The history of the development of transport in italy. Transport development

In a country like Italy, elongated in its configuration, jutting deeply into the Mediterranean Sea at its very center, located at the intersection of many international transport routes, and being the southern outpost of the European Economic Community on trade routes across the Mediterranean, transport, both domestic and external, plays a very important role. Italy has a well-developed transport network. The network of railways and roads in Italy developed mainly in the meridian direction. Latitudinal communications are not enough, with the exception of the Padan plain. Many automotive and railways are laid on steep slopes, pass through tunnels or over numerous bridges and viaducts, therefore their construction and operation are very expensive. In international road and rail transport, the roads laid in the Alps play an important role, especially through the passes of Simplon, Mont Cenis, Tarvisio, Saint Gotthard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are made. In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of cargo are transported by road. Of 293 thousand km. about half of the roads are in Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, has begun to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines were modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Direttissima”) was built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including siding), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

With the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, the pipeline transport network has grown. The total length of main oil and gas pipelines exceeds 8 thousand km. Some of them are of international importance, such as the pipeline supplying Russian gas to northern Italy, the Trieste-Ingolstadt oil pipeline. An oil pipeline has been laid from Genoa to Milan, Munich, Switzerland.

Developing quite fast civil Aviation... It features prominently in Western Europe. Major airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important hubs for the international airline network connecting Europe with other continents. The airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important in domestic traffic. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

Different values of the share of sea transport in import and export traffic in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the transported goods. Import transportation is mainly associated with the import of such bulk cargo as oil, coal, ore, grain, timber and certain types of food, which, with a large physical volume, have a relatively lower cost. In contrast to this, export transportation is mainly associated with the export to foreign markets of a wide variety of industrial products, which, with a smaller physical volume, have a much higher cost. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the volume of exported goods. For the implementation of maritime transport, Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, ship traffic and cargo turnover of which is increasing from year to year. In terms of cargo turnover in ports, Italy occupies 1st place among the Mediterranean countries.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the absence of large rivers. On the canals of Venice, its lagoon and on the alpine lakes, small passenger ships of the “river tram” type run, and goods are transported in small quantities.

Italy has a fairly large merchant fleet in terms of the number of ships. It ranks eighth among the capitalist countries of the world (after Liberia, Japan, Great Britain, Norway, Greece, USA and Germany). Among the EEC countries, Italy occupies the 3rd place in terms of the total gross tonnage of merchant ships, second only to Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. Along with the ships that fly the Italian flag, Italian shipowners have a significant number of ships registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under FOCs. The total number of such vessels reaches 20-25% of the total tonnage of the Italian merchant marine. These ships are not included in the official statistics on the Italian merchant marine.

The ships of the Italian merchant fleet are used for their foreign trade and coastal shipments passing through Italian ports for the transit of goods from neighboring countries, as well as for international transport between foreign ports. Most of Italy's foreign trade cargo is transported through the chartering of foreign ships, for which significant amounts of foreign currency are paid to foreign shipowners annually. So far, Italian ships retain an increased role only in international passenger traffic, which is largely supported by subsidies allocated annually.

Along with foreign trade transport, maritime transport plays an important role in ensuring the internal transport of Italy. It accounts for about one third of the country's total domestic traffic. These shipments are usually carried out on ships flying the Italian flag.

The Italian merchant marine has a complex organizational structure. In addition to the presence of the Ministry of the Merchant Marine and several large shipping companies controlled by state organizations, such as the Finmare group, the joint-stock company SNAM and Sidemar, there are a number of other large shipping companies in Italy and several hundred private shipping and shipping companies, different in composition and nature. ...

Most of the private shipowners are members of the so-called national federation of independent shipowners - Confitarma. The Ministry of the Merchant Marine has limited functions, which are more often manifested in solving such issues as the distribution of appropriations for the fleet, the preparation of bills on specific issues of the merchant marine and shipping, general issues of material security and insurance of seafarers and other issues.

When solving general issues in the field of maritime transport, serious complications arise due to the lack of a single body for the management of the activities and development of seaports. Moreover, a number of large and important ports (Genoa, Trieste, etc.) have their own autonomous administrations with varying degrees of administrative and financial independence. Some other ministries are also involved to consider and resolve issues that go beyond the functions and responsibilities of the Ministry of the Merchant Marine, including ports.

Recently, in the system of maritime transport, there has been an increase in the activities of the ministry on the issues of state participation. Its activities have expanded to some shipping companies that are subsidized by the government's industrial development institute. An important role in ensuring state influence on maritime transport is played by the policy of providing loans and various subsidies pursued by the Italian government. It is based on the provision of financial assistance primarily to companies controlled by state organizations.

Across seaports passes from 80 to 90% of the volume of imports, 55-60% of export cargo and about one third of the total volume of domestic traffic in Italy. In addition, a number of ports (Trieste, Genoa, Venice) are widely used for transit transportation of foreign trade goods of neighboring countries.

