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Reserves and National parks- the pride of Russia.
MKOU "Average comprehensive school No. 10 "H. Perevalny Mineralovodsky region. Grade 4 students. Primary school teacher Asevova Nadiya Nasuyevna.

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Research objectives: To draw attention to the problem of the environment. Study the significance and functions of protected areas. Get acquainted with the protected areas of Russia and the reserves of the Stavropol Territory. Identify environmental issues. To consolidate in practice the skills of working with computer technologies and educational electronic resources.
Research objectives: To characterize natural conditions and natural resources protected areas of Russia. Collect and process informational and visual material on the topic. To create a travel project to the protected areas of Russia and the reserves of the Stavropol Territory in the form of electronic presentations. The object of research is nature reserves and national parks of Russia, nature reserves of the Stavropol Territory. The research-presentation hypothesis in the study of protected areas will expand the horizons on this topic and intensify interest in the protected areas of Russia and the native land.

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Reserve (the meaning of the word goes back to the word reserved, that is, "forbidden, inviolable"). The very concept of the word "reserve" is exclusively Russian. A reserve is a part of the territory (water area) where its entire natural complex is preserved in its natural state, and hunting is prohibited. In addition, any economic activity man, and the land is forever withdrawn from any form of use
The first nature reserve in Russia (1874) is Askania-Nova, located in the Kherson region. The oldest in Russia is the Barguzinsky nature reserve, which is still very important today. He saved the amazing taiga of the Eastern Baikal region and the pearl of this taiga - the Barguzin sable

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National park- an area where human activities are limited in order to protect the environment. Unlike nature reserves, where human activity is almost completely prohibited, the territory national parks tourists are allowed, business activities are allowed on a limited scale.
A nature reserve is a protected natural area in which not a natural complex is under protection, but some of its parts: only plants, only animals, or their individual species or individual historical-memorial or geological objects.

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In 2017, there are about 110 nature reserves, 50 national parks, 61 nature reserves on the territory of Russia.

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Losiny Ostrov is one of the first national parks in Russia (created in 1983, simultaneously with Sochi), located on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region. The fauna numbers more than 230 species of vertebrates, including more than 160 species of birds, 38 species of mammals; 15 species are represented by fish, 10 - amphibians and 5 - reptiles.
Sochi National Park is one of the very first parks that were created on the territory of the country. The park is located in the northwest of the Greater Caucasus. It was established in 1983 with the aim of restoring and preserving natural complexes and objects of high scientific, recreational and ecological value. The total area of ​​the park is about 194 thousand hectares.

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There is just a temple, There is a temple of science, And there is also a temple of nature, With forests reaching out to the sun and winds. He is holy at any time of the day, Open for us in the heat and cold. Entering here, Be a bit of a heart, Do not desecrate his shrines. S.V. Smirnov

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Sources Ozhegov S.O. Dictionary of the Russian language. "Soviet Encyclopedia" Moscow 1973. Balandin R.K., Markin V.A., “100 great geographical discoveries"Moscow" Veche "2008 Karpov GV, "Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Geographer and Local Loreman" Moscow "Pedagogy" 1981. War V. Zariy Kh., "In the mountains of Karachay-Cherkessia" Moscow "Planet" 1979 Free encyclopedia. [Electronic resource] Wikipedia https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki. Megabook (megabook). [Electronic resource] Reserves of Russia http://megabook.ru/article/ Reserves% 20Russia. Nature reserves and national parks. [Electronic resource] National Parks of Russia http://www.zapovedniki-mira.com/nation_parks_russia.

Why are nature reserves and national parks needed? 1. Reserves and national parks preserve wildlife, save a variety of species from extinction, preserve the natural heritage of the country and the whole world. 2. In nature reserves and national parks, areas of great importance for conservation are protected cultural heritage... 3. The protection regime of reserves and national parks ensures clean water, fresh air and preserves other vital resources. 4. The nature of reserves and national parks is a repository of natural genetic material (species biological diversity). 5. Maintaining a healthy environment for human life. 6. Reserves and national parks make a significant contribution to the development of science, environmental education of the population, and the development of civil society. 7. Biosphere models created on the basis of reserves and national parks demonstrate the possibility of human development in harmony with nature. 8. Attraction of funds for the economy of regions adjacent to reserves and national parks, first of all, the development of ecological tourism, ecological trails and routes, as well as the initiation of programs that combine the interests of society and nature. 9. The territory of nature reserves and national parks - places where people can join the values ​​of pristine nature, the spiritual values ​​of their nation and all mankind. 10. Networks of nature reserves and national parks and the education system - an effective partnership for the formation of the ecological culture of society.

