm) and Point Lenanam). The mountain is located in the central part of the country, just south of the equator, 150 km north-north-east of Nairobi.
KILIMANJARO, VOLCANO
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image234.jpg "align =" left "width =" 173 "height =" 120 src = "> Somalia is a plateau bordered in the southeast and north by coastal Lowlands Rivers - Jubba, Webi-Shebeli Most of the territory - desert.
DARFUR, PLATO
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High plateaus is the common name for intermontane semi-desert plateaus in the Atlas. Height m in the west, 700-800m in the east. Located between the Tel Atlas ridges in the north and the Sahara Atlas in the south.
BOTTLES-VESSELS
BODELE
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image241.jpg "align =" left "width =" 115 "height =" 80 src = "> Qattara is a waterless depression in Egypt in the north of the Libyan desert in Africa .Area, sq. Km.
KALAHARI
Kalahari, a depression in the central part of South Africa, coinciding with the eponymous syneclise of the African Platform. Located in Angola, Zambia, Namibia, Botswana, Southern Rhodesia and South Africa. The area is about 630 thousand square meters. km.
DESERT
ARABIAN
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image243.gif "width =" 44 "height =" 70 "> 
Arabian Desert, northeast h. Sahara (Egypt) between the Nile valley and the ridge. Etbay, stretching along the Red Sea. In the south (at 22 ° N lat.) It passes into the Nubian Desert. The plateaus descend from east to west to the Nile Valley from 1000 to 200 m, and are intensively dissected by valleys with dry channels (wadis).
https://pandia.ru/text/78/225/images/image246.jpg "align =" left "width =" 149 "height =" 114 src = "> NUBIAN
Nubian Desert, in Africa, mostly on the territory of Sudan, between the r. The Nile and the Red Sea, from which it is separated by the Etbay Ridge.
LIBYAN
Libyan desert, a desert in Africa, northeast of the Sahara, west of the river. Nile, within the eastern part of Libya, the western part of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the northern part of Sudan. The area is about 2 million sq. km.
Mainland Africa is the second largest on the planet after Eurasia. It occupies more than twenty percent of the entire land area and is almost entirely located in the hemisphere in the south.
The mainland is washed by several oceans: the Atlantic and Indian. The territory is divided between fifty-five countries.
African countries and their capitals
African countries are usually divided into five groups. The list looks like this:
In terms of economic indicators, the most developed and richest is located in the south of the mainland South Africa. At the same time, residents of many states, in particular the central part of the mainland, are below the poverty line, in particular the CAR, DRC, Burundi - the poorest countries in Africa.
The largest state in terms of territory is Algeria, and the smallest is Mayotte. The most numerous is Nigeria, and the lowest population in the islands is the Seychelles.
African states acquired their sovereignty in the middle of the twentieth century. Majority modern names appeared at the same time.
For example, until 1985, Côte d'Ivoire was called the Ivory Coast, and Djibouti until 1977 had an official status and name in the form French Territory Afarov and Issa. Such changes have affected almost half of the territorial units of the mainland.
Characteristics of Africa
The area is equal to twenty-nine million square meters. km. The prevalence from the north down - eight thousand kilometers, and from the west to the left - seven and a half.
Physical map of Africa (click to enlarge)
There are several variants of the origin of the name. The most common ones are:
- Afri - people who lived near Carthage, later the Romans began to call the whole region that way, and then the continent of Africa.
- From the Latin aprica - sunny.
- From the Greek afrkn - no cold.
Note: Africa is considered to be the ancestral home of Homo sapiens, it is there that the remains of the most ancient ancestors, in particular hominids and sahelanthropians, were discovered.
The continent has long attracted Europeans, as the history of the discovery showed, active study began in the fifteenth century, when Vasco da Gama circled Africa on his way to India.
From the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth centuries, the mainland was divided among the great powers:
- the north is part of the Ottoman Empire;
- south - Spain, Portugal and other colonialists.
After World War II, the map changed as the wave of independence began. Today there are several territories on the African mainland under the control of Europeans, in particular Canary Islands, Madeira, Chagos Archipelago.
Extreme points of Africa
About which point is the most northern, southernmost, which is the most eastern, and where the westernmost is located, the following image tells well:
Population
More than one billion people live on the mainland today. Along with this, the largest increase in the number and life expectancy is observed. Demographic estimates predict that the population will double over the next thirty years.