There are more than 144 ports on the mainland coast and islands. However, most of them are small in size and are used mainly by cargo-passenger and fishing vessels for local use or pleasure and sports boats.

Up to 90% of the total volume of sea traffic passes through 220-25 of the largest ports, each of which has an annual cargo turnover of more than 1 million tons. These ports are located in areas of large industrial and economic centers or individual large oil refineries, chemical, metallurgical and machine-building plants with which the ports are closely connected and which they mainly serve.

In 1981-1992, the total cargo turnover of the ports of Italy increased 2.5 times and in 1992 it amounted to 357.3 million tons, with a tendency to further growth. More than 2/3 of the total cargo turnover of ports is associated with servicing foreign trade transportations and about one third - with servicing domestic transportations.

Genoa is the largest Italian port. Located at the top of the Genoa Gulf of the Ligurian Sea. The total length of its berths is 22.4 km, depths in the port basins are from 7 to 10 m. The semicircular basin of Vecchia, to which the old city quarters descend like an amphitheater, is the oldest part of the port, where all its activities were concentrated at the beginning of the century. Now it is used mainly by passenger ships. The Genoese port began to develop in westward... The long breakwater formed a new artificial harbor, including a deep-water outport and several rectangular basins separated by piers. Large-tonnage vessels use the eastern entrance to enter the port.

Immediately west of the port, in an artificially reclaimed area, is Italy's largest iron and steel works, and further west, a major airport on an artificial peninsula enclosing a new deep-sea oil harbor. Genoa is the second most important (after Marseille) port on the Mediterranean. during the Middle Ages, Genoa was the largest trade intermediary between the countries of the West and the East. After the construction of railways in the middle of the last century, the port became a sea gateway for the densely populated and economically developed Po valley, especially for the industrial triangle Milan-Turin-Bologna. Genoa is the home port of the Italian merchant fleet.

Naples is the main port of the southern part of the country. Located on the shores of the eponymous gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea at the foot of the active volcano Vesuvius. Is one of the oldest cities and tourist centers Europe. More than 2 million passengers, tourists and expatriates pass through the sea terminals of Naples every year. The port water area is fenced by a breakwater, two breakwaters and consists of several pools, separated by short breakwaters. The port is divided into three zones: passenger (western part), grain and general cargo (central part) and bulk and liquid cargo zone ( East End). One of the piers in the central part has the status of a free zone. Situated about halfway between Gibraltar and Port Said, Naples serves as a convenient port of call for ships of the line. Raw materials for oil refineries and metallurgical plants in the vicinity of Naples, as well as their products - the main part of the cargo turnover of the Port of Naples. The share of vegetables, fruits and canned food traditional for Naples in the modern cargo turnover is small. The hardest crisis hit the Neapolitan port in the 80s due to a sharp reduction in international sea passenger transportation(the reason for which was the decrease in emigration). This forced Naples to cede Brindisi as the country's first passenger port.

Venice is the main Italian port on the Adriatic Sea and one of the most distinctive cities in the world. Located in the shallow lagoon of the Gulf of Venice on 119 islands separated by 160 canals. The depth of the entrance to the lagoon, in the upper part of which the port is located, is: Lido - 10.6 m, at Alberoni - 9.14 m.To Marghera, the new industrial port of Venice, there is a canal accessible for sea vessels with a draft of up to 9.45 m. Venice is second only to Naples and Genoa. The port is partly located in the western part of the city, partly on the coast of the mainland (Marghera), 10 km from the city. The main part of the port's cargo turnover falls on its mainland, where three industrial zones are located on the territory reclaimed from the sea, including over 200 industrial enterprises.

Trieste is the largest free harbor in Europe. The proximity to continental countries that do not have their own access to the sea creates a large area of gravity, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries, therefore transit cargo prevails in the turnover of Trieste. The port consists of four harbors: new, old, customs and industrial. The length of the mooring front is about 20 km. Trieste is the deepest Italian port. After the construction of the oil berths and their connection with the transalpine oil pipeline, the cargo turnover increased 5 times. The industrial area of Trieste, like many other Italian ports, includes an oil refinery and a metallurgical plant.

Characteristics of transport in Italy (modern).

Land and air transport.

In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of cargo are transported by road. Of 293 thousand km. about half of the roads are in Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

Civil aviation is developing quite rapidly. It features prominently in Western Europe. Major airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important hubs for the international airline network connecting Europe with other continents. The airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important in domestic traffic. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

River and sea transport.

The organizational structure of the merchant fleet.

Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and highways developed mainly in the meridional direction. ... Of the 293 thousand km of roads, about half are in northern Italy, in the South of the country the density of the road network is much less. Railways are inferior in importance to automobile roads, but now more capital is invested in railway construction than in road transport.