How many national parks and reserves are there? Currently, there are more than a thousand national parks and tens of thousands of protected areas in the world. According to rough estimates, there are about 70,000 of them, and they occupy about 10% of all land. There are 101 nature reserves and 43 national parks in Russia, which together occupy an area of ​​square kilometers (about 2% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation).

The first national parks The first state reserves that protected natural societies appeared in the 16th century. However, the first national park was only discovered at the end of the 19th century, in the United States. This really high honor was awarded to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. in English means yellow stone. In the beginning, national parks were created as a place to enjoy. In them, a person could strengthen his body, refresh his mind and heal his soul. In 1916, the National Park Service was established in the United States. National parks of the United States such as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside North America.

The first national park in the USSR, Lahemaa, was founded in 1971 in the Estonian SSR. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. In the following years, the following received the status of national parks: Sochi National Park, Losiny Ostrov (1983); Samarskaya Luka (1984); Mari Chodra (1985); Pribaikalsky National Park, Zabaikalsky National Park, Prielbrusye, Bashkiria (1986). The latter were included in the list: in January 2008 “Buzuluk Bor”, in June 2009 “Russian Arctic”, in January 2013 “Beringia”, in March 2013 “Onega Pomorie”. According to the laws of the Russian Federation, national parks are one of the types of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

The first reserve on the territory of Russia, the Barguzinsky Reserve, was founded on January 11, 1917 in the territory of Buryatia. In the future, the list of protected areas has expanded. The oldest reserves, in addition to Barguzinsky, are Astrakhansky (1919), Ilmensky (1920) and Kavkazsky (1924). The latter were included in the list of reserves "Erzi" (2000), "Kologrivsky forest" (2006) and Utrish (2010). In accordance with the action plan for the implementation of the Concept for the Development of the System of Specially Protected Natural Areas of Federal Significance for the Period up to 2020, it is planned to create 11 new reserves, 2 of them (Ingermanland and Shaitan-Tau) in 2012. The total area of ​​nature reserves in Russia is more than 340 thousand km², which is comparable to the territory of Finland. The largest of the Russian reserves are the Bolshoi Arctic (over 41 thousand km²), Komandorsky (over 36 thousand km²) and Wrangel Island (over 22 thousand km²). The smallest reserves in Russia are Belogorye (over 21 km²) and Prioksko-Terrasny and Galichya Gora (both less than 50 km²). Most of the reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk (7), Primorsk (6) and Khabarovsk (6) regions.

The Sochi National Park was created in 1983 and became one of the first national parks in Russia. On a huge territory in the mountains, the size of which reaches 190 thousand hectares, any production activity was stopped. This land was transferred to the citizens of Russia for health and tourism purposes. Sochi National Park is located in the south Krasnodar Territory, north of Sochi, in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. Most of the park's territory is occupied by mountains, dissected by river valleys. The foothill zone occupies a narrow strip along the Black Sea.

About 40 rivers and streams of the Black Sea basin flow through the territory of the Sochi National Park. Their length is small, only such rivers as Mzymta, Psou and Shakhe are more than 50 kilometers long. Rivers and streams have a large number of waterfalls and canyons. Waterfalls are mainly located in the upper reaches of rivers, 103 waterfalls with a threshold height of 2 to 73 meters are available for visiting.

The territory of the park itself is unique, since nowhere in Russia do subtropics and highlands coexist so closely. That is why the mountainous Black Sea region is characterized by the most complex range of altitude zones in our country - from mountain broad-leaved forests at the foothills through mountain beech and coniferous forests to subalpine landscapes and high mountains with bare rocks and snow. The territory of the Sochi National Park belongs to the Colchis forest-growing province with a very rich and varied flora.

In the Sochi National Park, there are about 1,500 species of aboriginal higher plants, of which 164 species are classified as trees, shrubs, semi-shrubs and lianas, and all the rest are classified as herbaceous plants. There is a great number of relict and endemic species. The Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature includes the berry yew, which is often found in the Sochi National Park. And 51 species of plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including berry yew, Pitsunda pine, 2 types of snowdrops, 3 types of toeheads, 3 types of ophrys, 9 types of tors, Colchis boxwood, Caucasian lily, Caucasian lion and others.