There are two main races in Africa:
- Negroid - in the center;
- Caucasians - mainly in the north and in the South African Republic.
The most common people are Arabs. The population density is low compared to Europe and Asia. Today interethnic conflicts continue.
Its useful to note: the level of urbanization in the countries is low, but its rate is the highest in the world.
As for religion, the leading world movements are generally widespread, but all other religious movements are also represented. Traditional beliefs are still prevalent in the central part.
Climatic zones
Africa is considered the warmest continent, and the warmest place is located here - Dallol. The entire territory is distributed in warm climatic zones.
The main ones and their characteristics:
- Equatorial - heavy rains and in fact there is no change of seasons, there is constant summer.
- Subequatorial - two main seasons, rainy summers, winters characterized by dry trade winds.
- Tropical - almost no precipitation, deserts are widespread.
Minerals
Africa is rich in minerals that have a high price.
In particular, the main ones include:
- gold;
- oil.
The northern coast is also rich in manganese, iron ores and phosphorites.
Flora and fauna
The organic world of Africa is characterized by exceptional diversity.
In tropical areas, there are a variety of large animals, in particular, rhinos, elephants, lions, zebras, monkeys and others.
Large birds also live on the continent, such as flamingos, ibises.
The north is dominated by lizards and snakes that have adapted to the climate of the Sahara. The “big five” are the trademarks of the south of the mainland: buffalo, lion, leopard, elephant and rhinoceros.
Climatic conditions North Africa contributed to the adaptation of many plant species. In the south, more than two and a half thousand flowering plants are counted - this is almost ten percent of the world's wealth.
Geographic objects
Atlas mountains
The main objects of geography of Africa include:
- Atlas Mountains;
- Basins of Congo (lowest point) and Nile;
- Rift Valley;
- Ethiopian and Ahaggar highlands;
- deserts - Kalahari, Namib and Sahara.
In addition to the oceans, the mainland is washed by one sea - the Red and Suez Canals.
Rivers and seas
One of the longest rivers in the world is located in Africa.
The length of the Nile is almost seven thousand kilometers.
Other major rivers include:
- Niger;
- Congo;
- Zambezi, Limpopo and Orange.
Africa is also rich in large lakes: Victoria, Nyasa, Tanganyika and Chad. The latter is the largest saline body of water in the interior of the mainland.
Plains
Plains in Africa are represented by plateaus (East African) and trenches (Chad, Congo, Kalahari).
The plateaus are high plains, along with them the pits are low.
Mountains of africa
Mostly Africa is a continent on the plains, there are enough mountains on it:
- Atalas - in the north;
- Ahagar and Tibeste - in the Sahara Desert;
- Effiop Highlands - in the east;
- Kapsky and Drakonovs - in the south.
The highest point is the Kilimanjaro volcano, its height is five thousand nine hundred meters.
In conclusion, I would like to focus on the concepts of "continent" and "continent". There are only six continents on Earth, all of which are well known. But there are only four continents.
"Continent" translated from Latin means "continuous". Since Eurasia and Africa are connected together by the Suez Canal, they are not separated from each other, therefore they are not separately continents.
Africa is a unique continent that combines the diversity of flora and fauna. Most of the states are at the stage of economically developing countries, partly this is due to the long-term colonization of the region.
Recently, ratings have become very popular. On the one hand, they look somehow conceived primitive, PR and subjective. On the other hand, in my opinion, they help to structure large volumes of information and squeeze out a lot of water and information noise. I've also decided to aim at William our Shakespeare.
It was possible, of course, to yellow the topic with a catchy heading like "10 places in Africa that you must visit" or something like that. But I won't be like top bloggers :)
Naturally, the notion “interesting” hints at the subjectivity of the list: what is interesting to one person may be absolutely not interesting to another. Therefore, this is the most subjective but unbiased list of African interests :)
The reasons why people go to Africa can be divided into 3 components - animals, people and nature. For me, this is an axiom that formed the basis of the list.
A unique place in Africa, and, possibly, on the entire planet, where original tribes are still preserved, minimally affected by civilization. Mursi, Surma, Erbore, Hamer ... Each tribe is unique in its way of life, traditions, adornments of its own body. In the Omo Valley, it is as if you are traveling in a time machine for many centuries, or even millennia, back to the primitive communal system.