Automobile transport dominates in domestic transportation of goods and passengers: it accounts for 3/4 of all land transportation of goods. More than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of cargo are transported by road. Italy contains 1/4 of all European motorways (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan - Varese, built in 1924.

The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through the whole of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. A high-speed railway is being built along the same route, but the total length of existing railways, mainly electrified, is being reduced due to competition. road transport.

Convenient passes across the Alps provide a link between Italy and its northern neighbors. Despite the fact that the passes are at high altitudes, the Alps have never been a barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe. The main transalpine railways follow long tunnels under the Fréjus passes to France, the Simplons and St Gotthard passages to Switzerland, and the rather short Brenner tunnel to Austria. The road tunnel under the Greater Saint Bernard Pass was commissioned in 1963 and the Mont Blanc Tunnel in 1962. These roads are now complemented by a rapidly expanding rail network linking the industrial cities of Italy with the rest of Europe.

Position of Italy on the Mediterranean waterway, long distance coastline, the presence of islands in the country explains the important role of maritime transport, which is 80% controlled by the state. 80-90% of import cargoes and 60-65% of export cargoes are transported by sea transport, and a significant part of domestic traffic is also carried out. International freight brings significant revenues to the state.

The tonnage of the fleet is 8 million tons - the third place in the region after Norway and Greece, 1/3 of the vessels are tankers. The largest ports - Trieste and Genoa (cargo turnover of more than 30 million tons) - are gateways to the outside world not only for Northern Italy, but also for Switzerland, Austria and other European countries. Main center coastal links of the peninsula - Naples.

The civil aviation of Italy is developing quite rapidly. Air lines maintain communication between the largest cities in Italy and many cities in Europe and other continents. The country's largest airports - Leonardo da Vinci (L "aeroporto di Roma Fiumicino) near Rome, Malpensa (Aeroporto di Milano-Malpensa) and Linate (Aeroporto di Milano-Linate) near Milan serve as important centers of the international network of airlines connecting Europe with other continents. The airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important in domestic traffic.The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

Driving in Italy is right-hand (steering wheel on the left).

Italy has a developed network of railways and highways. More than 90% of passengers and over 80% of cargo are transported by cars. In external traffic, sea transport prevails.

In the internal transportation of goods and passengers, the main role is played by road transport, followed by rail. In terms of the level of electrification of railways, the country occupies one of the first places in the world.

In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 7 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan - Varese, built in 1924.

The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria.

Five international motorways pass through Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Bryn-Disy, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa.

About half of the roads are in northern Italy; in the South of the country, the density of the road network is much less.

Public transport

Italy has a well-developed bus and rail network of public transport. It will not be difficult to get to almost any point in the country. There is also a metro: Milan, Rome, Naples, Catania, Turin, Genoa, Bari, Palermo.

City bus - main public transport in Italy. The entrance to the bus is carried out only through the back door with the inscription: "Salita", and the exit - through the front door with the inscription: "Us-cita". Once on the bus, you are required to validate your ticket in a special - yellow or orange - punch located at the entrance. The driver does not sell tickets, they must be bought in advance at automatic ticket offices, tobacco kiosks "Tabacceria" with a black and yellow sign and the letter "T". You can also buy tickets in the metro and some bars.

The same tickets are valid for all types of public transport (including the railway within the city). One trip within 75 minutes from the moment the ticket is validated allows any changes to another mode of transport. On the metro, this ticket can only be used once. There are also passes for a day, a week, a month, a year.

A one-day tourist ticket (BIG) costs 3-5 EUR and entitles you to unlimited travel by any type of public transport. A weekly ticket ("Settimanale" or CIS) costs 12 EUR. You can buy it only at ATAC kiosks.

Taxi

Catching a taxi on the street in Italy is generally not accepted. In cities, there are special parking lots in squares, near metro stations, train stations, etc. But the easiest way is to order a taxi by phone from a hotel, restaurant or bar; if you do not know the language, then ask the employee to call you a car, the word taxi is understood everywhere.

The fare is ~ 1 EUR / km plus the cost of the call ~ 3 EUR. Trips are paid by the counter, but after 22 hours, at holidays and Sunday, as well as if you have luggage or travel to another city, an additional fee will be charged. Tipping is encouraged, usually the amount is rounded up to the nearest whole euro.

Each official taxi has a special sign on English language, which indicates additional surcharges for luggage, travel at night, on Sundays and holidays, or for travel to the airport.

Metro

The Metro of Rome has two branches. Line A, 18 km long, connects the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines cross at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", you can travel with it both by bus and by metro during the day on any line.

The Milan Metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two lines (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually use the 1 heading south near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold at vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.

Air transport

Everything big cities Italy is connected by air lines, both with all countries of the world, and among themselves.

Air tickets are significantly more expensive than train and bus tickets, but when traveling long distances, it is better to use an airplane.