The fauna of the Sochi National Park numbers about 80 species of mammals, about 120 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 21 species of fish. 15 species of animals are included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, including leopard, corncrake, quail, Caucasian viper, Colchis snake, Colchis toad and others. Of those animal species that are listed in the Red Book of Russia, 10 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of annelid worms, and of fish - brown trout and Ukrainian lamprey are found in the park.

On the territory of the Sochi National Park there are 114 monuments of history and culture - these are the sites of ancient people, settlements, dolmen structures, well-shaped tombs, the remains of fortresses, temples, burial mounds, a sacrificial stone, obelisks and military monuments.

The idea of ​​creating a national park appeared in 1909. In 1934, Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer "green belt" around Moscow. Most of the forest was cut down during the Great Patriotic War... In 1979, by a joint decision of the Moscow City and Regional Councils of People's Deputies, Losiny Ostrov was transformed into a natural park, and on August 24, 1983, by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, a national park was formed.

Elbrus region today is one of the most significant mountain natural monuments of the Caucasus. This is an area of ​​unique landscape, where the mountains have become the cradle and home of many species of plants and animals, and preserving it is an integral task of the state. For this purpose, on September 22, 1986, the Elbrus National Park was created here.

The park is located in the mid-mountainous and high-mountainous zones of the Lateral and Main ridges of the Central Caucasus, on the territories of two administrative districts of the KBR - Elbrus and Zolsky. Its total area is over one hundred thousand hectares. 62 percent of it falls on hard-to-reach relief: rocks, glaciers, snow fields.

As for the flora and fauna, it also has its own characteristics. Mount Elbrus, the tops of which are covered with solid firn (dense granular snow) and ice caps, serves as a mighty refrigerator that drains the surroundings. Therefore, in the Elbrus region, spruce and fir, which love moisture, do not grow, but pine, birch, aspen and some other deciduous plant species prevail. The main type of vegetation cover is meadows. And the mountain slopes are covered with a dark green carpet of rhododendrons, whose pink and white flowers bloom every summer.

The Barguzin reserve is a reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes of the Barguzin ridge at altitudes up to 2840 m above sea level. m., includes the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of ​​the lake itself. The reserve and the ridge are named after the Barguzin River.

The reserve was created in 1916 to preserve and increase the number of the Barguzin sable (Martes zibellina). At the time of its foundation, there were only about sable individuals throughout the territory of the current reserve, at present there are 1-2 individuals per 1 km² of cedar forest. The historical center is the village of Davsha, since 1999 the administration is located in the village of Nizhneangarsk.

All natural complexes are preserved in the reserve. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is home to elk, musk deer, white hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot, 41 species of mammals in total. Baikal omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other fish species are found in the waters of the reserve. Since 1986, it has been included in the list of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves.

The Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve consists of three sections - Damchiksky, Trehizbinsky and Obzhorovsky. Their territory is located within the boundaries of the Kamyzyaksky, Ikryaninsky and Volodarsky districts of the Astrakhan region. The total area of ​​the reserve is ha. Sea area ha. Protected zone - ha.

The reserve was founded in 1919. In 1975, it became part of the Volga Delta wetland, which is of international importance as a habitat for waterfowl under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. In 1984 he was included in the world network of biosphere reserves of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.

The Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the northern and southern slopes of the Western Caucasus in the coordinates of ° north latitude and ° east longitude. Actually, this territory was declared a reserve on May 12, 1924, but the history of preserving the unique natural complex began much earlier, from the moment the Grand Duke "Kuban Hunt" was organized in 1888.

Being the largest protected area of ​​the Caucasian Isthmus and the second largest in Europe, the reserve occupies the lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, adjacent to the state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, there is the subtropical Khostinsky department of the reserve - the world famous yew-boxwood grove, with an area of ​​302 hectares. The total area of ​​the reserve is ha. It is surrounded by a protected zone, numerous reserves and natural monuments, and the Sochi National Park adjoins its southern border.