Of course, the proximity to the benefits of civilization influenced the tribes of this part of Ethiopia. The war, which continued here for a considerable time, also affects. Many men, instead of spears and bows, wear Kalashnikov assault rifles, for example. Local population has already got used to the fact that tourists are regularly brought to them, and even learned how to benefit from this. Do not expect to be able to photograph the exotic appearance of these proud sons of Africa for free. Each frame is taken into account and payment is inevitable :)
Perhaps the most promoted national park Africa, an icon of Kenya's tourism industry, one of the continent's finest parks. Masai Mara is often written in a superlative degree and, it should be noted, quite deservedly.
The park is like a continuation of the Serengeti, only in Kenya.
Masai Mara is known for its prides of lions, and in general it is one of best places in Africa to observe the big cat three: lions, leopards and cheetahs.
And, of course, do not forget about the great migration that takes place in Masai Mara from July to October, when millions of wildebeest herds arrive at the park from Tanzania. at this time the most spectacular.
In general, we can say that not a single safari in Kenya
cannot be considered complete without the Masai Mara.
Kilimanjaro is the same symbol of Africa as Victoria Falls or the Cape of Good Hope, and despite the fact that the mountain itself is located in Tanzania, the best and most picturesque view of it opens from national reserve Amboseli (Kenya). That is why even many Tanzanian travel sites and offline travel guides do not hesitate to illustrate articles about Kilimanjaro with photographs taken in Amboseli.
Elephants and Kilimanjaro, giraffes and Kilimanjaro, Masai and Kilimanjaro, African acacias and Kilimanjaro ...
The park is good in itself, there are all the big five, but it is Kilimanjaro that makes it special and unique.
Ngorongoro Conservation Area. Tanzania
The highest concentration of wild animals in the world in their natural habitat. This argument immediately gives a head start and increases attractiveness. protected area Ngorongoro. The animals here are separated from the rest of the world by the high slopes of the ancient volcano's crater. As one client put it: "Where are they going in the submarine" :)
Ngorongoro boasts the Big Five, and its relatively small size and enclosed space make safaris one of the most exciting in Africa.
Volcanoes National Park. Rwanda
It is one of the three largest waterfalls in the world and that says it all.
Africa Objects of geographic nomenclature. Grade 7 Authors-compilers: Team "Astyr" (Astyrovskaya secondary school), team "Researchers" (secondary school 118), team "Seeker" (Siberian secondary school), team "Positiff" (Sherbakulskaya secondary school 1), organizers of the project "Fascinating toponymy"
List of objects of the nomenclature of the Sea: Mediterranean, Red. Mediterranean Red Gulfs: Guinea, Aden. Guinea Aden Straits: Gibraltar, Bab-el-Mandeb, Mozambique, Suez Canal. Gibraltarian Bab-el-Mandeb Mozambique Canal Somalia Landforms: mountains: Atlas, Drakonovy, Cape; The East African Plateau, the Ethiopian Highlands; volcanoes: Kilimanjaro, Kenya. Atlas Dragon Cape
Red Sea The sea of the Indian Ocean, between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The name is associated with the color orientation of the peoples of the East, according to which South side indicated in red. For the ancient Assyria and Babylon, the entire western part of the Indian Ocean, which was called Rubrugi, was located in the south. "Red Sea". Content
Strait of Gibraltar The strait between the southern tip of the Iberian Peninsula and northwestern Africa connects the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. Among the Phoenicians it was known as the "Pillars of Hercules". In the VIII century. the rock on the shore of the strait began to be called in Spanish Hibraltar - "Mount Tariq", and in Russian - Gibraltar. In honor of her, the name of the strait. Content
The Orange River in South Africa flows into the Atlantic Ocean. He surveyed the river and mapped it in 1777 - 1779. Scottish officer R. Gordon. He also appropriated the name in honor of the Dutch Oran dynasty - "Orange River", but the Dutch oranje also means "orange". Therefore, when translating the name into Russian, a mistake was made. This name has taken root in Russia. Content
The second largest continent on planet Earth is the continent of Africa. The first in size is the continent of Eurasia. There is also a part of the world, which is also called Africa. This article will look at Africa as the continent of the planet.
In terms of its area, the size of Africa is 29.2 million km2 (with islands - 30.3 million km2), which is about 20% of the entire land surface of the planet. Mainland Africa washed by Mediterranean Sea on the north coast, West Coast it is washed by the Atlantic Ocean, in the south and east the continent is washed by the Indian Ocean, and the northeastern coast is washed by the Red Sea. There are 62 states on the territory of Africa, of which 54 are independent states, and the population of the entire continent is about 1 billion people. By clicking on the link you can see full list African countries in the table.