Railway transport

An extensive national railway network connects many cities of the country; in the north it is denser, in the south, motor transport is more developed.

Trains are mostly modern and comfortable. Within the country and abroad, there are high-speed trains - "espresso" (espresso), super-fast trains - "rapid" (rapide), direct trains - "di-retto", commuter trains - "regional" (regio-nale) and local ones - locale. The trains have both sleeping and seating places, and the cost of the first and second classes differs almost twice.

There are several types of trains: R - Regionale (regional, with a common salon, making all stops), IC - Intercity (intercity, with compartments for 4-6 passengers), ES - Eurostar (between cities, better service on a trip, common salon , more high price), EC - Eurocity (between the cities of Italy and Europe, compartments for 4-6 passengers), Espresso (express trains without stops).

There is a flexible system of discounts and benefits on the railway. Tourists expecting a long stay in Italy and intending to travel around the country should purchase an Italy Rail-card or Italy Flexi-card for 4, 8, 12 or 30 days. These cards are sold at railway stations or travel agencies.

Also, keep in mind that the seat number on the ticket is put down only when booking, and when buying a ticket at the box office (without booking), you need to be pretty quick and take any free seat in the carriage. At the height of the tourist season, there are not enough seats, and passengers often stand in the aisles. Also, before boarding, do not forget to validate the ticket in a special punch on the platform, otherwise it will be considered invalid.

More detailed information for rail connections in Italy, see the website: www.trenitalia.com

Water transport

In Italy, the borders of which are washed by more than 90% of the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal regions, the sea fleet is also important in the internal transport of passengers and especially cargo.

90% of goods arriving in Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire North-West of Italy, as well as for Switzerland. The main rival and competitor of Genoa on the Adriatic is Trieste, the second largest in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, northeastern Italy connects with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed (except for Venice, of course) due to the absence of large rivers and is represented mainly by gondolas and river taxis.

Car rental

To rent a car, you need an international driver's license, credit card(or in some cases a cash deposit), the driver must be at least 21 years old.

When booking a car, you can also overpay a little and take the full insurance service (full insurance, from 10 EUR per day), which includes payment for any scratches and bruises that drivers may acquire on the trip.

If the car was handed over to you with a full tank of gasoline, then you must also return it with a full tank. For an additional fee, you can agree on an individual return point for the car.

Helpful information

The speed limits in Italy are: city 50 km / h, national roads 90 km / h, superstrada 100 km / h, autostrada 130 km / h. As a rule, the speed limit on motorways is controlled by AUTOVELOX devices, which automatically photograph the cars of violators.

It is worth noting that the fines for drunk driving are very high. The permissible blood alcohol level is no more than 0.8 ppm (one glass of dry wine or a mug of beer). We do not advise you to neglect these rules, since in Italy even a punishment in the form of imprisonment is possible.

Traffic police in Italy are principled and incorruptible. Even for a hint of a bribe to a car inspector, a motorist can pay with arrest. Arguing with the police is useless - "for discussion" the fine can be increased almost twofold.

Fines for traffic violations are quite high - you will have to pay about 50 euros for driving through a red light, for incorrect parking - from 25 to 70 euros, for speeding - from 33 to 131 euros. Fines are usually paid locally.

If you are going to travel in Italy by car, then you should know that there are three types of roads in Italy: autostrade, superstrade and sta-tale.

Travel on large modern highways is paid. Motorways are marked with green signs with a white "A" followed by a number. At the entrance to the motorway, you need to get a ticket, and pay for it at the exit. You can also pay for travel using Viacard or Telepass cards, which are purchased at payment points or service stations.

Autogrill is lined along the freeways, where cafes, gas stations, toilets, supermarkets, ATMs and much more are located.

In big cities streets historic center closed for cars at certain times, and the problem of parking is also very acute. Italian drivers often park in any free spot without worrying too much about police action. Tourists are not recommended to behave this way - and the rental cars themselves (especially those with license plates from other regions) immediately attract the attention of the police, and the "familiar places" for such ersatz parking lots are usually unknown. It is forbidden to park in parking lots bounded by the yellow line. Parking spaces bounded by the blue line are paid, the white ones are free or paid through the meter (disco orario, time limit - 30, 60 or 90 minutes). Near hotels, as a rule, it is allowed to leave the car for a short time, however, each institution has its own rules - somewhere there is its own parking lot, and it is forbidden to park cars at the entrance, somewhere for this, a courtyard or the nearest lane is used.

Petrol stations in urban areas usually work from 8.00 to 13.00 and from 14.30 to 19.30, however, on suburban highways, almost all gas stations work around the clock. In large cities, there are mini-gas stations, which are 1-2 automatic machines installed literally on a patch. There are no attendants at such stations, all actions are performed by the driver, payment is by credit card.