The Caucasian Reserve is the richest treasury of biodiversity that has no analogues in Russia. It has an international reference value as an area of ​​untouched nature that has preserved pristine landscapes with unique flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that in 1979 the reserve was awarded a Certificate of Inclusion in the List of World Natural Heritage. The reserve received the status of a biosphere and entered the International Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in December 1999 was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites.

Reserve SIKHOTE - ALINSKY (Russia) The original purpose of the reserve was to preserve and restore the sable, which was almost exterminated at that time. The well-known researcher of the region V.K. Arseniev stood at the origins of its creation. Now, more than 1,100 plant species grow on the territory of the reserve, including 38 rare and endangered species (pointed yew, high lure, Fori rhododendron, real slipper). 63 species of land mammals live here, among them the Red Data Book species: Amur tiger (21-29 individuals), goral (about 150 individuals), sika deer (individuals), Himalayan bear. 342 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 32 species of freshwater fish are registered. The preservation of fauna and flora in two areas of the sea area is of great importance.

SIKHOTE-ALIN State Natural Biosphere Reserve (area of ​​a territory ha, area of ​​sea water area 2.9 thousand ha) is located in the northern part of Primorsky Krai (Terneisky and Krasnoarmeisky districts) and includes the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge from its watershed ( highest height within the reserve 1598 m above sea level) to the coast (including the coastal strip of the sea 1 km wide), as well as part of the western slope of the ridge. The reserve includes parts of three landscape districts: Terneisky (cedar-deciduous forests), Samargino-Dalnegorsky (in the subzone of deciduous-coniferous forests) and the Middle Sikhote-Alinsky (fir-fir-tree forests) in the taiga subzone.

"Barguzinsky Reserve" - ​​Total area -263,000 hectares. Birds of prey are not uncommon in the taiga. Cedar cones. There are many bears in the reserve. The average annual temperature is minus 4.4. Pine nuts are the main food for taiga animals and birds. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve was organized in 1916. Barguzinsky sable. Quiet, sunny and frosty weather sets in in January.

"Almaty Reserve" - ​​Flora of the Altyn-Emel Park. The tongue of the glacier is cracking into numerous blocks and is rapidly moving downward. Kulans lived in Zaisan. The parent rocks are represented by loess loams, pebble and gypsum-bearing Tertiary sediments. Reptiles are represented by 25 species. The total area of ​​the park is 459620 hectares.

"Alakol reserve" - ​​In total, there are 33 species of mammals in the reserve. Vegetation. The people call the islands Stone. Low-carbonate serozem soils are developed in the upland parts of the Alakol depression. Site "Delta" refers to the southern coast of the lake. ... The foot of the hills is gravelly-pebble with loams and small saline soils.

"Caucasian Reserve" - ​​The nature of the Caucasian Reserve. Climatic conditions. The Caucasian Reserve is located in the Western Caucasus, within the Mostovsky and Maikop districts. The reserve has the largest scientific department in Russia (more than 30 employees at the end of 2001). By far the most vulnerable link in natural ecosystems are large mammals.

"Altai Reserve" - ​​Iogach. Photo: A. Lotov. Yaylu. Presentation of the project to the Public Council, September 13, 2007. Altai Biosphere Reserve (core) occupies about 10% of the territory of the Altai Republic. UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site "Altai - Golden Mountains" (1998). Pos. Attraction local population.

"Reserves of Russia" - Taiga, pine forests, oak and steppe elements are noted in the flora of the reserve. Reserves. There are 3 types of reptiles and 5 types of amphibians .. Located on the Central Russian Upland in the Lipetsk region. The publication of the study of the tract caused a sensation in the scientific world. Golden eagle on Olkhon Island. A protective zone with a total area of ​​6,213 hectares has been created around the reserve.

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National parks are nature conservation, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (waters) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in nature conservation, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. and for regulated tourism. Land, waters, mineral resources, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for use (possession) of national parks on the rights provided for by laws. "In the classical sense, the national park has a functional zoning of the territory. by mode appropriate nature reserve, recreational and buffer zones, in which economic activities of varying intensity are permitted (tourism and other forms of recreation, traditional nature management, sparing agricultural and forestry activities).