The size of Africa from north to south is 8000 kilometers, and when viewed from east to west, it is approximately 7,500 kilometers.
Extreme points on mainland Africa:
1) The most eastern point of the mainland is Cape Ras Khafun, which is located on the territory of the state of Somalia.
2) The northernmost point of this continent is Cape Blanco, which is located in the Tunisian Republic.
3) The westernmost point of the continent is Cape Almadi, which is located on the territory of the Republic of Senegal.
4) And, finally, the southernmost point of the continent of Africa is Cape Agulhas, which is located on the territory of the Republic of South Africa (South Africa).
Relief of africa
Most of the mainland is plain. The following relief forms prevail: highlands, plateaus, stepped plains and plateaus. Conventionally, the mainland is divided into High Africa (where the heights of the mainland reach a size of over 1000 meters - the southeast of the mainland) and Low Africa (where the heights reach a size mainly less than 1000 meters - the north-western part).
The highest point on the mainland is Kilimanjaro Volcano, which reaches an altitude of 5895 meters above sea level. Also in the south of the mainland there are the Drakensberg and Cape Mountains, in the east of Africa there is the Ethiopian Highlands, and to the south of it is the East African Plateau, in the northwest of the continent are the Atlas Mountains.
In the north of the mainland is the largest desert on the planet - the Sahara, in the south is the Kalahari Desert, and in the southwest of the mainland there is the Namib Desert.
At the same time, the lowest point of the mainland is the bottom of the Assal salt lake, the depth of which reaches 157 meters below sea level.
Climate of Africa
The climate of Africa can be ranked first of all continents in terms of warmth. This is the hottest continent, as it is completely located in the hot climatic zones of planet Earth and is crossed by the equator line.
Central Africa is located in the equatorial belt. This belt is characterized by high precipitation and there is no change of seasons at all. To the south and north of the equatorial belt, there are subequatorial belts, which are characterized by a rainy season in summer and a dry season in winter with high air temperatures. If we follow further south and north after the subequatorial belts, then the northern and southern tropical belts follow, respectively. Such belts are characterized by low precipitation at rather high air temperatures, which leads to the formation of deserts.
Inland waters of Africa
The internal waters of Africa are uneven in structure, but at the same time vast and extended. On the mainland, the longest river is the Nile River (the length of its system reaches 6,852 km), and the Congo River is considered the deepest river (the length of its system reaches 4,374 km), which is famous for being the only river that crosses the equator twice.
There are also lakes on the mainland. Lake Victoria is considered the largest lake. The area of this lake is 68 thousand km2. The greatest depth in this lake reaches 80 m. The lake itself is the second largest fresh lake on the planet Earth.
30% of the landmass of the continent of Africa is deserts, in which reservoirs can be temporary, that is, at times completely dry up. But at the same time, usually in such desert regions, groundwater can be observed, which is located in artesian basins.
Flora and fauna of Africa
Mainland Africa is famous for its diversity as flora and animal. The continent is home to humid tropical forests, which are replaced by woodlands and savannas. Mixed forests can also be found in the subtropical zone.
The most common plants in the forests of Africa are palm trees, ceiba, sundew and many others. But in the savannas, you can most often find thorny shrubs and small trees. The desert is distinguished by a small variety of plants growing in it. Most often these are grasses, shrubs or trees in oases. Many areas of the desert have no vegetation at all. A special plant in the desert is the amazing Velvichia plant, which can live for more than 1000 years, it releases 2 leaves that grow throughout the life of the plant and can reach a length of 3 meters.
The animal world is also diverse in Africa. In the savannah areas, grass grows very quickly and well, which attracts many herbivorous animals (rodents, hares, gazelles, zebras, etc.), and, accordingly, predators that feed on herbivorous animals (leopards, lions, etc.).
The desert at first glance may seem uninhabited, but in fact there are many reptiles, insects, birds that hunt mainly at night.
Africa is famous for such animals as elephant, giraffe, hippopotamus, a wide variety of monkeys, zebras, leopards, sand cats, gazelles, crocodiles, parrots, antelopes, rhinos and much more. This continent is amazing and unique in its own way.
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