Many roads and railways run on steep slopes, pass through tunnels, or over numerous bridges and viaducts, making them very expensive to build and operate. In international road and rail transport, the roads laid in the Alps play an important role, especially through the passes of Simplon, Mont Cenis, Tarvisio, Saint Gotthard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are made. In Italy, more than 90% of passengers and more than 80% of cargo are transported by road. Of 293 thousand km. about half of the roads are in Northern Italy. In Italy, 1/4 of all European motorways are concentrated (about 6 thousand km), including the world's oldest motorway Milan-Varese, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

From 80 to 90% of the volume of import, 55-60% of export cargo and about one third of the total volume of domestic traffic in Italy pass through the seaports. In addition, a number of ports (Trieste, Genoa, Venice) are widely used for transit transportation of foreign trade goods of neighboring countries.

Genoa is the largest Italian port. Located at the top of the Genoa Gulf of the Ligurian Sea. The total length of its berths is 22.4 km, depths in the port basins are from 7 to 10 m. The semicircular basin of Vecchia, to which the old city quarters descend like an amphitheater, is the oldest part of the port, where all its activities were concentrated at the beginning of the century. Now it is used mainly by passenger ships. The Genoese port began to develop in a westerly direction. The long breakwater formed a new artificial harbor, including a deep-water outport and several rectangular basins separated by piers. Large-tonnage vessels use the eastern entrance to enter the port.

Directly west of the port on an artificially reclaimed territory is Italy's largest metallurgical plant, and even further to the west is a large airport on an artificially created peninsula that encloses a new deep-sea oil harbor. Genoa is the second most important (after Marseille) port on the Mediterranean Sea. during the Middle Ages, Genoa was the largest trade intermediary between the countries of the West and the East. After the construction of railways in the middle of the last century, the port became a sea gateway for the densely populated and economically developed Po valley, especially for the industrial triangle Milan-Turin-Bologna. Genoa is the home port of the Italian merchant fleet.

Naples is the main port of the southern part of the country. Located on the shores of the eponymous gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea at the foot of the active volcano Vesuvius. It is one of the oldest cities and tourist centers in Europe. More than 2 million passengers, tourists and expatriates pass through the sea terminals of Naples every year. The port water area is fenced by a breakwater, two breakwaters and consists of several pools, separated by short breakwaters. The port is divided into three zones: passenger (western part), grain and general cargo (central part) and bulk and liquid cargo zone (eastern part). One of the piers in the central part has the status of a free zone. Situated about halfway between Gibraltar and Port Said, Naples serves as a convenient port of call for ships of the line. Raw materials for oil refineries and metallurgical plants in the vicinity of Naples, as well as their products - the main part of the cargo turnover of the Port of Naples. The share of vegetables, fruits and canned food traditional for Naples in the modern cargo turnover is small. The hardest crisis hit the Neapolitan port in the 1980s due to a sharp decline in international maritime passenger traffic (the reason for which was a decrease in emigration). This forced Naples to cede Brindisi as the country's first passenger port.

Trieste is the largest free harbor in Europe. The proximity to continental countries that do not have their own access to the sea creates a large area of gravity, including Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary and other countries, therefore, transit cargo prevails in the turnover of Trieste. The port consists of four harbors: new, old, customs and industrial. The length of the mooring front is about 20 km. Trieste is the deepest Italian port. After the construction of the oil berths and their connection with the transalpine oil pipeline, the cargo turnover increased 5 times. The industrial area of Trieste, like many other Italian ports, includes an oil refinery and a metallurgical plant.

Transport in Italy

Traveling without transport is impossible. Trains and planes, buses and sea connections are integral parts of the journey. If you want to visit best places sunny Italy, it is better to get acquainted with the culture of the country, not only to travel, but also to get acquainted with all the dances of local public transport and traffic.

How to get to Italy

After the ancient speech, the road begins with the road.

Therefore, pay attention to the level of comfort, compare prices and routes. Then, after careful consideration of the little things, the road will seem pleasant and not exhausting.

airplane

Thanks to the largest Russian and Italian airlines, Transaero, S7 of Siberia, Aeroflot, Meridiana Mucha and Alitalia, they operated daily direct regular flights from Moscow to Rome, Milan, Venice, Bologna and Turin. h.

Direct flights to Pisa, Rome and Milan are also available when leaving the northern capital.

You can travel to Italy (Rome, Trapani, Pisa, Milan) via Finland (from Lappeenranta) and Ukraine (Kiev) along with Wizz air and Runair.

trains

Do you want to travel around Europe by train? Then, especially for you, a route from Moscow to Nice, which passes through Bolzano, Verona, Milan, San Remo, Bordighera and Genoa.

In the warehouse with patience and food, the journey lasts 57 hours.

bus

The smallest comfortable and too long trip to Italy can also be covered by buses with transfers in Germany. But the cost of the trip will be the same flight by plane, and the duration of the trip will be more than two days.

Ferries from Greece

If it so happens that you are traveling to Italy via Greece, then pay attention to the passenger ferry.