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The area of ​​Yellowstone National Park is about 900,000 hectares. The park is located in Wyoming (USA). In this area, the sources of the largest rivers in North America are located: Snake, Missouri, Yellowstone, flowing from the eponymous high mountain lake... The lake is adjacent to the Central Plateau from the south. The height of the Yellowstone Plateau ranges from 1710 m (in the north) to 3463 m (in the central part of the park). In the northern part of the park is the Blacktaildier and Mirror Plateau, in the southeast - the Two Oceans Plateau. Yellowstone is home to some 10,000 geothermal natural wonders. The Continental Divide runs along the high plateau of the Rocky Mountains. From here the rivers flow both to the east and to the west, but part of the water seeps inward. This explains the amazing natural phenomena of Yellowstone. The plateau was once shaken by powerful volcanic eruptions. Thousands of years ago, as a result of one of them, a giant crater 75 kilometers long and 45 kilometers wide was formed. Molten rock - still "does not sleep" under the earth's crust, maintaining the heat in the Yellowstone "cauldron".

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Grand Canyon National Park Colorado Canyon is a giant abyss on the high Colorado plateau in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. The Grand Canyon is not the deepest canyon on Earth. However, it is known for its size and stunning scenery. The park covers an area of ​​4931 sq. Km. in the middle reaches of the Colorado River. The Grand Canyon National Park is located within the Colorado Plateau in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. The maximum depth of the canyon is 1829 meters. In the area of ​​the famous Grand Canyon village near southern edge its depth reaches 1524 m. To go down from the edge of the canyon to the river bank, you need to walk 11.3 km. The width of the canyon in this place (at the plateau level) reaches 16 km. The maximum width of the canyon in some places reaches 29 km. Although part of this area was granted conservation status as early as 1883, it was not until 1919 that the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River National Park was declared national park.

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Jasper National Park Jasper National Park is located on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera. It unites landscapes of various structures in the highlands of the Main and Foremost ridges, as well as the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The total area of ​​the park is 10750 sq. Km. The park is located 320 km. west of Edmonton (capital of the province of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of Calgary city. The park is one of the most visited nature conservation sites in Canada. From the west, Jasper National Park is adjacent to provincial parks Mount Robson and the Humber, from the north - the park wildlife Willmore, to the east the Rocky Mountains Conservation Area and White Goat and Bighorn Protected Areas. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site. The park is located 320 km. west of Edmonton (capital of the province of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of Calgary city. The park is one of the most visited nature conservation sites in Canada. Jasper National Park is flanked to the west by Mount Robson and Humber Provincial Parks, Willmore Wildlife Park to the north, and the Rocky Mountains Nature Reserve and White Goat and Bighorn Protected Areas to the east. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a UNESCO World Cultural Heritage Site.

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Yosemite National Park Yosemite National Park (California, USA) was created in 1890 thanks to the tireless efforts of naturalist John Muir. In 1890, the US Congress declared it a nature reserve, and already in 1864, Congress granted the status of a public park to Yosemite Valley in California. In this high season, Yosemite Park is teeming with people. The beauty of the park attracts four million visitors every year. The management of the reserve is committed to both preserving the pristine nature of this region, and not forgetting about tourists. In this high season, Yosemite Park is teeming with people. The beauty of the park attracts four million visitors every year. The management of the reserve is committed to both preserving the pristine nature of this region, and not forgetting about tourists.

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La Amistad International Park. La Amistad International Park is located on both sides of the Panama-Costa Rican border. The park includes two adjacent biosphere reserves. One of them is located in Costa Rica, the other is in Panama. Both reserves are named the same - La Amistad, which means "friendship" in Spanish. The total area of ​​this natural complex is more than 1 million hectares. In 1983, it was included in the UNESCO List of Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites.

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Corcovado National Park (Costa Rica) Corcovado National Park is a beautiful corner of nature in the south of Costa Rica. It is located on the Osa Peninsula, on the Pacific coast. The area of ​​the park is 54,000 hectares. The splendor of the nature of this remote, almost untouched forest in Central America, the diversity of its flora and fauna, attracts the attention of people. There are no less than eight ecosystems in Corcovado. The park is home to about 500 tree species, the largest of which is the cotton tree. Reaching three meters in diameter, it rises over 70 meters. Nearly 400 species of feathered inhabitants can be seen in Corcovado. The park is home to the largest population of red macaws in the country.

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Monteverde National Park (Costa Rica) In the 1960s, a group of scientists and local residents established the Cloud Forest Sanctuary in Monteverde, which eventually included the watershed zone. Since then, the reserve has expanded several times, and now it covers approximately 10,500 hectares. This reserve is one of the most attractive locations in Costa Rica. Every year, about 50,000 tourists climb the steep, winding dirt road to get to Monteverde. Numerous birdwatchers and naturalists come here to observe all kinds of birds, animals and plants that have taken refuge in the reserve and surrounding areas.

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Jau National Park Jau National Park was established in 1980. It is one of the largest national parks in Brazil. Its area is 2,272,000 hectares, which is 1.42% of the entire state of the Amazon. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 2003, the Jau National Park was merged with several other protected areas and became part of the Central Amazonian nature reserve complex.

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Chaco National Park Chaco National Park is located in the central part of the South American continent, in the east of the Gran Chaco Plain. This name can be translated as "Big hunting field". Chaco Park was founded in 1954. The park was established by the government of Argentina to protect the unique landscapes of the most elevated parts of the Eastern Chaco.

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Los Glaciares National Park Los Glaciares National Park covers an area of ​​almost 446 thousand hectares (according to some sources, 760 thousand hectares). The park is the second largest conservation area in Argentina. It is located along the Chilean border in the province of Santa Cruz south of the 50th parallel. For the first time, the territory between Lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino was taken under the protection of the Argentine state in 1937. However, this territory was declared a national park only shortly before the end of World War II in April 1945. The current boundaries of Los Glaciares National Park were not legally established until the fall of 1971. In 1981, Los Glaciares National Park was included in the List of World Natural Heritage Sites. More than 40 percent of the territory of the national park is covered eternal ice that make up the so-called South Patagonian Ice Sheet. From this shield to the west and east powerful valley glaciers diverge. In the east (in Chile), the "ends" of these glaciers descend into the Pacific Ocean. In Argentina, most glacial tongues end in large lakes.

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Manu Manu National Park is one of the oldest large tropical parks in the world. Manu National Park was formed on May 29, 1973. 14 years later (in 1987), it was recognized as a UNESCO World and Natural Heritage Site, and also received the status of a biosphere reserve. Manu National Park is located in the southeast of Peru, 1400 km from the capital (Lima). The total area of ​​the reserve is 1.9 million hectares. The park is divided into three zones: the national park itself, a nature reserve and a cultural zone. The main goal of the Manu National Park is to preserve tropical biodiversity.

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Paracas National Park Paracas National Park. It is located about 250 kilometers south of Lima, on the Pan American Highway route. Paracas National Park covers 335,000 hectares of coastline and the Paracas Peninsula. It was founded in 1975 by the Peruvian government with the aim of preserving the many animals that live here and migrate every year. It fosters respect for the environment and promotes the development of tourism. It was here that over 100 archaeological sites- evidence of the centuries-old culture of Paracas. Coastal waters serve as home to sea lions, feline otters, dolphins, over 200 species of birds and 4 species of sea turtles.

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Virunga National Park Virunga is one of the oldest national parks in Africa. It is in the northeast Democratic Republic Congo. For 300 kilometers, the park's border coincides with the state borders of Rwanda and Uganda. The year of official birth of Virunga Park is considered to be 1929. Then it was named Albert and Kivu National Park. In 1969, a separate Virunga National Park was allocated from a single nature conservation object Albert and Kivu. Currently, the park is bordered by the lands of the Ruzvenzori National Park in Uganda and the Volcano National Park in Rwanda. The area of ​​Virunga National Park is 790 thousand hectares. The landscapes in the national park are very diverse. Here you can find grassy and woody savannas, low-growing constantly wet forests, bamboo thickets, swamps, meadows, glaciers, snowfields and widespread lava plateaus. The territory of the park stretches from north to south and consists of three different parts. The northern part includes the Rwenzori mountains and the Semliki valley, in the center are Lake Eduard and the Rwindi, Rutshuru and Ishash plains. The southern part is the lava plateaus of Nyamlagira and Nyragongo, as well as part of the Virunga volcanic massif.

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Air and Tenere Nature Reserve Air and Tenere Nature Reserve is located on the southern border of the Sahara Desert. Its area is 77,000 sq. Km. The reserve was founded in 1988. Immediately, about 15% of its territory was allocated for a special reserve with a strict regime of protection to protect the addax antelopes. In 1991, the reserve was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites. There are many interesting geological monuments on the Air plateau. Both the plateau and the mountain ranges are dissected by deep valleys. However, only temporary streams flow here, which come to life only for a short time after rains. The climate of the reserve is typical for Central Sahara: very hot and dry. Nowhere on the territory of the reserve more than 100 mm of precipitation falls per year.