They leave Greek ports every day and reach their destination within 10-35 hours. Some routes go through Albania. Price from 40 to 300 euros per trip.

Long distance communication

All major cities in Italy, as well as areas associated with paused roads, including railways, through which thousands of passengers and residents of the country travel, are opening new ones in seemingly famous places.

Air Transport

Each major Italian city has its own airport, which receives long distance flights daily.

The cost of the ticket is not far off (a system of discounts for students and pensioners).

Suburban and long-distance trains

Over the past decade, the entire railway system in the country has been moderately modernized. Thus, along with regular trains, high-speed trains are starting to run among the largest tourist and commercial centers, which can be covered over long distances for a long time.

Tickets for these high-speed trains are reserved two months in advance, which helps prevent unpleasant situations on the road and at the train station.

IntercityTrains or simply intercity trains run between larger and less populated cities and stop at very small stations. These stops make the journey much longer than a high-speed train.

Ticket reservations (comfort 1st and 2nd class) are also possible after two months, and you will need additional charges to reserve a place.

On local trains, local trains, the schedule of which overlaps with the training plan, when buying seats for a ticket, do not produce only compost (on a special machine and indicates the date of compost time, after which the ticket becomes suitable for travel), immediately before the trip.

These trains are inconvenient, but the ticket prices are extremely low. Local trains run short distances - to neighboring settlements, in such a way that many stops.

buses

No less comfortable than on high speed train, you can travel all over the country with buses from the Italian company Cotral and other carriers.

Tickets must be purchased at stations located in each city. Thus, a trip from Venice to Rome is 80-100 euros, and the trip duration is up to 10 hours. You arrive from Rome to Naples in 6 hours; the ticket price is 60 euros.

If you bought your ticket in advance, it is not too late - the bus may leave a few minutes before the scheduled time.

Maritime communication

Since Italy is surrounded by the sea, each port has ferries that take passengers (as well as cars) to neighboring cities.

The ferry trip is pleasant, comfortable and quite profitable.

City traffic

If you find yourself in Italy, you will find metro (Rome and Milan), trams, buses, electric trains (in the big cities) and taxis. In short, there will be no traffic problems.

Tickets for urban public transport are sold at kiosks (ATAS, tobacco or newspaper) in special cars (and do not change), in the metro, at the train station and at the main bus stops.

At night you can buy a ticket from the driver (bus or tram), but it will cost 1 euro.

Public transport tickets

If you buy a one-way ticket (Biglietto semplica B.I.T.), it works 100 minutes after the first pass on any public transport.

Such a trip is one and a half euros. You can make an unlimited number of downloads within the assigned minutes on the same ticket.

For those who plan to get around the city in one day, it is more profitable to buy a ticket for 6 euros (Biglietto giornaliero B.I.G.), which is applied during the day (from the time of movement until midnight).

Along with them are weekly and three-day passes.

The cost is 24 and 16.5 euros. The passenger's name is assigned on a seven-day contract.

Travel expenses for sightseeing bus: for adults - 13-16 euros, for children under 12 years old - 7 euros, for children under 5 years old - free.

Buses and trams

At night (from 3 am to 5 pm in the morning), buses pass twenty routes that leave the train stations every 30 minutes.

They also send experimental buses. Their work schedule is from 8:00 to 20:00. Night bus stops are marked with an owl. A similar work schedule and trams.

Italian city trains

Trains (both expressive and conventional) connect the airports and railway stations of major cities (Rome, Milan, Genoa, Bologna, and others) to remote areas and suburbs.

The cost of transportation is 8-14 euros. Every half hour there are trains.

Taxi

A caught car on the street will not be accepted. Taxis are easy to book at the hotel, restaurant and even if paid. When calculating travel expenses, include, as long as the driver drives to the place of call, 4 euros for the first three kilometers of the route and 0.7 euros for the next.

At night, be prepared to pay € 1.76 per kilometer. Holiday and Sunday stamps are € 0.59.

Subway station

The metro is a very convenient way to get around the city quickly. There are two underground paths in Rome, four in Milan. Tickets are sold at all stations. The ingredients are varied every five minutes.

Rent

Renting a car, bicycles (10 euros per day, from 30 euros per week) or a moped (25-80 euros) makes sense when planning visits to nearby attractions.

You can rent cars for people over 20 years of age with one year of driving experience with an international driving license and insurance. Traffic in Italy is correct and very tight. Not all drivers follow the road rules.

Be careful on the road and don't be tempted to become offenders, the fines will be very high.

Venice city transport

River trams, gondolas and river taxis operate from 6 am to 11 pm. Ticket prices range from 8 to 50 euros.

Choosing the mode of transport for yourself, you decide that this is your priority: travel speed or a route that passes through places that allow you to admire the incredibly beautiful nature of Italy.

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Climate in Italy

Italy is called sunny, but the weather is very cold.