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Serengeti National Park Serengeti National Park, located in the Great African Rift. It is included in the list of the most famous national parks in the world. Serengeti National Park is a 30,000 square kilometer low grass rolling valley in Tanzania and Kenya. They are covered with succulent grass that grows well on fertile volcanic soil. The Serengeti is an animal paradise that delights everyone who has visited it.

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Nairobi National Park Just seven kilometers from the capital of Kenya, there is a small savanna with tall grass and rare spreading trees - Nairobi National Park, with a total area of ​​only 117 square meters. km. This park was opened earlier than many similar parks in Kenya, in 1946. This is one of the few parks in the world where you can simultaneously enjoy the beauty of almost untouched wilderness and not lose sight of the silhouette. big city... The fauna and flora of the Nairobi National Park is so diverse that one might think that you are in the heart of wild Africa, and not on the outskirts of a multi-million dollar city. In the park you can see lions, rhinos, cheetahs, antelopes, giraffes, gazelles. The Athi River also flows there, in the waters of which crocodiles and hippos are found, and in the coastal forests - birds and monkeys. There are about 400 different bird species recorded in the Nairobi National Park. One of the features of the park is the large number of rhinos living in it, about 50 individuals. Here, unlike other parks and reserves, you can almost always see the black rhinoceros in its natural habitat. In the national park there is also a shelter-hospital for wounded and sick animals.

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Kilimanjaro National Park Kilimanjaro National Park was founded in 1973 and now covers 756 square meters. km. The foot of the mountain is at an altitude of 1829 m above sea level, and Kibo Peak is at an altitude of 5895 m.Kilimanjaro National Park has been included in the List world heritage in 1987 Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest solitary mountain in the world. Mount Kilimanjaro was formed by a series of volcanic movements. As a result of volcanic activity, three peaks were formed - Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi.

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Fiordland National Park ( New Zealand) New Zealand is one of the most ecologically safe corners of the Earth. A third of the country's area (more than 5 million hectares) is protected areas. There are 14 national parks in New Zealand. On the South Island is the largest national park in New Zealand - Fiordland. The park is located in the northwestern part of the island. The length of the park is 230 km, the total area is 1200 thousand hectares. Fiordland National Park was founded in 1952. It is currently included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

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Vanoise National Park The Vanoise National Park is the first national park in France. It was founded in 1963. The reason for the creation of the park was the threat of complete extermination of stone goats in this area. Definitely, Vanoise can be called the main national park of France. Vanoise National Park is located to the south mountain range Mont Blanc and stretches along the Alps mountain range in the Savoy region. It is a relatively small park. The park is divided into two zones: the central one has a length of 528 sq. Km. and the peripheral zone - 1450 sq. km. The peripheral zone is the area that surrounds the central; it was created to protect wildlife in the central zone in order to preserve it in its original form. The peripheral zone makes it possible to further restrict the access of people to these beautiful wild lands. For 14 kilometers, the Vanoise National Park is bordered by the Italian Gran Paradiso National Park. Both parks make up the largest protected area Western Europe

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Coto de Doñana National Park Spain's 50,000-hectare legendary Doñana National Park serves as a spring bird airport that welcomes hundreds of thousands of birds flying from Africa to Europe and stopping in these wooded wetlands to nest and breed ...

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Thingvellir National Park Thingvellir National Park was established by decree of the Icelandic Parliament in 1928. This is the very first protected area in Iceland. It is also one of the oldest national parks in Europe. During the twentieth century, the territory of the park has repeatedly expanded. The last time the boundaries of the national park were changed in 2004.

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National park Belovezhskaya Pushcha The National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha" is located on the territory of the Kamenets and Pruzhany districts of the Brest region and the Svisloch district of the Grodno region. The administrative center of the national park is located in the village of Kamenyuki, Kamenets district. The State National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha", located on the territory of the Republic of Belarus, is a single natural complex with the Belovezhskaya National Park of the Republic of Poland. The area of ​​the national park is 87 363 hectares from the Belarusian side; from the Polish - 10 501 hectares. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the only large massif of high-aged forests of the Western European type preserved in its natural state in Europe with elements of western, northern and southern flora. The fauna of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is rich and diverse. Its territory is home to 59 species of mammals (including 6 protected ones), 253 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish and more than 11,000 species of invertebrates.

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Paanajärvi National Park The Paanajärvi National Park is located in the north-west of the Republic of Karelia, in its most elevated part. The Paanajärvi National Park was established on May 20, 1992 by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 331. The area of ​​the national park is 104,473 hectares. Vegetable world- the main attraction of the park. Its originality is determined by three factors - the low-mountainous nature of the relief, the presence of carbonate rocks (dolomites) favorable for the growth of many calciphilous plants and, finally, the presence of large natural massifs untouched by man. In the area of ​​the national park, 217 species of vertebrates are registered: 36 species of mammals, 160 - birds, 3 - amphibians and reptiles, 17 - fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. The pearl of the park is Lake Paanajärvi, characterized by its small size (1.5 by 24 km) and exceptional depth (128 m). There are many rapids on the rivers, there are significant waterfalls. The reservoirs abound in valuable species of fish.

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Slide No. 36

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Barguzinsky Reserve The Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest reserves in Russia, established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General of May 17, 1916, and at the beginning of 1917, the creation of the reserve was formalized by a government decree. The main reason for the creation of the reserve was the catastrophic decline in fur and, in particular, sable hunting. To save the sable from total destruction and organize reserves, expeditions to Baikal, Kamchatka and Sayany were organized. Based on the results of the survey, among others (Sayansky and others), the Barguzinsky reserve was designed. Conventions In 1986, the Barguzinsky reserve received the status of a biosphere. In 1996, the Barguzinsky Reserve, along with other Baikal PAs, was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List (Lake Baikal nomination).

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Sagarmatha Sagarmatha is an outstanding natural landscape that includes high mountains, glaciers and deep gorges dominated by highest peak world - Mount Everest (8848 m). The park is home to several rare species of animals, including the snow leopard and the red panda. The unique culture of the local population - the Sherpas - also draws attention to this area.

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Komodo National Park Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago, between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. The national park's holdings contain 603 square kilometers of land and 1,214 square kilometers of turquoise sea waters. The park includes three main islands: Komodo, Rinka and Padar, as well as many small islands with a total area of ​​1,817 kilometers, which are also part of the Lesser Sunda Islands group. This national park has several beautiful exotic islands coupled with rich coastal and marine wildlife. Its uniquely wide biodiversity has made it Indonesia's most popular park.

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Reserves and national parks of Russia

Reserves are specially protected areas or water areas where they try to preserve nature in its original form. For this, any economic activity and tourism is completely prohibited on the territory of the reserve.

National parks are almost the same as a nature reserve, but tourism is allowed in the parks.

In total, there are 101 nature reserves and 35 national parks in Russia. Most of the reserves are on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk, Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories.

The first reserve on the territory of Russia is the Barguzinsky reserve in Buryatia. The largest reserves are Bolshoy Arctic, Komandorsky and Wrangel Island.

The first national park - Sochi National Park and " Elk Island" in Moscow. The largest national parks are Udege Legend, Yudyg Va, Tunkinsky, Vodlozersky, Shorsky.

Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean between the East Siberian and Chukchi Seas. Named after the 19th century Russian navigator and statesman Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel. The width of the island at its narrowest part is about 140 km

The Wrangel Island reserve became the first Russian Arctic reserve The total area of ​​the reserve is 795 600 hectares, 5 miles of which surround the reserve from the sea.

The climate here is very harsh, strong cold winds blow here. Between November 22 and January 22, the sun does not rise here at all! But there is also a polar day, this is the time when the sun does not set for more than a day, it usually lasts from the 20th of May to the 20th of July.

The island is inhabited by completely different "northern animals", such as: Arctic foxes, arctic wolves, lemmings, seals, walruses; here you can meet the owner of the island - polar bear, often there are wolves, foxes, wolverines, ermines

Wrangel Island is popular with both birds that live here and migratory. Migratory birds use this skeleton as a resting point on major flights. Approximately 20 species arrive on the island and live here temporarily, and the same number live permanently in the reserve.

The reserve is home to such rare bird species as the white goose. Eiders, Icelandic sandpipers, tules, glaucous gulls, fork-tailed gulls, long-tailed skuas, and white owls also live here.

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