The state is located on the Apennine Peninsula. Despite the small area, the terrain varies considerably between regions. For this reason, and also largely from north to south, the climate in Italy has many features that cannot be ignored when planning a trip.

What to bring from Italy

When we hear “shopping in Italy,” we often think of fashion boutiques and then think of olive oil, pasta, cheese; Someone may have associations with Venetian glasses or carnival masks.

And then? Then - we offer you a list of popular, original and simple interesting souvenirs and other products that interest you, some of which will even be very useful.

Italian food

The first thing that comes to mind when it comes to Italian cuisine is pizza, pasta and risotto.

In this form, Italian cuisine appears before us in any restaurant, but it is much more diverse in the country itself, and one of its characteristics is the difference between recipes for the same dishes in different regions of the country.

Characteristics of Italian cuisine

For kitchens in northern regions typical consumption of meat and dairy products (of which only chopped meat sauces are prepared, large dishes serve as the main course), and for the southern regions - vegetables and seafood.

Characteristics of transport in Italy (modern).

Land and air transport.

Italy has a well-developed transport network. The network of railways and roads in Italy developed mainly in the meridian direction. Latitudinal communications are not enough, with the exception of the Padan plain. Many roads and railways run on steep slopes, pass through tunnels, or over numerous bridges and viaducts, making them very expensive to build and operate. In international road and rail transport, the roads laid in the Alps play an important role, especially through the passes of Simplon, Mont Cenis, Tarvisio, Saint Gotthard, Brenner and others, under which tunnels are made.

Five international motorways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million vehicles, including about 18 million cars.

Some lines were modernized, the Rome-Florence high-speed railway (“Direttissima”) was built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including siding), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.

Civil aviation is developing quite rapidly. It features prominently in Western Europe.

Major airports (Fiumicino near Rome, Linate near Milan) serve as important hubs for the international airline network connecting Europe with other continents. The airports of Naples, Palermo, Venice, Genoa are important in domestic traffic. The country's air transport is 75% controlled by the state through the Alitalia company.

River and sea transport.

Different values of the share of sea transport in import and export traffic in physical and value terms are due to large differences in the nature of the transported goods.

Import transportation is mainly associated with the import of such bulk cargo as oil, coal, ore, grain, timber and certain types of food, which, with a large physical volume, have a relatively lower cost. In contrast to this, export transportation is mainly associated with the export to foreign markets of a wide variety of industrial products, which, with a smaller physical volume, have a much higher cost. For these reasons, the physical volume of imported goods is 5-6 times higher than the volume of exported goods.

For the implementation of maritime transport, Italy has a wide network of large and small ports, ship traffic and cargo turnover of which is increasing from year to year.

In terms of cargo turnover in ports, Italy occupies the 1st place among the Mediterranean countries.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the absence of large rivers.

On the canals of Venice, its lagoon and on the alpine lakes, small passenger ships of the “river tram” type run, and goods are transported in small quantities.

Among the EEC countries, Italy occupies the 3rd place in terms of the total gross tonnage of merchant ships, second only to Great Britain and the Federal Republic of Germany. Along with the ships that fly the Italian flag, Italian shipowners have a significant number of ships registered in other countries and used in foreign markets under FOCs. The total number of such vessels reaches 20-25% of the total tonnage of the Italian merchant marine.

These ships are not included in the official statistics on the Italian merchant marine.

Most of Italy's foreign trade cargo is transported through the chartering of foreign ships, for which significant amounts of foreign currency are paid to foreign shipowners annually. So far, Italian ships retain an increased role only in international passenger traffic, which is largely supported by subsidies allocated annually.

The organizational structure of the merchant fleet.

Transport system of Italy

Italy is one of the most economically prosperous countries in Europe. And this can be seen not only in the level of well-being of its inhabitants, but also in the quality transport links within the country, which is a necessary factor for the development of business and tourism.

The road network in Italy is well developed and is evenly distributed throughout the country, although there is some predominance of roads in the north of Italy compared to the south. However, this does not in the least affect the quality of road transport. Due to the dense network of roads, 80% of freight and 90% of passenger traffic is carried out by cars.

If speak about external transport, then sea transport prevails here.

There are more than a thousand ships in Italy and they perfectly cope with the largest loads and long distances.

There is a great demand for rail transportation... A dense network of railways connects cities and towns in Italy. Like roads, many railways were laid directly on the slopes of the mountains. This explains the large number of bridges and tunnels that exist on any road in all parts of the country.

Today the Italian authorities are paying railway transport special attention, modernizing it and investing heavily in the repair of existing trains. Not only the technical equipment of the railways is undergoing changes and improvements, but their total number is also increasing. This already today makes it possible to quickly and easily get to any city in Italy.

Sea transport also plays a large role in the external and internal transport of the country.

This is due to the significant length of the coastline, general provision Italy on the sea route, as well as the presence of islands that make up the country. 144 ports - there are so many of them on the shores of Italy. The largest is the port of Genoa, which is famous all over the world. This port is a "sea gate" for ships in the North-West of Italy and Switzerland.

Trieste is the second port in terms of cargo turnover after Genoa.

He sends ships to countries in the Middle East, East Asia and Africa. Thanks to the development of the petrochemical and oil refining industry in Italy in recent years, the cargo turnover of two more large ports of the country - Taranto and Augusta - has significantly increased. The largest passenger port in Italy is Naples, which is the center of connections with Sardinia, Sicily and other islands.

Due to the lack of major rivers in Italy river transport it is poorly developed here.

This cannot be said about civil aviation... There are many daily flights from Italy to the most different countries the world. The largest airports in the country are Rome's Leonardo da Vinci, Milan's Linate and Malpensa.

It is very important for Italy that all trade routes are constantly functioning and in the best condition, since the country's foreign economic relations largely depend on this. What does Italy import? First of all, the products of engineering industries, agricultural products, footwear, clothing, industrial equipment and raw materials for various industries.

The most active foreign trade is in Italy with Germany and France. Hospitality business This country serves more than 50 million tourists from all over the world per year, the entire infrastructure of Italy is ready to work for guests, so it ranks first in Western Europe in terms of the number of hotel beds.

The main role in the external relations of the state is in maritime transport.

Ports - Genoa, Venice, Trieste, etc. They provide export-import supplies not only in Italy, but also in Germany, Switzerland, Austria and the Danube country. The Italian fleet has 1,500 ships and occupies a tenth of the world in terms of tonnage.

Internal transport is carried out by rail. The length of the railway lines is 30.5 thousand km.

The main railway is Milan. The railway lines have a meridian along the eastern and western shores of the Apennine Peninsula. The main railway line is Milan-Bologna-Florence-Rome. The first-class "Autostrada Sun" is passing in parallel. In terms of the number of highways, Italy is only for Germany in Western Europe. More than 90% of passengers and 80% of freight vehicles. There are 25 million vehicles in the Italian fleet. In the last decade, pipeline transport has played an important role.

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Due to the elongation of the country from north to south, its network of railways and highways developed mainly in the meridional direction. Latitudinal communications, with the exception of the Padan plain, are not enough.

Many roads and railways in Italy are laid on steep mountain slopes and therefore have many bridges and tunnels, which makes them more expensive to operate.

In Italy, the role of road transport is exceptionally great: it accounts for 75% of all land transportation of goods.

About half of the roads are in northern Italy; in the South of the country, the density of the road network is much less.

Railways are inferior in importance to automobile roads, but now more capital is invested in railway construction than in road transport.

Some of the main lines stand out sharply in terms of technical equipment. As a result of such modernization, for example, on the Rome-Florence line, the train can reach speeds of up to 200 km / h.

Sea transport plays a very important role in both internal and external transport of the country. This is due to the position of Italy on the Mediterranean waterway, the large length of the coastline, and the presence of islands in the country. There are 144 ports on the shores of Italy.

Oil and other mineral raw materials prevail in the turnover of the ports. The largest Italian port of Genoa is one of the most important in the entire Mediterranean. Genoa serves as a gateway to the outside world for the entire Northwest of Italy, as well as for Switzerland.

The main rival and competitor of Genoa on the Adriatic is Trieste, the second largest in Italy in terms of cargo turnover and one of the most important oil ports in Europe. Through Trieste, northeastern Italy connects with other countries of the Mediterranean, the Near and Middle East, East Africa and East Asia.

Port cargo turnover has increased significantly Southern Italy(Augusta and Taranto), which is explained by the development of the oil refining and petrochemical industries.

One of the country's largest passenger ports, Naples is the center of the Apennine peninsula's connections with Sicily, Sardinia and other Italian islands.

River transport in Italy is poorly developed due to the lack of large rivers. The civil aviation of Italy is developing quite rapidly. Air lines connect the largest cities in Italy with many cities in Europe and other continents.

The country's largest airports - Leonardo da Vinci near Rome, Malpensa and Linate near Milan, serve as important hubs for the international airline network.

Foreign economic relations are vital for the economic development of Italy.

Almost 15% of all imports are oil. Italy also imports raw materials for the metallurgical and other industries, machine tools, industrial equipment, timber, paper, various types of food. The main export items are engineering products, mainly vehicles, various equipment, typewriters and calculating machines, agricultural and food products, especially fruits and vegetables, canned tomatoes, cheeses, ready-made clothes, footwear, chemical and petrochemical products.

Trade with France and Germany is especially active. Italy is annually visited by 50 million foreign tourists, mainly from Germany, France, and the United States. In Italy, the material base for receiving a large number of tourists has long been formed. In terms of the number of hotel rooms, it ranks first in Europe Abroad.

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